Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Thyroid: possible thymic origin, so-called ITET/CASTLE 2012/03/22

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1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Thyroid: possible thymic origin, so-called ITET/CASTLE 2012/03/22

2 History of ITET/CASTLE First Report Gross Appearance and Prognosis 1) Miyauchi A et al: Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma:an entity distinct from squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 9: ,1985.

3 Kaplan-Meier curves for cause specific survival in 3 groups Ito Y et al: Am J Clin Pathol 127: , Cummurative survival(%) ITT/CASTLE (n=22) SCC (n=13) SCC+UC(n=13) ITT/CASTLE SCC 13 0 SCC+UC

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5 History of ITET/CASTLE First Report Gross Appearance and Prognosis 1) Miyauchi A et al: Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma:an entity distinct from squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 9: ,1985. First Autopsy Report: 2) Kakudo K et al: Carcinoma of possible thymic origin presenting as a thyroid mass: A new subgroup of squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. J Surg Oncol 38: , 1988.

6 As the second type SSC of the thyroid and thymic tissue near by. Kakudo K et al, J Surg Oncol38:187,1988.

7 Cervical thymic tissue nearby. Kakudo K et al, J Surg Oncol38: ,1988.

8 Hematogenous metastasis (lungs, bone and liver) was found in advanced stage of ITET/CASLE. Pattern of Metastasis in ITET Kakudo K et al, J Surg Oncol38:187,1988.

9 ITET/CASTLE 2240

10 Ki-67, Tokai university autopsy No 2249 CD5

11 History of ITET/CASTLE First Report Gross Appearance and Prognosis 1) Miyauchi A et al: Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma:an entity distinct from squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 9: ,1985. First Autopsy Report: 2) Kakudo K et al: Carcinoma of possible thymic origin presenting as a thyroid mass: A new subgroup of squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. J Surg Oncol 38: , Proposal of Classification: 3) Asa SL et al: Primary thyroid thymoma: a distinct clinicopathologic enity. Hum Pathol 19: , ) Chan JK et al: Tumor of the neck shwoing thymic or related branchial pouch differentiation: a unifying concept. Hum Pathol 22: , WHO classification

12 Classification of thyroid tumors of thymic differentiation in WHO classification, ) Extrathyroid tumor 1. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma 2) Intrathyroid tumor 1. Ectopic thymoma 2. Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation(castle) 3. Spindle cell tumor with thymus-like differentiation(settle) Synonyms: intrathyroid epithelial thymoma by Miyauchi, primary thyroid thymoma by Asa, carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation by Chan and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma by Sheck.

13 My lecture is based on 15 cases of Intrathyroidal Epithelial Thymoma (ITET) / Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation (CASTLE) from consultation files and personal experience.

14 Overall survival analysis of 14 cases of ITET Kaplan-Meier method Survival Rate This indolent nature is different from primary squamous cell carcinoma years

15 The cumulative survival rate of all 38 patients, those patients with complete resection and those with incomplete resection by Kaplan-Meier analysis Prognosis of Mediastinal Thymic Carcinoma Tseng Y.-L. et al.; Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76: Copyright 2003 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

16 Clinical summary of the 15 cases The average age was 49.9(25-73) years old. Male/Female ratio was 7:8. The average tumor size at surgery was 4.2cm. Lymph node metastasis at surgery was 40%. The incidence in Japan was 0.083%, which was estimated from 8 cases out of 9582 carcinomas.

17 Gross Appearance 1 Solid tumor with lobulation 2 Pushing margin and No capsule 3 No necrosis, calcification or cystic change 4 Grey white or ivory white 5 Cervical thymus may be found near by

18 Histological Characteristics 1 Expansive growth 2 No capsule 3 Solid growth 4 Keratinization and squamous cell differentiation 5 Lymphcytes in tumor nests and stroma 6 Cytologically, ill defined cell border

19 1 Expansive growth 2 No capsule 3 Solid growth

20 It is an invasive carcinoma!

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22 Mediastinal Thymic Carcinomas Histologic Subtypes in WHO Classification 1 Squamous cell carcinoma type Basaloid carcinoma type Lymphoepithelioma-like type Sarcomatoid (carcinosarcoma) type Clear cell type Adenocarcinoma type 7 Mucoepidermoid type 8 Neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid) 9 Undifferentiated thymic carcinoma

