The etiology of complex disorders such as anorexia
|
|
- Beverly Wilkinson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Article Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits in Adult Women With Eating Disorders: Defining a Broader Eating Disorder Phenotype Marija Brecelj Anderluh, M.D. Kate Tchanturia, Ph.D. Sophia Rabe-Hesketh, Ph.D. Janet Treasure, Ph.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.Psych. Objective: The authors retrospectively examined a spectrum of childhood traits that reflect obsessive-compulsive personality in adult women with eating disorders and assessed the predictive value of the traits for the development of eating disorders. Method: In a case-control design, 44 women with anorexia nervosa, 28 women with bulimia nervosa, and 28 healthy female comparison subjects were assessed with an interview instrument that asked them to recall whether they had experienced various types of childhood behavior suggesting traits associated with obsessivecompulsive personality. The subjects also completed a self-report inventory of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Results: Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits showed a high predictive value for development of eating disorders, with the estimated odds ratio for eating disorders increasing by a factor of 6.9 for every additional trait present. Subjects with eating disorders who reported perfectionism and rigidity in childhood had significantly higher rates of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and OCD comorbidity later in life, compared with eating disorder subjects who did not report those traits. Conclusions: Childhood traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality appear to be important risk factors for the development of eating disorders and may represent markers of a broader phenotype for a specific subgroup of patients with anorexia nervosa. (Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: ) The etiology of complex disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is likely to involve a dynamic interplay of environmental and genetic factors. New approaches in genetic research provide an opportunity to study associations between a disorder and specific genes but face a well-recognized problem of phenotypic definition. It is likely that diagnostic categories as presented in the DSM-IV do not fully correspond to underlying biological factors. One approach to specifying phenotypes is to use both axis I and axis II dimensions. The restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa is typically linked to personality traits such as perfectionism, sense of ineffectiveness, preoccupation with orderliness, and excessive persistence and compliance (1 7). Bulimia nervosa is often linked with impulsive personality traits (8, 9), but the majority of people with bulimia nervosa are also found to be perfectionistic (4). In a study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in women with bulimia, 39% of the subjects with current bulimia or a history of bulimia were found to have obsessions related to symmetry and exactness (10). Perfectionism and preoccupation with orderliness have been found to persist after recovery from eating disorders (10 13). Perfectionism in childhood is one of the risk factors for both anorexia and bulimia (6, 14). In family studies, persons with a high level of perfectionism are overrepresented among healthy firstdegree relatives of patients with eating disorders, suggesting that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, or its traits, represent a heritable factor contributing to vulnerability for both types of eating disorders (13, 15, 16). The aim of this study was to determine whether retrospectively measured childhood personality traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality predicted development of eating disorders. To minimize biases related to retrospective reporting, the study used a newly developed interview instrument with items based on examples of childhood behavior. The study hypothesis was that childhood traits linked to obsessive-compulsive personality are important risk factors for the development of eating disorders. The subsidiary hypothesis was that people with an eating disorder who had a high number of childhood traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality have a higher prevalence of this type of personality disorder and have more compulsive symptoms later in life. Method Participants The participants consisted of three groups: 44 female patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (26 with the restricting type, 18 with the binge-eating/purging type), 28 female pa Am J Psychiatry 160:2, February 2003
2 ANDERLUH, TCHANTURIA, RABE-HESKETH, ET AL. tients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, and 28 healthy female comparison subjects. The clinical participants were recruited from the inpatient and outpatient programs of the Eating Disorders Unit of the Maudsley Hospital, London, a tertiary referral center. To avoid possible reporting biases related to an acute physical state, patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria and were willing to participate were entered in the study 3 4 weeks after the beginning of treatment. Exclusion criteria consisted of a history of psychotic disorder or bipolar disorder assessed according to the ICD-10 criteria. The comparison subjects were administrative staff and students from two universities in different towns in the United Kingdom. They were matched by age, sex, and educational level with the patients and were blind to the study hypothesis. The comparison subjects were of normal weight, had no personal or family history of an eating disorder or any other psychiatric disorder, and had no history of bingeing, vomiting, or abuse of laxatives. All subjects except those recruited as inpatients were reimbursed for their time. All participants were native English speakers. The study was approved by the South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust and Institute of Psychiatry ethics committee. After complete description of the study to the subjects, written informed consent was obtained. Procedure Specialists in the Eating Disorders Unit who were blind to the study hypothesis made the initial screening diagnoses of eating disorders using the DSM-IV criteria. Study subjects were interviewed by a trained researcher (one of six postgraduate psychologists and psychiatrists) using a semistructured interview (described in the next section). On the day of the interview, data on demographic characteristics were collected, and the subject s weight and height were measured. Thirty interviews were recorded on audiotapes and were rerated by one of two assessors who were blind both to the previous scoring and to the subject s diagnosis. Measures The instruments used in the study included the semistructured EATATE interview and the self-report Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. The National Adult Reading Test was used to match patients and comparison subjects in intellectual ability. The EATATE interview. The EATATE interview was developed for the European Healthy Eating Project, which examined genetic and environmental risk factors for eating disorders and obesity. (The instrument is available from the first author.) The first part, which consists of an adaptation of the Eating Disorder Examination (17), is used to identify a lifetime eating disorder diagnosis in subjects and first-degree family members. The first part also is used to assess whether the subject meets the criteria for an ICD- 10 lifetime diagnosis of OCD. Food and body-related obsessions are excluded as symptoms of OCD. The second part of the EATATE interview, which provided the data that are the focus of this paper, is used to assess whether the subject meets the criteria for current obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, according to the ICD- 10 International Personality Disorder Examination (18) module for anankastic personality disorder, and to collect data on childhood traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality. (An ICD- 10 diagnosis of anankastic personality disorder corresponds to a DSM-IV diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder). The prototype of the assessment of childhood traits was developed in an expert meeting by collaborators on the European Healthy Eating project and other experts with extensive clinical and research experience in the field. After this