Trees Do It All! Nature & Human Health
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1 Trees Do It All! Nature & Human Health Dr. Kathleen Wolf College of Forest Resources University of Washington February 2009
2 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self
3 Global Urbanization! % of humanity lived in urban areas, %!
4 ALPHA: Awaji Landscape Planning & Horticulture Academy, University of Hyogo
5 ALPHA: near Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto
6 Japan compact cities
7 public & non-motorized transportation
8 carbon & behavior change?
9 dynamic street life
10 dynamic civic buildings Kyoto train station
11 civic forests
12 sacred forests
13 native species & cultural stewardship
14
15 !" meeting pic?
16 forests of contemplation
17
18 forest symbols
19 front yards in Japan
20 U.S. Urbanization! "time series modeling - past to future! "> 80% U.S. population lives in urbanized areas - future?
21 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2000) Nowak, J. Forestry, Dec. 2005!
22 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2010)
23 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2020)
24 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2030)
25 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2040)
26 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2050)
27 Small Changes, yet Big Change
28
29
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34 Maintain the Big Picture!" trees are not only: hazard, risk, costs
35 City Trees & Forests Planning & Investment:! "what?! "how?! "why?
36 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self
37 Not just beauty...! environment, economics, social benefits!
38 City Trees & Nature Environmental Services!" Air pollutants reduction!" Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment interception!" Carbon emissions reduction & sequestration!" Urban heat-island cooling!" Reduced bad ozone!" Stormwater runoff reduction!" Wildlife habitat
39 Wildlife Habitat!" including birds!
40
41 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self
42 City Trees & Nature Community Economics!" Residential real estate values - 3-7% with trees in yard!" Residential real estate values %, proximity to natural open space!" Commercial property rental rates - 7%!" Heating and cooling costs reductions!" Less frequent pavement replacement!" Improved consumer environments in business districts % product spending
43 Research Question: What is the response of consumers/shoppers to trees in CBD streetscapes? Measures:! Visual preference! Place perceptions! Patronage behavior! Product pricing! research program, U of Washington Wolf & collaborators, funded by US Forest Service and NUCFAC
44 Image Categories (sorted by ratings) (cities of K population) Pocket Parks! mean 3.72! (highest) Scale : 1=not at all, 5=like very much, 26 images Full Canopy! mean 3.63
45 Enclosed" Sidewalk" 3.32 Intermittent! Trees! 2.78
46 No Trees" mean 1.65! (lowest)! (high )
47 Amenity and Comfort! Interaction with Merchants! Quality of Products! Maintenance and Upkeep! travel time, travel distance! duration & frequency of visits! willingness to pay for parking! most measures higher with trees higher willingness to pay for all " types of goods! higher in districts with trees %!
48 typical retail street in urban Japan
49
50 Namba Parks, Osaka view from nearby hotel
51 interior retail space ground level
52 small plazas, retail entry
53 passive nature experiences
54 Namba Parks: retail success & nature experience benefits
55 Small Malls (strip malls) mean 1.39 mean 3.18 preference ratings 1-5 mean 2.35 mean 3.09
56 Small Malls (strip malls) Mall Having Trees Amenity: much higher Business Quality: higher Positive Merchants: higher Wayfinding: much lower Product Pricing willingness-to-pay 8.8% more
57 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self
58 City Trees & Nature Human Health & Well-Being!" Improved surgery and illness recovery!" Higher job satisfaction and reduced absenteeism!" Lower crime rates in well landscape areas!" Stress & anxiety reduction in urban lifestyles!" Reduced violence and more constructive conflict resolution in domestic conflict!" Reduced ADHD symptoms!" Improved social ties in neighborhoods
59 Kaplan, R Landscape " and Urban Planning.! Workplace Nature Views "" Well-being! "" desk workers without view of nature reported 23% more ailments in prior 6 months! "" Job Satisfaction! "" less frustrated and more patient! "" higher overall job satisfaction and enthusiasm!
60 Plants in Workplace "" Productivity! Lohr et al J. of Environmental Horticulture! "" 12% quicker reaction on computer tasks! "" reports of being more attentive! "" Less Stress! "" lower systolic blood pressure!
61 directed attention fatigue
62 we all deserve a corner office! bottom-line $$ benefits of small city parks
63 Roger Ulrich. Texas A &M. Studies on nature and medical recovery! Wellness & Healing "" Surgery Recovery! "" shorter post-operative stays! "" less use of potent pain drugs, better attitude" "" Lifestyle Recovery! "" attentional fatigue restored! "" relationships and career coping Cimprich, B Research " in Nursing and Health.!
64 Healing Gardens - institutional design -
65 U of WA Hospitals Surgery Pavilion
66 Parsons, R., Tassinary, L., G., Ulrich, R. S., Hebl, M. R., and M. Grossman-Alexander Journal of Environmental Psychology! Roadside Landscape & Traffic Stress Response "" Roadside Features - Driving Simulations "" Forest, golf course, strip mall "" Physiological Response "" E.g. heart beat, blood pressure "" Results "" Nature scenes - return to baseline faster, less response to new stressors "" Immunization effect
67 Americans travel 2.3 billion miles per day on urban freeways & highways
68 !"
69 !" physically disabled & tree climbing!
70
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72 Social Benefits "" studies at the University of Illinois, Landscape and Human Health Laboratory Dr. Frances Kuo Research Director
73 Chicago Public Housing with & without green spaces Wm. Sullivan & F. Kuo University of Illinois
74 Landscape & Human Health Laboratory
75 engineered nature & forests high rise nature!
76 Namba Parks, Osaka view from nearby hotel
77
78 Green Roof - Chicago City Hall
79 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Hall!" Ecos, Sept-Oct 2004
80 Parking Structure - Kobe, Japan
81 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self public health & human habitat
82 Physical Inactivity & Obesity
83 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1985 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
84 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1986 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
85 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1987 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
86 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1988 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
87 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1989 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
88 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1990 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
89 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1991 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
90 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1992 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
91 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1993 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
92 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1994 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
93 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1995 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
94 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1996 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
95 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1997 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
96 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1998 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
97 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1999 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
98 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2000 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
99 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2001 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
100 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2002 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
101 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2003 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
102 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2004 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
103 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2005 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) Doubling of adult obesity rate since No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24% 25% 29%!30% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
104 children ages 6 to 11 19% are overweight 4% in the 1970s (CDC, 2006)
105
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107 Streets Focused on Vehicles national policy - little room for people
108
109 Durham, NC
110 innovation: Complete Streets cars/pedestrians/bikes and trees!
111 parks, open spaces & trails need access & facilities
112 make room for pedestrians + walk to school, Naderi et al. 2008, ITE Jrnl
113 walkable places = health & happiness
114 Nature, Human Health & Walkable Neighborhoods!" Environments: Neighborhood Streets (Tokyo)!" tree lined streets!" nearby parks!" vs. barren streetscapes!" Outcomes: Elderly People & Walking!" less illness!" lower mortality rate Takano, Nakamura, Watanabe # Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health!
115 Urban Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self good human habitat & safe, economically vital cities
116 research sponsor: U.S. Forest Service Science & Community Change: Tech Transfer, Urban Forestry & Local Government Policy Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Univ of Washington, Seattle
117 Nearby Nature is necessary human habitat source: UrbanPhoto!
118 habitat for humanity!" shelter is necessary!!" and more!
119 - not distant places - in our yards - on our streets Nearby Nature habitat for health source: UrbanPhoto!
120
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