Trees Do It All! Nature & Human Health

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1 Trees Do It All! Nature & Human Health Dr. Kathleen Wolf College of Forest Resources University of Washington February 2009

2 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self

3 Global Urbanization! % of humanity lived in urban areas, %!

4 ALPHA: Awaji Landscape Planning & Horticulture Academy, University of Hyogo

5 ALPHA: near Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto

6 Japan compact cities

7 public & non-motorized transportation

8 carbon & behavior change?

9 dynamic street life

10 dynamic civic buildings Kyoto train station

11 civic forests

12 sacred forests

13 native species & cultural stewardship

14

15 !" meeting pic?

16 forests of contemplation

17

18 forest symbols

19 front yards in Japan

20 U.S. Urbanization! "time series modeling - past to future! "> 80% U.S. population lives in urbanized areas - future?

21 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2000) Nowak, J. Forestry, Dec. 2005!

22 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2010)

23 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2020)

24 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2030)

25 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2040)

26 U.S. Urban Land Cover (2050)

27 Small Changes, yet Big Change

28

29

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31

32

33

34 Maintain the Big Picture!" trees are not only: hazard, risk, costs

35 City Trees & Forests Planning & Investment:! "what?! "how?! "why?

36 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self

37 Not just beauty...! environment, economics, social benefits!

38 City Trees & Nature Environmental Services!" Air pollutants reduction!" Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment interception!" Carbon emissions reduction & sequestration!" Urban heat-island cooling!" Reduced bad ozone!" Stormwater runoff reduction!" Wildlife habitat

39 Wildlife Habitat!" including birds!

40

41 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self

42 City Trees & Nature Community Economics!" Residential real estate values - 3-7% with trees in yard!" Residential real estate values %, proximity to natural open space!" Commercial property rental rates - 7%!" Heating and cooling costs reductions!" Less frequent pavement replacement!" Improved consumer environments in business districts % product spending

43 Research Question: What is the response of consumers/shoppers to trees in CBD streetscapes? Measures:! Visual preference! Place perceptions! Patronage behavior! Product pricing! research program, U of Washington Wolf & collaborators, funded by US Forest Service and NUCFAC

44 Image Categories (sorted by ratings) (cities of K population) Pocket Parks! mean 3.72! (highest) Scale : 1=not at all, 5=like very much, 26 images Full Canopy! mean 3.63

45 Enclosed" Sidewalk" 3.32 Intermittent! Trees! 2.78

46 No Trees" mean 1.65! (lowest)! (high )

47 Amenity and Comfort! Interaction with Merchants! Quality of Products! Maintenance and Upkeep! travel time, travel distance! duration & frequency of visits! willingness to pay for parking! most measures higher with trees higher willingness to pay for all " types of goods! higher in districts with trees %!

48 typical retail street in urban Japan

49

50 Namba Parks, Osaka view from nearby hotel

51 interior retail space ground level

52 small plazas, retail entry

53 passive nature experiences

54 Namba Parks: retail success & nature experience benefits

55 Small Malls (strip malls) mean 1.39 mean 3.18 preference ratings 1-5 mean 2.35 mean 3.09

56 Small Malls (strip malls) Mall Having Trees Amenity: much higher Business Quality: higher Positive Merchants: higher Wayfinding: much lower Product Pricing willingness-to-pay 8.8% more

57 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self

58 City Trees & Nature Human Health & Well-Being!" Improved surgery and illness recovery!" Higher job satisfaction and reduced absenteeism!" Lower crime rates in well landscape areas!" Stress & anxiety reduction in urban lifestyles!" Reduced violence and more constructive conflict resolution in domestic conflict!" Reduced ADHD symptoms!" Improved social ties in neighborhoods

59 Kaplan, R Landscape " and Urban Planning.! Workplace Nature Views "" Well-being! "" desk workers without view of nature reported 23% more ailments in prior 6 months! "" Job Satisfaction! "" less frustrated and more patient! "" higher overall job satisfaction and enthusiasm!