session, the MED- LINE and PsycINFO databases ( ) were searched for papers describing current and past personality traits linked with eating disorders. The key words used in the search were personality, perfectionism, rigidity, inflexibility, obsessionality, TABLE 1. Childhood Traits Reflecting Obsessive-Compulsive Personality and Main Areas of the Child s Life in Which the Traits Are Assessed in the EATATE Interview Assessed Trait Areas of the Child s Life Perfectionism: Perfectionism is assessed separately in four areas of child s life; the trait is regarded as present if reported to have influenced markedly the child s life in at least two of the assessed areas. Inflexibility: Inflexibility and rule-bound trait both measure rigidity; rigidity is regarded as present if at least one of the two traits was present and markedly influenced the child s life. Rule-bound trait: Inflexibility and rule-bound trait both measure rigidity; rigidity is regarded as present if at least one of the two traits was present and markedly influenced the child s life. Excessive doubt and cautiousness: The trait is regarded as present if both excessive doubt and cautiousness were present and markedly influenced the child s life. Drive for order and symmetry: The trait is regarded as present if reported to have influenced markedly the child s life in at least two of the assessed areas. Schoolwork Self-care Looking after her room Hobbies, caring for pets, part-time job, or housework Difficulties in adjusting to changes linked to house moves, school changes, changes in family schedule or structure, changes in planned daily activities Presence of activities to compensate for these difficulties, including written plans, making contingency plans Excessive persistence High degree of compliance with rules set by parents or teachers Excessive doubt about actions Excessive cautiousness about making a mistake Looking after her room Housework Appearance (dress, hair style) anankastic, and childhood. A focus group of patients with anorexia nervosa was held to identify behavioral examples of childhood traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality. The behavioral examples were used in designing the EATATE interview to minimize the problems associated with retrospective reporting and to reduce rationalization. The final instrument is used to assess five childhood traits that reflect obsessive-compulsive personality (Table 1): perfectionism (e.g., Did you spend a long time doing or redoing your hair to make sure it was straight without bumps?), inflexibility (e.g., To what extent were you the sort of person who liked to make written plans/notes or have intricate details about the time ahead?), rule driven (e.g., Were you the kind of person who felt she always had to follow rules? For example, how far did you bend or break rules that were set by your parents or teachers?), drive-for-order and symmetry (e.g., While trying to get your room tidy and organized, were you particularly concerned about making sure that everything was just so and in its proper place?), and excessive doubt and cautiousness (e.g., Were your frightened to make a mistake as a child? Can you give an example?). The interviewer used a scoring manual to rate the responses according to predefined criteria. The interviewers were trained in the use of the manual by scoring videotaped interviews and by participating in consensus meetings where ratings were discussed. The presence of each trait was assessed together with its effect on the child s life in terms of the child s relationship with the world and with others. Traits were rated 0 for absent, 1 for present but not influencing the child s life, or 2 for impinging on the child s life or her relationship with the world or with others. Assessment of interrater reliability was based on the full 3-point scale. In all other analyses, the values 0 and 1 were not discrimi- Am J Psychiatry 160:2, February
3 CHILDHOOD TRAITS AND ADULT EATING DISORDERS TABLE 2. Characteristics of Subjects With Eating Disorders and Healthy Comparison Subjects in a Study of Childhood Traits Reflecting Obsessive-Compulsive Personality a Characteristic Subjects With Anorexia Nervosa (N=44) Subjects With Bulimia Nervosa (N=28) Healthy Comparison Subjects (N=28) Analysis Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD F df p Current age (years) b , 97 n.s. Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) Current c , 97 <0.001 Lowest ever , 70 <0.001 Highest ever , 70 <0.001 National Adult Reading Test score d , 41 n.s. Age at onset of eating disorder (years) , 70 n.s. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory score e,f , 72 <0.001 N % N % N % χ 2 df p ICD-10 diagnosis Anankastic (obsessive-compulsive) personality disorder f <0.001 Obsessive-compulsive disorder f,g <0.001 a Patients with eating disorders were recruited from the inpatient and outpatient programs of the Eating Disorders Unit of the Maudsley Hospital, London. Comparison subjects were recruited among students and administrative staff at two universities in the United Kingdom. b Age range=15 52 years for the subjects with anorexia nervosa, for the subjects with bulimia nervosa, and for the healthy comparison subjects. c Significant difference between subjects with anorexia nervosa and subjects with bulimia nervosa (p<0.001, Tukey). d N=18 for patients with anorexia nervosa, N=9 for patients with bulimia nervosa, N=16 for comparison subjects. e N=26 for patients with anorexia nervosa, N=19 for patients with bulimia nervosa, N=20 for comparison subjects. f No significant difference between subjects with anorexia nervosa and subjects with bulimia nervosa (Tukey). g N=40 for patients with anorexia nervosa, N=25 for patients with bulimia nervosa, N=28 for comparison subjects. nated, and only traits that were reported to impinge on the child s life (a rating of 2) were regarded as present. Any problems with the ratings were discussed at consensus meetings. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (19) is a 30-item self-report scale that assesses four types of obsessive-compulsive complaints: checking, washing, doubting, and slowness. Alpha coefficients of 0.7, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.7 for the four subscales, respectively, were found. Good test-retest reliability has been reported for the instrument (Kendall s tau=0.8) (19). The National Adult Reading Test. The National Adult Reading Test (20) was used to match the participant groups in terms of approximate intellectual ability. The National Adult Reading Test requires the participant to read aloud 50 phonetically irregular words, and the number of mistakes is recorded. The test results have been found to correlate significantly with level of education (20). Analysis The clinical and demographic data were compared across groups by using chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance, with the Tukey test for post hoc comparisons of group differences. Interrater reliability for the childhood trait scale of the EATATE interview was assessed with weighted kappa coefficients calculated for individual items (rated as 0 2) and an unweighted kappa coefficient for the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Cronbach s alpha was calculated to measure the internal consistency of the childhood trait scale. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of childhood and adult obsessive-compulsive personality traits within the eating disorder and the comparison groups. Logistic regression was used to measure the association of childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits with the presence of an eating disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder later in life. T tests for independent samples (with Bonferroni corrections) and chisquare tests (with Yates s corrections) were used to compare the subjects with eating disorders who did and did not report childhood perfectionism and rigidity. Two-tailed tests with a 5% level of significance were used throughout the analyses. No significant differences were found between the subjects with the restricting type of anorexia nervosa and those with the binge-eating/purging type. Thus, the data for those subgroups were analyzed together. All analysis were carried out by using SPSS-PC (21). Results Subject Characteristics Table 2 summarizes the subjects demographic and clinical characteristics. The groups did not differ significantly in age, and the eating disorder groups had similar mean ages at onset of the illness. As expected, the body mass index at assessment differed significantly across the groups (F=74.05, df=2, 97, p<0.001). The two clinical groups differed significantly on the lowest past body mass index (F= 87.51, df=1, 70, p<0.001). National Adult Reading Test scores were assessed in about half of the subjects, and the availability of data was consistent across the groups. No significant differences were observed in National Adult Reading Test score across the groups. The three groups differed significantly in the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (χ 2 =24.10, df=2, p<0.001), but the difference in prevalence between the two patients groups was not significant. The prevalence of OCD comorbidity was higher in the bulimia nervosa group than in the anorexic group, although the difference did not reach significance. Although every effort was made to collect complete data for all subjects, data from the Maudsley Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory were available for only 62% of the Am J Psychiatry 160:2, February 2003
