NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF GROW-FINISH PIGS: ENERGY

Transcription

1 NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF GROW-FINISH PIGS: ENERGY AND FEED EFFICIENCY John F. Patience, Ph.D. Applied Swine Nutrition Dept. of Animal Science Iowa State University

2 THINGS ARE NOT ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM

3 THINGS ARE NOT ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM

4 FEED EFFICIENCY IS A DANGEROUS PRODUCTION TARGET WHEN VIEWED IN ISOLATION Influenced by feed composition Energy, amino acid concentration, nutrient balance Gross deficiencies of other nutrients Feed processing: grinding, pelleting, enzymes Feed additives Influenced by environmental factors Temperature, health (huge), access to feed Influenced by the pig Growth rate, protein:lipid ratio, starting and final weight, mortality

5 2010 PERFORMANCE RECORDS ON 30 MILLION GROW-FINISH HOGS Dietary Energy Mcal/kg Feed Conversion Caloric Efficiency Mcal/kg gain ADG g/d Mortality % Canada 3.11 USA 3.37 Source: Agristats, 2011

6 2010 PERFORMANCE RECORDS ON 30 MILLION GROW-FINISH HOGS Dietary Energy Mcal/kg Feed Conversion Caloric Efficiency Mcal/kg gain ADG g/d Mortality % Canada USA Source: Agristats, 2011

7 2010 PERFORMANCE RECORDS ON 30 MILLION GROW-FINISH HOGS Dietary Energy Mcal/kg Feed Conversion Caloric Efficiency Mcal/kg gain Canada ADG g/d Mortality % USA Source: Agristats, 2011

8 2010 PERFORMANCE RECORDS ON 30 MILLION GROW-FINISH HOGS Dietary Energy Mcal/kg Feed Conversion Caloric Efficiency Mcal/kg gain ADG g/d Canada Mortality % USA Source: Agristats, 2011

9 2010 PERFORMANCE RECORDS ON 30 MILLION GROW-FINISH HOGS Dietary Energy Mcal/kg Feed Conversion Caloric Efficiency Mcal/kg gain ADG g/d Mortality Canada % USA Source: Agristats, 2011

10 2010 PERFORMANCE RECORDS ON 30 MILLION GROW-FINISH HOGS Dietary Energy Mcal/kg Feed Conversion Caloric Efficiency Mcal/kg gain Feed Cost /kg gain Cost of Energy /Mcal ME Canada USA A critical issue in this comparison is the cost of calories Source: Agristats, 2011

11 FEED EFFICIENCY SHOULD BE A SECONDARY DRIVER FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

12 THE CHANGING COST OF ENERGY Ingredient Energy Content 2005 Cost 2012 Cost Mcal NE/kg $/tonne /Mcal NE $/tonne /Mcal NE Corn Soybean meal Corn DDGS Wheat midds Fat: AV blend ,

13 Take Home Message #1: We need to know and continually monitor the unit cost of energy

14 Value per pig of 0.01 improvement in feed conversion WHAT IS THE VALUE OF FEED CONVERSION? Each feed conversion point is worth about 47 cents per pig Feed Conversion = 2.63 Average wean-to-finish feed cost, $/ton

15 Ingredient, % Prices $/t Energy only Add protein/ amino acids Add minerals/ vitamins Corn Corn DDGS Wheat midds Soybean meal Bakery product l-lysine HCl Limestone Salt Vitamin premix Trace mineral premix Phytase AV-blend Cost, $ $ $ $ % 94.1% 100.0% Diets formulated to meet 1) energy spec only, 2) energy & amino acid specs only, & 3) all nutrients

16 Take Home Message #2: Because energy is by far the most costly specification to meet in practical diets, we must pay more attention to it

17 INFLUENCE OF FAT SOURCE AND LEVEL ON CARCASS QUALITY AT 300 LB Diet ME, Mcal/kg Backfat, mm Loin, cm Increasing the energy content of the diet will not likely change loin size but it will increase back fat thickness Source: Beaulieu at al., 2009

18 Feed Conversion IMPACT OF INCREASED ME ON FEED CONVERSION FROM 75 TO 136 KG ME, Mcal/kg Increasing the energy content of the diet will always improve feed efficiency Source: Kellner at al., 2011

19 Daily Gain, kg/d IMPACT OF INCREASED ME ON AVERAGE DAILY GAIN FROM 75 TO 136 KG ME, Mcal/kg Increasing the energy content of the diet will often but not always Increase growth rate Source: Kellner at al., 2011

20 EFFECT OF FAT SOURCE AND LEVEL ON CARCASS (JOWL) IV WHEN FED FROM 75 TO 132 KG Carcass Jowl IV 80 3% 6% P < 0.05 d a ab a b b c Control Tallow CWG Corn Oil IV=42 IV=67 IV=123 Increasing the energy content of the diet by adding a fat source may change the quality of fat in the carcass Kellner et al., 2011

21 Take Home Message #3: Changing the energy concentration of the diet will change feed efficiency and back fat thickness and may change growth rate and carcass fat quality

