Processing Tomato Breeding and Genetics Research 2005.

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1 2005 Tomato Breeding 1 Processing Tomato Breeding and Genetics Research (Field and Raw-Product Quality Evaluation) Alba McIntyre Troy Aldrich Wencai Yang Audrey Darrigues David M. Francis francis.77@osu.edu The Ohio State University, OARDC 1680 Madison Ave. Wooster, OH Horticulture and Crop Science Series No. 748, 2006

2 2005 Tomato Breeding 2 Processing Tomato Breeding and Genetics Research Introduction The Ohio State University/OARDC tomato breeding program aims to develop hybrid varieties, inbred parents, and improved genetics for the processing industry in the Mid-West and Mid-Atlantic states. Growing conditions are characteristically humid, and varieties developed for arid or Mediterranean climates do not perform well due to fruit cracking and disease. Our evaluation emphasizes field performance and processing quality, with specific research projects in the areas of resistance to bacterial canker, bacterial spot, color, and color uniformity. The long-term sustainability of plant breeding efforts requires the identification of new sources of genetic variation and new traits. The OSU/OARDC program develops new populations to expand our base of useful genetics. Developmental research has centered on structuring populations for simultaneous trait identification, genetic mapping, and breeding. Our goal is to apply new discoveries through variety development. Environments -Trial Locations and Weather Data It is our standard practice to trial varieties at the Horticulture and Crop Science farm in Wooster, OH; at the OARDC North Central Agricultural Research Station (Fremont, OH), and on grower farms in Ohio and Indiana. Additional plot trials are established by collaborators in Canada (Steve Loewen), New Jersey (Steve Garrison), and Pennsylvania (Ken Martin). The purpose of these multi-location tests is to observe variety performance under diverse environments in a single year. OSU/OARDC variety release and distribution guidelines require data for at least three locations and three years prior to release. The 2005 growing season was characterized by a dry spring and higher Mid-season temperatures than the previous two years; Over the past three years our variety trial locations have experienced as little as 0.9 inches and as much as 9.1 inches of precipitation during peak fruit set. Our Freemont location received 5 inches of rain in one week during July, more than the total for the previous two months. Rain during fruit maturation followed dry conditions during stand establishment in 2005, a weather pattern that increased disease, increased fruit rots (reflected by the % Cull), and decreased soluble solids (Brx) relative to previous years (Table 2). Table 1. Weather data for the period , Fremont location. May June July Aug. Sept. Last Spring First Fall Year ppt Ave. T ppt Ave. T ppt Ave. T ppt Ave. T ppt Ave. T GGD Frost Frost ,384 4/27/ /2/ ,499 5/4/ /3/ ,826 5/17/ /17/2005 Table 2. Summary statistics for field trials, three-year period Yield FRT Sz Disease Year T/A % Cull (gm) Severity Brx LSD * 4.52 * 4.66 ns 0.24 * 0.26 *