4 ANDERLUH, TCHANTURIA, RABE-HESKETH, ET AL. TABLE 3. Prevalence of Childhood Traits Reflecting Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Among Subjects With Eating Disorders and Healthy Comparison Subjects Subjects With Anorexia Nervosa, Restricting Type (N=26) Subjects With Anorexia Nervosa, Binge-Eating/ Purging Type (N=18) Subjects With Bulimia Nervosa (N=28) All Eating Disorder Subjects (N=72) Healthy Comparison Subjects (N=28) Trait a N % N % N % N % N % Perfectionism Inflexibility Rule-bound trait Doubt and cautiousness b Drive for order and symmetry c a Kappa coefficients measuring interrater reliability were 0.79 for perfectionism, 0.89 for inflexibility, 0.76 for rule-bound trait, 0.73 for doubt and cautiousness, and 0.65 for drive for order and symmetry. b N=22 for subjects with anorexia nervosa, restricting type; N=15 for subjects with anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type; N=65 for all eating disorder subjects. c N=16 for subjects with anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type; N=70 for all eating disorder subjects. subjects. The loss of data was consistent across the groups, and subjects with a completed Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory did not differ from those without a completed inventory on any of the clinical parameters. The eating disorder groups reported higher total Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory scores than the comparison group (F=22.70, df=2, 72, p<0.001), but no significant difference was found between the patients with anorexia nervosa and those with bulimia. Interrater Reliability and Consistency of the Childhood Trait Scale The weighted kappa was estimated from 30 interviews that were recorded on audiotapes and rerated by an assessor who was blind to the previous scorings. Good interrater reliability of the instrument was observed, with mean weighted kappa coefficients of 0.74 and 0.80 for the ratings of childhood traits and for the diagnosis of adult obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, respectively. The weighted kappas for the individual items are shown in Table 3. The childhood scale also showed good internal consistency (Cronbach s alpha=0.74). Childhood Traits Robust differences between groups were observed in the frequency of the reported childhood traits reflecting obsessive-compulsive personality (Table 3). In an analysis that controlled for eating disorder diagnoses, adult obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits were significantly related to childhood traits reflecting obsessivecompulsive personality (regression coefficient=0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]= , p<0.001). In a logistic regression analysis with adult obsessive-compulsive personality disorder diagnosis as the dependent variable and childhood traits as the independent variables, every additional reported trait increased the estimated odds ratio for development of adult obsessive-compulsive personality disorder by 2.1 (95% CI= , p<0.001). To test the predictive value of the childhood obsessivecompulsive personality traits for the development of an eating disorder, a logistic regression analysis was performed with the presence of an eating disorder as the dependent variable and the number of childhood traits as the independent variable. With every additional trait reported, the estimated odds ratio for development of an eating disorder increased by 6.9 (95% CI= , p<0.001), suggesting a strong dose-response relationship. Childhood Perfectionism and Rigidity and Adult Clinical Variables The patients with eating disorders were grouped according to whether childhood perfectionism and rigidity traits were reported. (These dimensions showed the highest difference in prevalence between the clinical and the comparison groups). Two-thirds of the patients with anorexia nervosa and approximately one-third of the patients with bulimia nervosa reported perfectionism and at least one of the two traits reflecting rigidity in childhood; the difference in the prevalence of the traits between the two groups was significant (χ 2 =7.1, df=2, p<0.03). People with eating disorders who reported perfectionism and rigidity in childhood did not differ significantly in their age at onset of illness or in their lowest-ever body mass index from those who did not report these traits, but they did have significantly higher dimensional scores on the assessment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in adulthood (t=4.67, df=70, p<0.001). However, the prevalence of lifetime OCD comorbidity and the total Maudsley Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory score at assessment did not differ significantly between the two groups (Table 4). Discussion The results of this study confirm our hypothesis that women with eating disorders show high levels of obsessive-compulsive personality traits in childhood, relative to healthy comparison subjects. There was a strong increasing relationship between the number of reported childhood traits and the odds of developing an eating disorder, with each extra reported trait increasing the odds of developing an eating disorder nearly sevenfold. We also confirmed our subsidiary hypothesis of developmental conti- Am J Psychiatry 160:2, February
5 CHILDHOOD TRAITS AND ADULT EATING DISORDERS TABLE 4. Characteristics of Subjects With Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa With and Without Childhood Traits of Perfectionism and Rigidity a Childhood Perfectionism and Rigidity Characteristic Yes (N=37) No (N=35) Analysis Mean SD Mean SD t df p Age at onset (years) n.s. Lowest-ever body mass index (kg/m 2 ) n.s. EATATE dimensional score for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder <0.01 b Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory score c n.s. N % N % χ 2 (Yates s Correction) df p ICD-10 diagnosis Anankastic (obsessive-compulsive) personality disorder <0.001 Obsessive-compulsive disorder d n.s. a Rigidity was considered present if either inflexibility or the rule-bound trait was present and markedly influenced the child s life. b With Bonferroni correction. c N=26 for subjects with childhood perfectionism and rigidity; N=21 for subjects without childhood perfectionism and rigidity. d N=33 for subjects with childhood perfectionism and rigidity; N=32 for subjects without childhood perfectionism and rigidity. nuity in that the presence of childhood perfectionism and rigidity identified a subgroup of people with eating disorders with a significantly higher prevalence of obsessivecompulsive personality disorder later in life. Our results confirm and extend findings from previous studies. Fairburn et al. (14) assessed perfectionism in childhood with a single item (high personal standards) and identified it as a risk factor for anorexia and bulimia in eating disorder patients, compared with healthy subjects (odds ratio=3.9, 95% CI= , and odds ratio=2.6, 95% CI= , respectively). The instrument we developed retrospectively examined a broader spectrum of obsessive-compulsive personality traits, including perfectionism, by using a range of behavioral examples. Approximately two-thirds of the subjects with anorexia nervosa reported perfectionism and rigidity in childhood. This prevalence is consistent with that reported by Rastam (22) for premorbid obsessive-compulsive (or anankastic) personality disorder in anorexia nervosa. We are not aware of any similar studies conducted for patients with bulimia