23 Histological Types of ITET/CASTLE 1: Squamous cell carcinoma 2: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma 3: Neuroendocrine carcinoma

24 ITET was identified in UC or SCC group.

25 4 Keratinization and squamous cell differentiation

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27 Lymphoepithelioma of the thyroid is a synonym. 5 Lymphcytes in tumor nests and stroma 6 Cytologically ill defined cell border

28 , Neuroendocrine carcinoma type

29 Neuroendocrine carcinoma NSE synaptophysin

30 Immunohistochemical markers for ITET/CASTLE 1) Berezowski K et al: CD5 imunoreactivity of epithelial cells in thymic carcinoma and CASTLE using paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 106: , ) Dorfman et al: ITET/CASTLE exhibits CD5 immunoreactivity: New evidence for thymic differentiation. Histopathology 32: , ) Dorfman DM et al, Imunohistochemical staining for bcl-2 and mcl-1 in ITET/CASTLE and cervical thymic carcinoma. Mod Pathol, 11: , ) Reinmann JD et al: CASTLE: a comparative study:evidence of thymic differentiaion and solid cell nest origin. Am J Surg Pathol 30:994,2006. Berezowski et al and Dorfman et al reprted that ITET/CASTLE and thymic carcinoma were positive for CD5. Dorfman et al reported that antiapoptosis protooncogenes (bcl-2 and mcl-1) were expressed in all 5 cases of ITET/CASTLE. Reinmann et al reported that all 11 cases of ITET/CASTLE exhibited positive staining for p63, HMWK, CEA and CD5.

31 CD5

32 CD5 CD5 is a membrane bound protein and a member of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily. In humans, the gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. T cells express higher levels of CD5 than B cells. In the thymus, both epithelium and lymphocyte express CD5 and there is a correlation with CD5 expression and strength of the interaction of the T cell towards self-peptides. 1. Positive in most of T cell neoplasmas, mediastinal thymona and thymic carcinoma 2. Negative in most of the other carcinomas

33 ,Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma P63

34 MIB-1/Ki67 p53

35 AE1/AE3 Thyroglobulin AE1/AE3( ), thyroglobulin(-) Thyroid

36 Immunohistochemical profiles of ITET/CASTLE Positive: CD5, High molecular weight keratin p63, p53, bcl-2, mcl-1 Negative: Thyroglobulin, TTF-1, Calcitonin, CGRP, CEA

37 Differential Diagnosis 1:Squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid CD5 -, high MIB-1 index(>30%), high mitotic figures, invasive pattern 2:Undifferentiated carcinoma CD5 -, high MIB-1 index (>30%), high mitotic figures, necrosis+, granulocyte infiltration 3:Medullary (C cell) carcinoma CD5 -, calcitonin +, amyloid +, lymphoid stroma - 4:Solid carcinoma of follicular cell origin (insular carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma) CD5 -, thyroglobulin +, keratinization -

38 Electron microscopic study was applied on 2 cases of ITET (lymphoepithelioma type). Toluidine Blue

39 K-11,

40 Etiological consideration of ITET/CASTLE EB virus was not detected in ITET/CASTLE Shek T, Zhuang Z, Gersell DJ et al: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the thyroid gland; lack of evidence of association with Epstein-Barr virus. Hum Pathol 27: , in situ hybridizatin Dominguez-Malagon H, Flores-Flores G et al: Lymphoepithelioma-like anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: report of a case not related to Epstein-Barr virus. Ann Diag Pathol, 5:21-24, immunohistochemistry and PCR In situ hybridization for EBV DNA was applied in 2 cases but they were negatively labelled, usually it is positive in lymphoepithelioma of upper aerodigestive tract.

41 Histogenesis of ITET/CASTLE: Ectopic Tissue and Embryonic Remnant ( solid cell nest) are suggested. parathyroid thymus

42 Branchial pouch(solid cell nest a possible origin for ITET/CASTLE, because thymic epithel and solid cell nests are positive for CD5 and p63. Reis-Filho JS et al: Mod Pathol, 16:43-48, Reinmann JD et al, Am J Surg Pathol, 30: , 2006.

43 Thank you for joining this lecture! (Wakayama CASTLE)