3 2005 Tomato Breeding 3 Breeding New Varieties and Parental Lines for the Great Lakes Tomato Industry Despite diverse and adverse conditions, varieties OX325, FG and FG continue to perform well in plot trials in the U.S. (Table 3, 4, and 5) and Ontario, Canada ( All three varieties have the alcabaça (alc) gene in the heterozygous condition and are homozygous for crimson (og c ). This combination of genes imparts good color, firmness, and field storage. FG is also a promising alc variety that was trailed in 2003 and 2005, but not in 2004 due to a seed shortage. We will continue to look for a partner to distribute these varieties in the Midwest. In addition, several Tomato Solutions varieties appear promising after two years of testing and are worth considering as early season varieties. Promising varieties that were entered into multi-location tests for the first time in 2005 include TC680 (Harris Moran) and new disease resistant hybrids FG02-107, FG02-109, FG04-472, FG04-478, and FG The FG02 series combines resistance to bacterial speck race 0 (Pto) and bacterial spot race T1 (Rx3, from Hawaii 7998) in coupling phase. The FG04 series carries partial resistance to bacterial spot from PI Parent performance. Data from our variety trials is also analyzed to identify parent lines that demonstrate exceptional performance across multiple hybrids. This analysis helps us determine which parents have good general combining ability (GCA). Parents with good GCA include: Ohio 1067 (alc, og c ), F (alc, og c ), F (Pto, Rx3), F partial resistance to bacterial spot, Ohio 2641 good color, Ohio 3614 good color, F good color. These parents may be of interest to breeding programs that seek peeler quality and humid environment adaptation. Disease Resistance. As noted above, varieties in the FG02 and FG04 series have parents with partial resistance to bacterial spot. These hybrids represent the maturation of our bacterial disease resistance breeding from the genetic enhancement phase to the variety development phase. Of particular note, F was developed using DNA-based marker-assisted selection to combine resistance to bacterial speck (Pto) with partial resistance to bacterial spot Race T1 (Rx3) from Hawaii This parent underwent further selection for performance as a parent in hybrids. Parent F has resistance that traces back to PI (with resistance to Races T1 T4). In addition, F has been selected for GCA. Progress in developing varieties with bacterial canker resistance has been slowed by small fruit size. Our efforts in this area therefore remain in the genetic enhancement phase. Figure 1. Susceptible and resistant parents in an inoculated trial (bacterial spot Race T1).

4 Color Fruit Size (gm 696; percent of control) 2005 Tomato Breeding 4 Evaluation of Breeding Progress. The goal of plant breeding is to improve population performance for important traits, and then developing the best varieties from these populations. Breeding processing tomatoes presents challenges due to the large number of traits, from field to processing, that are important. There is a risk that placing too much emphasis on one trait may limit progress on other traits. For example, soluble solids decreased during the late 1990 s while we emphasized color and color uniformity. In the past five years, the average soluble solids have increased 5%. Fruit size, an important characteristic for diced recovery, has increased 9.5% (Figure 2). Improvement of color and color uniformity has reached a plateau since 2000, but gains made between 1996 and 1999 have not been eroded (Figure 3). Figure 2. Progress in selecting for fruit size. Increasing fruit size has the potential to increase the recovery of diced products. Fruit size is highly affected by the environment, so evaluating gain is facilitated by normalizing data to a control (for example PS 696). Fruit size of varieties in our trials shows a steady increase from 93.5% of PS 696 in 1998 to 103% in The average fruit size of varieties has therefore increased 9.5% Year % of (gm) Figure 3. Color (L and Hue) and Color uniformity (L-diff and Hue-diff) improved steadily from From 2000 to the present, improvement of color and color uniformity has reached a plateau Hue L Hue-diff L-diff Year

5 2005 Tomato Breeding 5 Technology Transfer The OSU office of technology licensing has improved its service and outreach efforts. Material Transfer Agreements for obtaining tomato seed may be obtained by through the address MTA-CDA@rf.ohio-state.edu. Copies of the MTA may also be obtained on the world wide web at Interpreting Tables: Varieties are ranked for all traits in the tables. An overall rank is calculated based on the sum of the individual ranks. Therefore, the lowest number is the best variety. Note that this approach assumes that traits are equally important. In addition, performance relative to the trial average is highlighted with above average performance indicated by [ ]; and below average, by [ ]. This color-coding serves to draw attention to the difficulty of identifying a variety that excels in all areas of evaluation. Table 3. Variety performance over two years ( ). Varieties are sorted by overall rank. Above average performance is highlighted by [ ] and below average performance by [ ]. Yield % FRT Sz Disease % Tot. Genotype Source T/A rank Cull rank (gm) rank Severity rank Brx rank Crack rank Rank FG OSU OX325 OSU OX323 OSU GEM94 GEM C258 Unilever OX23 OSU FG OSU PS696 Seminis TSH12 Tom. Sol H9423 Heinz GEM111 GEM TSH18 Tom. Sol U2008 Unilever Ohio 9816 OSU FG OSU FG OSU FG99-19 OSU OH7983 OSU OH8245 OSU TSH16 Tom. Sol GEM46 GEM GEM611 GEM H9704 Heinz GEM818 GEM FG OSU FG OSU TSH20 Tom. Sol Ohio 2641 OSU AVERAGE LSD