nervosa. However, previous findings that perfectionism, obsessionality, excessive concern about mistakes, and doubt about actions persist after recovery from both disorders suggest that they represent persistent traits (10, 13, 16). The prevalence of comorbidity of anorexia and bulimia with OCD in this study was congruent with the published rates of 25% 69% in women with anorexia nervosa (23 25) and 25% 36% in women with bulimia nervosa (8, 26). The prevalence of cluster C personality disorders, which include obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, has been reported to range between 5% and 80% in people with anorexia nervosa (4, 27 29) and to be as high as 25% in people with bulimia nervosa (8, 28). These figures are congruent with our findings. This study had several limitations. The retrospective assessment was subject to inaccuracies of memory and subjectivity in reporting. Although the instrument used in this study was based on simple behavioral examples and used interviewer-based ratings (according to predefined criteria) to optimize the precision of the assessment, further studies with other informants or with a prospective design are needed to confirm the findings. It was impossible for the assessor to be blind to the primary diagnosis in assessing severely emaciated subjects with anorexia nervosa. This source of bias was minimized by rerating audiotaped interviews. Indeed, for the interviews that were audiotaped, we found a high level of agreement between the two raters, one of whom scored the taped interview and was blind to the subject s appearance. The subjects with eating disorders were recruited from a tertiary referral center and were taking medication while participating in the study. Thus, their medication status may have influenced reporting accuracy. The findings suggest that childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits are important risk factors for later development of eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, the findings suggest that childhood perfectionism and rigidity may offer a more specific and homogenous phenotypic determination for genetic studies. Further studies are needed to determine whether these traits are specific for eating disorders or are also linked to other psychiatric disorders, such as depression or OCD. Personality traits may also act as maintaining factors and as such may have an important influence on the prognosis of the disorder. Studies of people who have recovered from an eating disorder would be needed to explore the influence of childhood obsessive-compulsivepersonality traits on the length of illness and its severity. Female subjects were included in this study because the prevalence of eating disorders is approximately nine times higher in women than in men. However, further studies that include male subjects are needed to better understand the role of the assessed traits. To our knowledge, the interview scale described here is the first to measure these personality trait risk factors in a broad and comprehensive way. The finding that perfectionism and rigidity represent Am J Psychiatry 160:2, February 2003
6 ANDERLUH, TCHANTURIA, RABE-HESKETH, ET AL. strong risk factors suggests that these items might also be also used to identify people at high risk for developing an eating disorder later in life. Prospective studies are needed to replicate these findings. Received Sept. 4, 2001; revisions received March 6 and Aug. 6, 2002; accepted Aug. 27, From the Institute of Psychiatry, King College London, De Crespigny Park; and the University Psychiatric Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana-Polje, Slovenia. Address reprint requests to Dr. Anderluh, Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AD; marija.brecelj@guest.arnes.si ( ). Supported by grant QLK from the European Commission Framework V program. The authors thank Prof. C. Fairburn, Prof. P. McGuffin, Prof. R. Plomin, Dr. I. Hayman, Dr. D. Nicholls, and the European Consortium for advice provided at the expert meeting to develop the EATATE interview and Prof. I. Campbell and Dr. N. Troop for comments on the manuscript. References 1. Lasègue C: De l anorexie hysterique (1873), in Evolution of Psychosomatic Concepts: Anorexia Nervosa: A Paradigm. Edited by Kaufman RM, Heiman M. New York, International Universities Press, 1964, pp Bruch H: Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosom Med 1962; 24: Strober M: Personality and symptomatological features in young, nonchronic anorexia nervosa patients. J Psychosom Res 1980; 24: Vitousek K, Manke F: Personality variables and disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: Bastiani AM, Rao R, Weltzin T, Kaye WH: Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1995; 17: Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Doll HA, Welch SL: Risk factors for anorexia nervosa: three integrated case-control comparisons. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: Halmi KA, Sunday SR, Strober M, Kaplan A, Woodside DB, Fichter M, Treasure J, Berrettini WH, Kaye WH: Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: variation by clinical subtype, obsessionality, and pathological eating behavior. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: Braun DL, Sunday SR, Halmi KA: Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders. Psychol Med 1994; 24: Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Hyler SE, Kellman HD, Doidge N, Davies M: Comorbidity of DSM-III-R eating disorders and personality disorders. Int J Eat Disord 1993; 14: von Ranson KM, Kaye WH, Weltzin TE, Rao R, Matsunaga H: Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms before and after recovery from bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: Casper RC: Personality features of women with good outcome from restricting anorexia nervosa. Psychosom Med 1990; 52: Srinivasagam NM, Kaye WH, Plotnicov KH, Greeno C, Weltzin TE, Rao R: Persistent perfectionism, symmetry, and exactness after long-term recovery from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: Kaye WH, Greeno CG, Moss H, Fernstrom J, Fernstrom M, Lilenfeld LR, Weltzin TE, Mann JJ: Alterations in serotonin activity and psychiatric symptoms after recovery from bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: Fairburn CG, Welch SL, Doll HA, Davies BA, O Connor ME: Risk factors for bulimia nervosa: a community-based case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: Lilenfeld LR, Kaye WH, Greeno CG, Merikangas KR, Plotnicov K, Pollice C, Rao R, Strober M, Bulik CM, Nagy L: A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: Lilenfeld LR, Stein D, Bulik CM, Strober M, Plotnicov K, Pollice C, Rao R, Merikangas KR, Nagy L, Kaye WH: Personality traits among currently eating disordered, recovered and never ill first-degree female relatives of bulimic and control women. Psychol Med 2000; 30: Cooper Z, Cooper PJ, Fairburn CG: The validity of the Eating Disorder Examination and its subscales. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154: Loranger AW, Janca A, Sartorius N (eds): Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: The ICD-10 International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). New York, Cambridge University Press, Hodgson RJ, Rachman S: Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behav Res Ther 1977; 15: Nelson HE, O Connell A: Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex 1987; 14: Norusis MJ: SPSS for Windows: Base System User s Guide and Advanced Statistics, Release 6.1. Chicago, SPSS, Rastam M: Anorexia nervosa in 51 Swedish adolescents: premorbid problems and comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31: Rothenberg A: Eating disorder as a modern obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Psychiatry 1986; 49: Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Yurgelun-Todd D: Phenomenologic relationship of eating disorders to major affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 1983; 9: Halmi KA, Eckert E, Marchi P, Sampugnaro V, Apple R, Cohen J: Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses in anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Yurgelun-Todd D, Frankenburg FR: A controlled family history study of bulimia. Psychol Med 1987; 17: Nilsson EW, Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Rastam M: Ten-year followup of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: personality disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: Gartner AF, Marcus RN, Halmi K, Loranger AW: DSM-III-R personality disorders in patients with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: Wonderlich SA, Swift WJ, Slotnick HB, Goodman S: DSM-III-R personality disorders in eating-disorder subtypes. Int J Eat Disord 1990; 9: Am J Psychiatry 160:2, February