60 Plants in Workplace "" Productivity! Lohr et al J. of Environmental Horticulture! "" 12% quicker reaction on computer tasks! "" reports of being more attentive! "" Less Stress! "" lower systolic blood pressure!

61 directed attention fatigue

62 we all deserve a corner office! bottom-line $$ benefits of small city parks

63 Roger Ulrich. Texas A &M. Studies on nature and medical recovery! Wellness & Healing "" Surgery Recovery! "" shorter post-operative stays! "" less use of potent pain drugs, better attitude" "" Lifestyle Recovery! "" attentional fatigue restored! "" relationships and career coping Cimprich, B Research " in Nursing and Health.!

64 Healing Gardens - institutional design -

65 U of WA Hospitals Surgery Pavilion

66 Parsons, R., Tassinary, L., G., Ulrich, R. S., Hebl, M. R., and M. Grossman-Alexander Journal of Environmental Psychology! Roadside Landscape & Traffic Stress Response "" Roadside Features - Driving Simulations "" Forest, golf course, strip mall "" Physiological Response "" E.g. heart beat, blood pressure "" Results "" Nature scenes - return to baseline faster, less response to new stressors "" Immunization effect

67 Americans travel 2.3 billion miles per day on urban freeways & highways

68 !"

69 !" physically disabled & tree climbing!

70

71

72 Social Benefits "" studies at the University of Illinois, Landscape and Human Health Laboratory Dr. Frances Kuo Research Director

73 Chicago Public Housing with & without green spaces Wm. Sullivan & F. Kuo University of Illinois

74 Landscape & Human Health Laboratory

75 engineered nature & forests high rise nature!

76 Namba Parks, Osaka view from nearby hotel

77

78 Green Roof - Chicago City Hall

79 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Hall!" Ecos, Sept-Oct 2004

80 Parking Structure - Kobe, Japan

81 City Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self public health & human habitat

82 Physical Inactivity & Obesity

83 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1985 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

84 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1986 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

85 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1987 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

86 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1988 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

87 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1989 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

88 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1990 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

89 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1991 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

90 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1992 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

91 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1993 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

92 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1994 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

93 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1995 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

94 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1996 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

95 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1997 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

96 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1998 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

97 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 1999 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

98 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2000 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19%!20% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

99 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2001 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

100 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2002 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

101 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2003 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

102 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2004 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24%!25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

103 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults 2005 (*BMI!30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person) Doubling of adult obesity rate since No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24% 25% 29%!30% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

104 children ages 6 to 11 19% are overweight 4% in the 1970s (CDC, 2006)

105

106

107 Streets Focused on Vehicles national policy - little room for people

108

109 Durham, NC

110 innovation: Complete Streets cars/pedestrians/bikes and trees!

111 parks, open spaces & trails need access & facilities

112 make room for pedestrians + walk to school, Naderi et al. 2008, ITE Jrnl

113 walkable places = health & happiness

114 Nature, Human Health & Walkable Neighborhoods!" Environments: Neighborhood Streets (Tokyo)!" tree lined streets!" nearby parks!" vs. barren streetscapes!" Outcomes: Elderly People & Walking!" less illness!" lower mortality rate Takano, Nakamura, Watanabe # Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health!

115 Urban Trees & Forests Benefits Categories! "environmental! "economic! "psychological! "social! "physical self good human habitat & safe, economically vital cities

116 research sponsor: U.S. Forest Service Science & Community Change: Tech Transfer, Urban Forestry & Local Government Policy Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Univ of Washington, Seattle

117 Nearby Nature is necessary human habitat source: UrbanPhoto!

118 habitat for humanity!" shelter is necessary!!" and more!

119 - not distant places - in our yards - on our streets Nearby Nature habitat for health source: UrbanPhoto!

120

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