22 IMPACT OF INCREASED DIET ME ON PERFORMANCE FROM 36 TO 120 KG ME, Mcal/kg P-value Fat level, % Final wt, kg Gain, kg/d Feed, kg/d ME intake, Mcal/d Feed:gain ME, Mcal/kg gain Source: De la Llata et al., 2001

23 INCREASING ENERGY CONCENTRATION IN GROW-FINISH DIET ME, Mcal/k Initial wt., kg Final wt., kg Daily gain, kg Daily feed, kg Feed conversion ME intake, Mcal/d Energy efficiency, Mcal/kg Effect of diet ME content significant, P < 0.05 Source: Beaulieu et al., 2009

24 EFFECT OF INCREASING DIET ME IN GROW- FINISH: COMMERCIAL FARM DIET ME, Mcal/kg Initial wt., kg Final wt., kg Ave. daily gain, kg Ave. daily feed, kg Feed conversion Tail-enders, n ME intake, Mcal/d Energy efficiency, Mcal/kg Effect of diet significant, P<0.05 Source: Patience et al., 2005

25 Growth rate HERDS DIFFER WIDELY IN DAILY FEED AND THUS ENERGY INTAKE, LEADING TO DIFFERING OUTCOMES WHEN DIET ME IS INCREASED Daily energy intake

26 Take Home Message #4: We must know energy intake for our herds because they differ widely in their daily energy intake, and thus in their response to changes in dietary energy content.

27 ENERGY CALCULATIONS ME intake = ME maintenance + (PDR/k p ) + (LDR/k l ) Kielanowski, 1965

28 HOW DAILY ENERGY INTAKE IS DIVIDED BETWEEN MAINTENANCE AND GAIN Functions Gain ME intake, Mcal/d Maintenance (34%) Protein (lean) gain 138 g/d (16%) 1.46 (20%) Fat gain 267 g/d (31%) 3.36 (46%) Total 862 g/d 7.3 (100%) Assume the diet contains 3.31 Mcal ME/kg and 0.85% SID lysine. The pig weighs about 70 kg, is gaining about 0.86 kg/d (total growout ADG = 0.84 kg) and is eating 2.22 kg of feed/day, giving a feed conversion of 2.58 (total feeder to finish growout FC is 2.85:1).

29 WAYS TO REDUCE MAINTENANCE ENERGY COSTS Thermal comfort Prevent need for pigs to keep cool or keep warm Minimize social stressors Minimize immunological challenges Maintain highest possible health standards Maximize growth rate Fewer days in the barn means fewer days of maintenance energy costs Others?

30 Take Home Message #5: To maximize dietary energetic efficiency, producers can reduce maintenance energy requirements or increase portion of gain that is lean

31 INTEGRATED QUALITY CONTROL Ensure pig performance is within the tolerance of your targets: growth, carcass, etc PIGS Ensure feed delivered to the pigs meets their requirements for daily nutrient intake MIXED FEED Feed Manufacturing Ensure feed mixing is achieving uniform mixture according to the formulation INCOMING INGREDIENTS Confirm composition in terms of both desirable & undesirable constituents

32 Take Home Message #6: Quality control in pork production should focus on outcomes (growth rate, barn throughput, carcass quality) and less on inputs (diet composition)

33 PIG AND BARN MANAGEMENT

34 FEEDER COVERS Feeder space treatments were: 4.1 cm/pig (1.6 inches/pig) 4.9 cm/pig (1.9 inches/pig) 5.7 cm/pig (2.2 inches/pig)

35 FEEDER MANAGEMENT

36 BW, kg MARKET BODY WEIGHT P = 0.07 SEM = Feeder Space, cm/pig

37 ADG, kg G:F ADG AND F:G PHASE b ab P = 0.02 SEM = a P = 0.09 SEM = Feeder Space, cm/pig Feeder Space, cm/pig

38 ADG carcass, kg IMPACT OF DDGS LEVEL ON ADG MEASURED ON A CARCASS WEIGHT BASIS- DDGS 0.8 P = 0.07 SEM = D30 D60 Diet

39 BARN TEMPERATURE AND PIG COMFORT

40 BARN TEMPERATURE AND PIG COMFORT Unthrifty pigs eat less feed than their healthy contemporaries. Digesting and using feed generates body heat. This is a bad thing in hot weather, because it makes heat stress worse. But for pigs in cooler conditions it is an important part of keeping warm Because unthrifty pigs eat less, they are chilled at a temperature that is perfectly comfortable for healthy pigs. Therefore, they need to be kept in warmer and in less drafty conditions.

41 TAKE HOME MESSAGES 1. We need to know and continually monitor the unit cost of energy 2. We must pay more attention to dietary energy because it is by far the most costly specification to meet in practical diets 3. Changing the energy concentration of the diet will change feed efficiency and back fat thickness and may change growth rate and carcass fat quality 4. We must know energy intake for our herds because herds differ widely in their daily energy intake, and thus in their response to changes in dietary energy content

42 TAKE HOME MESSAGES 5. To maximize dietary energetic efficiency, producers can reduce maintenance energy requirements or increase portion of gain that is lean 6. Quality control in pork production should focus on more on outcomes (growth rate, barn throughput, carcass quality) and less on inputs (diet composition)

43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION TEAM