Familial Aggregation of Eating Disorders: Results from a Controlled Family Study of Bulimia Nervosa
Familial Aggregation of Eating Disorders: Results from a Controlled Family Study of Bulimia Nervosa Daniel Stein, 1 Lisa R. Lilenfeld, 1 Katherine Plotnicov, 1 Christine Pollice, 1 Radhika Rao, 1 Michael
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. been implicated in the development of anorexia
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Risk Factors for Anorexia Three Integrated Case-Control Comparisons Christopher G. Fairburn, DM, MPhil, FRCPsych; Zafra Cooper, DPhil, Dip Clin Psych; Helen A. Doll, MSc; Sarah L. Welch,
More informationDepression, anxiety, and obsessionality in long-term recovered patients with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2005) 14:106 110 DOI 10.1007/s00787-005-0431-5 BRIEF REPORT K. Holtkamp B. Müller N. Heussen H. Remschmidt B. Herpertz-Dahlmann Depression, anxiety, and obsessionality in
More informationComparison of Patients With Bulimia Nervosa, Obese Patients With Binge Eating Disorder, and Nonobese Patients With Binge Eating Disorder
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Comparison of Patients With Bulimia Nervosa, Obese Patients With Binge Eating Disorder, and Nonobese Patients With Binge Eating Disorder Declan T. Barry, PhD, Carlos M. Grilo, PhD, and
More informationWith the preparation for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic
Article Diagnostic Crossover in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Implications for DSM-V Kamryn T. Eddy, Ph.D. David J. Dorer, Ph.D. Debra L. Franko, Ph.D. Kavita Tahilani, B.S. Heather Thompson-Brenner,
More informationAn Examination of Early Childhood Perfectionism across Anorexia Nervosa Subtypes
REGULAR ARTICLE An Examination of Early Childhood Perfectionism across Anorexia Nervosa Subtypes Katherine A. Halmi, MD 1 * Dara Bellace, PhD 1 Samantha Berthod, MA 1 Samiran Ghosh, PhD 1 Wade Berrettini,
More informationSexual Abuse in Eating Disorder Subtypes and Control Women: The Role of Comorbid Substance Dependence in Bulimia Nervosa
Sexual Abuse in Eating Disorder Subtypes and Control Women: The Role of Comorbid Substance Dependence in Bulimia Nervosa Amy L. Deep, 1 Lisa R. Lilenfeld, 1 Katherine H. Plotnicov, 1 Christine Pollice,
More informationToward an understanding of risk factors for Anorexia Nervosa: A case-control study
Fairfield University DigitalCommons@Fairfield Education Faculty Publications Graduate School of Education & Allied Professions 1-1-2008 Toward an understanding of risk factors for Anorexia Nervosa: A case-control
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,000 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationIs childhood OCD a risk factor for eating disorders later in life? A longitudinal study
Psychological Medicine (2011), 41, 2507 2513. f Cambridge University Press 2011 doi:10.1017/s003329171100078x Is childhood OCD a risk factor for eating disorders later in life? A longitudinal study ORIGINAL
More informationEvidence for a Susceptibility Gene for Anorexia Nervosa on Chromosome 1
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:787 792, 2002 Report Evidence for a Susceptibility Gene for Anorexia Nervosa on Chromosome 1 D. E. Grice, 1 K. A. Halmi, 2 M. M. Fichter, 3 M. Strober, 4 D. B. Woodside, 5 J. T. Treasure,
More informationSymptom Severity and Treatment Course of Bulimic Patients With and Without a Borderline Personality Disorder
European Eating Disorders Review Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev. 15, 430 438 (2007) Symptom Severity and Treatment Course of Bulimic Patients With and Without a Borderline Personality Disorder A. Zeeck 1, E.
More informationThe impact of manipulating personal standards on eating attitudes and behaviour
ARTICLE IN PRESS Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 (2006) 897 906 Shorter communication The impact of manipulating personal standards on eating attitudes and behaviour Roz Shafran, Michelle Lee, Elizabeth
More informationToward an understanding of risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a case-control study
Wesleyan University WesScholar Division III Faculty Publications Natural Sciences and Mathematics January 2007 Toward an understanding of risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a case-control study R H. Striegel
More informationGenetic and Environmental Contributions to Obesity and Binge Eating
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Obesity and Binge Eating Cynthia M. Bulik,* Patrick F. Sullivan, and Kenneth S. Kendler Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics of Virginia
More informationThe Current Status of Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
The Current Status of Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa David B. Herzog Martin B. Keller Michael Strober Christine Yeh Sung-Yun Pai (Accepted 1 March 1991) A survey investigating the current
More informationDeriving behavioural phenotypes in an international, multi-centre study of eating disorders
Psychological Medicine, 2001, 31, 635 645. 2001 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom Deriving behavioural phenotypes in an international, multi-centre study of eating disorders THE
More informationPersonality traits among currently eating disordered, recovered and never ill first-degree female relatives of bulimic and control women
Psychological Medicine, 2000, 30, 1399 1410. 2000 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom Personality traits among currently eating disordered, recovered and never ill first-degree female
More informationDo eating disorders co-occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter.
Wesleyan University From the SelectedWorks of Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D. March, 2003 Do eating disorders co-occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter. Carlos M. Grilo Charles A. Sanislow
More informationTreatment of Obese Binge Eater
Treatment of Obese Binge Eater Jung Hyun Lee, M.D. Treatment of Obese Binge Eater Email : docljh@empal.com Abstract It is now widely recognized that there is a subgroup of obese individuals with a significantly
More informationPathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2011, 39, 229 234 First published online 23 November 2010 doi:10.1017/s1352465810000810 Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive
More informationCognitive Flexibility and Clinical Severity in Eating Disorders
Cognitive Flexibility and Clinical Severity in Eating Disorders Kate Tchanturia 1 *, Amy Harrison 1, Helen Davies 1, Marion Roberts 1, Anna Oldershaw 1, Michiko Nakazato 1, Daniel Stahl 2, Robin Morris
More informationBINGE EATING disorder is a
Risk Factors for Binge Eating Disorder A Community-Based, Case-Control Study ORIGINAL ARTICLE Christopher G. Fairburn, DM, MPhil, FRCPsych; Helen A. Doll, MSc; Sarah L. Welch, DPhil, MRCPsych; Phillipa
More informationEarly-onset eating disorders
Early-onset eating disorders Principal investigators Debra K. Katzman, MD, FRCPC, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Paediatrics* Anne Morris, MB, BS, MPH, FRACP, Division of Adolescent Medicine,
More informationComparison of Long-Term Outcomes in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa Treated With Family Therapy
Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa Treated With Family Therapy JAMES LOCK, M.D., PH.D., JENNIFER COUTURIER, M.D., AND W. STEWART AGRAS, M.D. ABSTRACT Objective: To describe
More informationPerfectionism and Eating Attitudes in Portuguese University Students
European Eating Disorders Review Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev. 15, 296 304 (2007) Perfectionism and Eating Attitudes in Portuguese University Students António Macedo 1 *, Maria João Soares 1, Maria Helena Azevedo
More informationThe Carter-Jenkins Center presents
The Carter-Jenkins Center presents Michael Poff, MSW, MA Anorexia in Childhood: A Case Presentation Michael Poff, MSW, MA The Carter-Jenkins Center Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Related Findings Eating disturbances
More informationIs the relationship between anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive pathology dependent on the content of obsessions and compulsions?