6 2005 Tomato Breeding 6 Table 4. Color quality over two years (2004 and 2005). Varieties are sorted by overall rank. % good fruit is a measure of fruit that are free of internal white tissue or yellow sectors. Above average performance is highlighted by [ ] and below average performance by [ ]. Color Color Uniformity % Good Overall Variety L rank Hue rank L-diff rank Hue-diff rank Fruit rank Rank TSH GEM GEM TSH Ohio GEM H TSH OH H FG TSH GEM OX FG GEM OH FG OX FG FG FG C Ohio FG PS U OX Average LSD (0.05)

7 2005 Tomato Breeding 7 Table 5. Variety performance over three years ( ). Varieties are sorted by overall with above average performance highlighted by [ ] and below average performance by [ ]. Yield % FRT Sz Disease T/A Rank Cull Rank (gm) Rank Severity Rank Brx Rank Rank OX325 OSU GEM111 GEM FG OSU GEM94 GEM C258 Unilever U2008 Unilever OX323 OSU OH8245 OSU OX23 OSU H9423 Heinz FG99-19 OSU PS696 Seminis FG OSU FG OSU FG OSU GEM611 GEM Ohio 9816 OSU GEM46 GEM H9704 Heinz Ohio 2641 OSU GEM818 GEM OH7983 OSU FG OSU FG OSU AVERAGE LSD

8 2005 Tomato Breeding 8 Table Variety performance Evaluation. Varieties are sorted by overall rank. Above average performance is highlighted by [ ] and below average performance by [ ]. Color Color Uniformity Friut Field Genotype L rank Hue rank Ldiff rank Hdiff rank (gm) rank BRX rank Dis. rank T/A rank Cull rank GEM FG H FG GEM FG FG FG FG C OX FG TSH FG FG TC GEM GEM FG FG TSH FG FG FG FG FG FG FG GEM FG FG OX Ohio H TSH OH FG TSH FG U K TSH PS TSH OX

9 2005 Tomato Breeding 9 FG OH FG GEM TSH FG FG FG Average LSD LSD Managing Tomatoes for Color Quality Internal white tissue, yellow eye, yellow shoulder, and green shoulder represent a range of symptom severity for a single problem, Yellow Shoulder Disorder (YSD). YSD is due to abnormal development, not a delay in ripening. Abnormalities include a reduction in cell size and a more random arrangement of cells in the affected tissue. These alterations are triggered very early in fruit development and are not reversed by delaying harvest. YSD reduces pro-vitamin A content and lycopene content by as much as 15% in affected fruit, and the disorder therefore contributes to both poor appearance and reduced nutritional quality. We evaluate the genetic component of YSD using objective measures of color and color uniformity. There is also a large environmental component that contributes to YSD. Results from studies that aim to identify and manage environmental causes of YSD are summarized under the managing color disorders link at The web site also contains some tools that will facilitate information and technology transfer related to color quality management. There is a strong association between high YSD and low available K. An important new discovery is the association with low available Phosphorous (P) and a high incidence of YSD. Figure 4. Risk of YSD in relation to soil P. Fields with less than 40 ppm are at risk due to low P.

10 2005 Tomato Breeding 10 Acknowledgements Thanks to Matt Hoefelich, Sean Mueller, and Troy Aldrich for technical assistance in planting, care, and harvesting of plots and Audrey Darrigues, Wencai Yang, Michelle Sutter, and Alba McIntyre for assistance in the Quality Lab. Salaries and research support were provided by state and federal funds appropriated to The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the USDA/IFAFS program, and grant funds from the Mid-America Food Processors Association. The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by The Ohio State University over other firms or similar products not mentioned. All programs of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center are available to all potential clientele without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability, or Vietnam-era veteran status. HCS Series number No. 748, 2006

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