Is the relationship between anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive pathology dependent on the content of obsessions and compulsions? Caitlin Lloyd 1, Dr Maria Øverås 2, Dr Øyvind Rø 2, Dr Bas Verplanken
More informationHypomania spectrum disorder in adolescence: a 15-year follow-up of non-mood morbidity in adulthood
Päären et al. BMC Psychiatry 2014, 14:9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Hypomania spectrum disorder in adolescence: a 15-year follow-up of non-mood morbidity in adulthood Aivar Päären 1*, Hannes Bohman 1,
More informationTwelve month test retest reliability of a Japanese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders
PCN Psychiatric and Clinical Neurosciences 1323-13162003 Blackwell Science Pty Ltd 575October 2003 1159 Japanese SCID-II A. Osone and S. Takahashi 10.1046/j.1323-1316.2003.01159.x Original Article532538BEES
More informationPaper s Information. Eating Disorder Diagnoses. Paper Type: Essay. Word Count: 1700 words. Referencing Style: APA Style
1 Paper s Information Topic: Eating Disorder Diagnoses Paper Type: Essay Word Count: 1700 words Pages: 7pages Referencing Style: APA Style Education Level: Under Graduate 2 Running Head: EATING DISORDER
More informationA randomized controlled clinical trial of Citalopram versus Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2009) 18:131 135 DOI 10.1007/s00787-007-0634-z ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Javad Alaghband-Rad Mitra Hakimshooshtary A randomized controlled clinical trial of Citalopram versus
More informationToward an understanding of risk factors for binge eating disorder in black and white women: A community-based case-control study
Wesleyan University From the SelectedWorks of Ruth Striegel Weissman 2005 Toward an understanding of risk factors for binge eating disorder in black and white women: A community-based case-control study
More informationEating Disorders: Clinical Features, Comorbidity, and Treatment
Eating Disorders: Clinical Features, Comorbidity, and Treatment Carol B. Peterson, PhD Associate Professor Eating Disorders Research Program Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota peter161@umn.edu
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Clin Psychiatry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 August 31.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 May ; 68(5): 738 746. Natural Course of Bulimia Nervosa and of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified: 5-Year
More informationEating Disorders. Anorexia Nervosa. DSM 5:Eating Disorders. DSM 5: Feeding and Eating Disorders 9/24/2015
DSM 5: Feeding and Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Marsha D. Marcus, PhD The North American Menopause Society October 3, 2015 Feeding and Eating Disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance
More informationInfluence of Overanxious Disorder of Childhood on the Expression of Anorexia Nervosa
REGULAR ARTICLE Influence of Overanxious Disorder of Childhood on the Expression of Anorexia Nervosa T.J. Raney, PhD 1 Laura M. Thornton, PhD 2 Wade Berrettini, MD 3 Harry Brandt, MD 4 Steven Crawford,
More informationDESIGN TYPE AND LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Randomized controlled trial, Level I
CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER (CAP) Hasan, A. A., Callaghan, P., & Lymn, J. S. (2015). Evaluation of the impact of a psychoeducational intervention for people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their primary
More informationEating Disorders. Sristi Nath, D.O. Early Identification and Proactive Treatment November 12, Disclosures
Eating Disorders Sristi Nath, D.O. Early Identification and Proactive Treatment November 12, 2016 1 Disclosures I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this program/presentation.
More information1 What is an Eating Disorder?
3259-Gilbert-01.qxd 4/5/2005 5:53 PM Page 1 1 What is an Eating Disorder? Interest in eating disorders has mushroomed in the past twenty years. Until the early 1980s, most people knew about the existence
More informationHealing The Hunger Recognition and Treatment of Eating Disorders
Healing The Hunger Recognition and Treatment of Eating Disorders COPYRIGHT Copyright 2016 by Brian L. Bethel, PhD, LPCC-S, LCDC III, RPT-S Healing the Hunger, Recognition and Treatment of Eating Disorders.
More informationPerfectionism Across Stages of Recovery from Eating Disorders
REGULAR ARTICLE Perfectionism Across Stages of Recovery from Eating Disorders Anna M. Bardone-Cone, PhD 1 * Katrina Sturm, BA 1 Melissa A. Lawson, MD 2 D. Paul Robinson, MD 2 Roma Smith, LPN 2 ABSTRACT
More informationNICE UPDATE - Eating Disorders: The 2018 Quality Standard. Dr A James London 2018
NICE UPDATE - Eating Disorders: The 2018 Quality Standard Dr A James London 2018 Background Estimated number of people aged 16 years or older with eating disorders in England Description Percentage of
More informationState Self-Esteem Ratings in Women with Bulimia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in Remission
REGULAR ARTICLE State Self-Esteem Ratings in Women with and in Remission Karen A. Daley, MPH, MS 1 David C. Jimerson, MD 2 Todd F. Heatherton, PhD 3 Eran D. Metzger, MD 2 Barbara E. Wolfe, PhD 1 * ABSTRACT
More informationRelapse in anorexia nervosa: a survival analysis
Psychological Medicine, 2004, 34, 671 679. f 2004 Cambridge University Press DOI: 10.1017/S0033291703001168 Printed in the United Kingdom Relapse in anorexia nervosa: a survival analysis J. C. CARTER,
More informationOutcomes of Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature
SPECIAL SECTION ARTICLE Outcomes of Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature Nancy D. Berkman, PhD 1 Kathleen N. Lohr, PhD 1 Cynthia M. Bulik, PhD 2,3 * ABSTRACT Objective: The RTI International-University
More informationIs Major Depressive Disorder or Dysthymia More Strongly Associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
Is Major Depressive Disorder or Dysthymia More Strongly Associated with Bulimia Nervosa? Marisol Perez, 1 Thomas E. Joiner, Jr., 1 * and Peter M. Lewinsohn 2 1 Department of Psychology, Florida State University,
More informationAnorexia nervosa trios: behavioral profiles of individuals with anorexia nervosa and their parents
Psychological Medicine (2009), 39, 451 461. f 2008 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/s0033291708003826 Printed in the United Kingdom ORIGINAL ARTICLE Anorexia nervosa trios: behavioral profiles of
More informationPersonality characteristics of women before and after recovery from an eating disorder
Psychological Medicine, 2004, 34, 1407 1418. f 2004 Cambridge University Press DOI: 10.1017/S0033291704002442 Printed in the United Kingdom Personality characteristics of women before and after recovery
More informationAn adult version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-A)
Netherlands Journal of Psychology / SCARED adult version 81 An adult version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-A) Many questionnaires exist for measuring anxiety; however,
More informationAnorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Tendencies: A systematic Review of the Literature
St. Catherine University University of St. Thomas Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers School of Social Work 5-2016 Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Tendencies: A systematic Review of
More informationSelf-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism Subscale
Self-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism Subscale Simon B. Sherry, 1 Paul L. Hewitt, 1 * Avi Besser, 2 Brandy J. McGee, 1 and Gordon L. Flett 3
More informationEating disorders in a national sample of hospitalized female and male veterans: Detection rates and psychiatric comorbidity
Wesleyan University From the SelectedWorks of Ruth Striegel Weissman May 1, 1999 Eating disorders in a national sample of hospitalized female and male veterans: Detection rates and psychiatric comorbidity
More informationThe Quality of Pastoral Care and Eating Disorder Incidence in Schools
The Quality of Pastoral Care and Eating Disorder Incidence in Schools Stephanie Watterson (MSc) and Dr Amy Harrison (PhD, DClinPsy) Regent s University London harrisona@regents.ac.uk Talk Map The importance
More informationDisordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Ballet Students: Examination of Environmental and Individual Risk Factors
REGULAR ARTICLE Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Ballet Students: Examination of Environmental and Individual Risk Factors Jennifer J. Thomas, BA 1 * Pamela K. Keel, PhD 2 Todd F. Heatherton,
More informationCognition and Psychopathology
Cognition and Psychopathology Lecture 6: Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Eating disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviour, coupled with distorted cognitions involving body
More informationFrom early theorists (1) to current models of anorexia nervosa
Shared Temperament Risk Factors for Anorexia Nervosa: A Twin Study TRACEY D. WADE, PHD, MARIKA TIGGEMANN, PHD, CYNTHIA M. BULIK, PHD, CHRISTOPHER G. FAIRBURN, FMEDSCI, NAOMI R. WRAY, PHD, AND NICHOLAS
More informationEATING DISORDERS Camhs Schools Conference
EATING DISORDERS Camhs Schools Conference Dr Vic Chapman Dr Tara Porter 27 th January 2016 AIMS To increase understanding and awareness of eating disorders Warning signs and risk factors How staff can
More informationLATENT CLASSES OF WOMEN UNDERGOING INPATIENT EATING DISORDER TREATMENT. Adrienne Hadley Arrindell. Thesis. Submitted to the Faculty of the
LATENT CLASSES OF WOMEN UNDERGOING INPATIENT EATING DISORDER TREATMENT By Adrienne Hadley Arrindell Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment
More informationA Comparative Study of Socio Demographic and Clinical Profiles in Patient with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Depression
American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 2018; 6(4): 99-103 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpn doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20180604.12 ISSN: 2330-4243 (Print); ISSN: 2330-426X (Online) A Comparative
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,100 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationDepressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Dysthymic Disorder and the Use of Self-Rating Scales in Assessment
Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Dysthymic Disorder and the Use of Self-Rating Scales in Assessment Stuart Fine, MB, FRCP (C), Marlene Moretti, MA, Glenn Haley, MA, Simon Fraser University.
More informationORIGINAL RESEARCH Key Words: psychometric evaluation, obsessive-compulsive disorder, co-morbidity, assessment
025-030_PB_V39N1_de_Haan.qxd 9/21/06 5:35 PM Page 25 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Key Words: psychometric evaluation, obsessive-compulsive disorder, co-morbidity, assessment Reliability and Validity of the Yale-Brown
More informationClinical experience suggests. Ten-Year Use of Mental Health Services by Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder and With Other Axis II Disorders
Ten-Year Use of Mental Health Services by Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder and With Other Axis II Disorders Susanne Hörz, Dipl.-Psych., Ph.D. Mary C. Zanarini, Ed.D. Frances R. Frankenburg,
More informationImpulsivity and Compulsivity in Bulimia Nervosa
REGULAR ARTICLE Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Bulimia Nervosa Scott G. Engel, PhD 1 * Stephanie J. Corneliussen, BA 2 Stephen A. Wonderlich, PhD 1 Ross D. Crosby, PhD 1 Daniel le Grange, PhD 3 Scott
More informationSelf-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism dimensions and their associations with disordered eating
Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 1977 1986 Shorter communication Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism dimensions and their associations with disordered eating Anna M. Bardone-Cone
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Sex Influences on Shared Risk Factors for Bulimia Nervosa and Other Psychiatric Disorders
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sex Influences on Shared Risk Factors for Bulimia Nervosa and Other Psychiatric Disorders Tracey D. Wade, PhD; Cynthia M. Bulik, PhD; Carol A. Prescott, PhD; Kenneth S. Kendler, MD Background:
More informationRelapse is a significant problem for individuals with
Article Postremission Predictors of Relapse in Women With Eating Disorders Pamela K. Keel, Ph.D. David J. Dorer, Ph.D. Debra L. Franko, Ph.D. Safia C. Jackson, B.S. David B. Herzog, M.D. Objective: The
More informationDSM-IV Threshold Versus Subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa
REGULAR ARTICLE DSM-IV Threshold Versus Subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa Daniel le Grange, PhD 1 * Roslyn B. Binford, PhD 1 Carol B. Peterson, PhD 2 Scott J. Crow, MD 2 Ross D. Crosby, PhD 3 Marjorie H. Klein,
More informationEating Disorders. Abnormal Psychology PSYCH Eating Disorders: An Overview. DSM-IV: Anorexia Nervosa
Abnormal Psychology PSYCH 40111 Eating Disorders Eating Disorders: An Overview Two Major Types of DSM-IV Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa Severe disruptions in eating behavior Extreme
More informationNeuRA Obsessive-compulsive disorders October 2017
Introduction (OCDs) involve persistent and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive actions (compulsions). The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) defines
More informationAppendix Table 1. Operationalization in the CIDI of criteria for DSM-IV eating disorders and related entities Criteria* Operationalization from CIDI
Appendix Table 1. Operationalization in the CIDI of criteria for DSM-IV eating disorders and related entities Criteria* Operationalization from CIDI 1 Anorexia Nervosa A. A refusal to maintain body weight
More informationThe structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for three measures of disordered eating
Psychological Medicine, 1999, 29, 925 934. 1999 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for three measures of disordered eating
More informationDIMENSIONAL AND SUBTYPE MODELS OF OCD
Chapter 2 DIMENSIONAL AND SUBTYPE MODELS OF OCD Steven Taylor Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is recognized in DSM-IV as a unitary syndrome (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000),
More informationCapturing clinically significant eating pathology in adolescence
Eur. J. Psychiat. Vol. 27, N. 2, (122-128) 2013 Keywords: Demoralization; DCPR; DSM-IV; Cluster analysis. Capturing clinically significant eating pathology in adolescence Rasmus Isomaa, PhD*, ** Anna-Lisa
More informationIn loving of memory of my parents Andrea and Rodolfo
In loving of memory of my parents Andrea and Rodolfo List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I II III IV Ramirez A, Ekselius
More informationDepartment of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine North 15, West 7, Sapporo , JAPAN
Title Clinical Study of Early-Onset Eating Disorders Authors Kenzo Denda, M.D., Ph.D. 1 Yuki Kako, M.D. 1 Nobuki Kitagawa, M.D. 1 Tsukasa Koyama, M.D., Ph.D. 1 Affiliation 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido
More informationCognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2004), 10, 513 520. Copyright 2004 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. DOI: 10.10170S1355617704104086 Cognitive flexibility
More informationTraining on the treatment of EATING DISORDERS
Training on the treatment of EATING DISORDERS A comprehensive training on the latest evidence based treatment models for Eating Disorders 27/28/29/30 April 2018 The Smallville Hotel Badaro, Beirut, Lebanon
More informationA Comparison of Purging and Non-Purging Eating Disorder Patients in Comorbid Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Tokai J Exp Clin Med., Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.9-25, 2002 A Comparison of Purging and Non-Purging Eating Disorder Patients in Comorbid Personality Disorders and Psychopathology Ken MURAKAMI, Tetsuro TACHI,
More informationIndividual-specific risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study using a discordant sister-pair design
Psychological Medicine, 2001, 31, 317 329. 2001 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom Individual-specific risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study using a discordant sister-pair
More informationOutcome of Anorexia Nervosa: A Case-Control Study
SULLIVAN, OUTCOME Am J Psychiatry BULIK, OF ANOREXIA 155:7, FEAR, July ET NERVOSA 1998 AL. Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa: A Case-Control Study Patrick F. Sullivan, M.D., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P., Cynthia M. Bulik,
More informationComorbidity of Depression and Other Diseases
Comorbidity of Depression and Other Diseases JMAJ 44(5): 225 229, 2001 Masaru MIMURA Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Showa University, School of Medicine Abstract: This paper outlines the
More informationEating Disorders Detection and Treatment. Scott Crow, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Chief Research Officer The Emily Program
Eating Disorders Detection and Treatment Scott Crow, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Chief Research Officer The Emily Program Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 1995, 2005
More informationWeight Suppression Predicts Time to Remission From Bulimia Nervosa
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 79, No. 6, 772 776 0022-006X/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0025714 Weight Suppression Predicts Time to Remission
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Use of Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Eating Disorder Phenotypes in an Adult Australian Twin Cohort
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Use of Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Eating Disorder Phenotypes in an Adult Australian Twin Cohort Tracey D. Wade, PhD; Ross D. Crosby, PhD; Nicholas G. Martin, PhD Context: The
More informationDeveloping a new treatment approach to binge eating and weight management. Clinical Psychology Forum, Number 244, April 2013.
Developing a new treatment approach to binge eating and weight management Clinical Psychology Forum, Number 244, April 2013 Dr Marie Prince 1 Contents Service information Binge Eating Disorder Binge Eating
More informationS P O U S A L R ES E M B L A N C E I N PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A C O M PA R I SO N O F PA R E N T S O F C H I LD R E N W I T H A N D WITHOUT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Aggregation of psychopathology in a clinical sample of children and their parents S P O U S A L R ES E M B L A N C E I N PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A C O M PA R I SO N O F PA R E N T S O F C H I LD R E N W I T H
More informationProspective assessment of treatment use by patients with personality disorders
Wesleyan University From the SelectedWorks of Charles A. Sanislow, Ph.D. February, 2006 Prospective assessment of treatment use by Donna S. Bender Andrew E. Skodol Maria E. Pagano Ingrid R. Dyck Carlos
More informationFollow this and additional works at: Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine DigitalCommons@PCOM PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers 2018 Is Acupuncture an Effective Adjunct Therapy
More informationTHE HAMILTON Depression Rating Scale
Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale A. Akdemir, M.H. Türkçapar, S.D. Örsel, N. Demirergi, I. Dag, and M.H. Özbay The aim of the study was to examine
More informationEATING DISORDERS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE. Margot L. Waitz, DO October 7, 2017 AOAAM - OMED
EATING DISORDERS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE Margot L. Waitz, DO October 7, 2017 AOAAM - OMED OBJECTIVES Review criteria for diagnosis of several eating disorders Discuss co-morbidity of substance abuse in patients
More information[REVI EW ARTICLE] The Genetics. Eating Disorders by. Wade Berrettini, MD, PhD. Psychiatry 2004 [NOVEMBER]
[REVI EW ARTICLE] The Genetics Eating Disorders by Wade Berrettini, MD, PhD 18 Psychiatry 2004 [NOVEMBER] of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa traditionally have been viewed as
More informationDiabetes and eating disorders: Update to the NICE guideline
Article Diabetes and eating disorders: Update to the NICE guideline Jacqueline Allan The latest NICE guidance on the management of type 1 diabetes acknowledges the increased risk of eating disorders in
More informationOnline publication date: 24 February 2011 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Brewerton, Timothy D.] On: 24 February 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 933991272] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationTHE ROLE OF PERFECTIONISM IN TREATMENT OUTCOME OF FEMALE YOUTHS WITH EATING DISORDERS
THE ROLE OF PERFECTIONISM IN TREATMENT OUTCOME OF FEMALE YOUTHS WITH EATING DISORDERS Jack Johnston 2, Patrick Clarke 2, Kimberley Hoiles 1, Chloe Shu 1 Presented by Desley Davies 1 1 Eating Disorders
More informationThe delineation of patient characteristics that usefully
Article Outcome Predictors for the Cognitive Behavior Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa: Data From a Multisite Study W. Stewart Agras, M.D. Scott J. Crow, M.D. Katherine A. Halmi, M.D. James E. Mitchell, M.D.
More informationFollow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/articles Part of the Psychiatry Commons
Journal Articles Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Academic Works 2015 Prevalence of childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder versus obsessive
More informationDiagnosing adult patients with feeding and eating disorders - challenges and pitfalls
Diagnosing adult patients with feeding and eating disorders - challenges and pitfalls Professor Øyvind Rø, MD Psychologist Kristin Stedal, PhD Oslo Universitetssykehus oyvind.ro@ous-hf.no After 20 years
More informationGenetic Analysis of Bulimia Nervosa: Methods and Sample Description
Genetic Analysis of Bulimia Nervosa: Methods and Sample Description Walter H. Kaye, 1 * Bernie Devlin, 1 Nicole Barbarich, 1 Cynthia M. Bulik, 2 Laura Thornton, 1 Silviu-Alin Bacanu, 1 Manfred M. Fichter,
More information