Nuts in nutrition: a weighty matter. Sze Yen Tan, PhD University of South Australia

Transcription

1 Nuts in nutrition: a weighty matter Sze Yen Tan, PhD University of South Australia

2 Australia Health Survey, = 1 million adults 63.4%

3 Nuts and body weight: epidemiological evidence

4 Association between nut consumption and body weight Nuts Study Comparators Follow up Body weight All types Ellsworth (2001) Eating frequency 12 years Bes-Rastrollo (2007) Eating frequency 28 months Mozaffarian (2011) Serving size Not specified Negative association Negative association Negative association Albert (2002) Eating frequency 12 months No association Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S

5 Predicted weight change with 1 additional serve/day Potato chips Potatoes SSB Red meat Processed meat Vegetables Whole grains Fruits Nuts Yogurt Jackson & Hu, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):408S-411S

6 Nuts and body weight: clinical evidence (studies from 2000 onwards)

7 Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Fraser (2002) +60 g/day (320 kcal/d) 6 months Stable Jenkins (2002) 11% or 22%E 4 weeks Stable Almonds Hollis (2007) +60 g/day 10 weeks Stable Tan (2013) +42 g/day 4 weeks Stable * Weight loss studies Wien (2003)* 84 g/d or complex carb 24 weeks Reduced Foster (2012)* +56 g/day 18 months Reduced Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Cashews Mukuddem- Petersen (2007) 20%E ( g/day) 8 weeks Stable Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S

8 Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Pecans Morgan (2000) +68 g/day 8 weeks Stable Rajaram (2001) 20%E 4 weeks Stable Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Kocyigit (2006) 20%E 3 weeks Stable Pistachios Sheridan (2007) 15%E 4 weeks Stable Gebauer (2008) +30 g/day & +60 g/day 4 weeks Stable * Weight loss studies Li (2010)* 53 g/day or pretzels 12 weeks Reduced Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S

9 Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Almario (2001) +48 g/day 6 weeks Stable Walnuts Tapsell (2004) + 30 g/day 6 months Stable Sabate (2005) 12%E (28-56 g/day) 6 months Increased Tapsell (2009) + 30 g/day 12 months Reduced Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Hazelnuts Mercanligil (2007) +40 g/day 4 weeks Stable Yucesan (2010) +1 g/kg weight/day 4 weeks Stable Nuts Study Dose Study length Body weight Macadamia Garg (2003) g/day 4 weeks Reduced Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S

10 Nuts and body weight regulation through energy balance

11 Nuts and energy balance Energy expenditure Fat Carbohydrate Protein Food intake Energy absorption

12 Nuts and energy balance Energy expenditure Fat Carbohydrate Protein Food intake Energy absorption

13 Nuts and energy expenditure Walnuts Olive oil Δ Control Casas-Agustench et. al., Clin Nutr 2009;28:39-45

14 Nuts and fat oxidation 8-hour macronutrient balance No difference in energy expenditure Control diet Walnuts diet Tapsell et. al., J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(5):

15 Nuts and energy expenditure Nuts Study Dose Study length Energy expenditure Almonds Walnuts Fraser (2002) +60 g/day (320 kcal/d) 6 months Stable Hollis (2007) +60 g/day 10 weeks Stable Casas-Agustench (2009) 33%E PUFA 5 hours Increased Tapsell (2009) 30 g 8 hours Stable Tapsell (2009) +30 g/day 12 months Stable Brennan (2010) 48 g/day 4 days Stable Peanuts Alper (2002) 500 kcal/day 30 weeks Increased Tan, Dhillon & Mattes, AJCN 2014;100(suppl):412S-422S

16 Nuts and energy balance Energy expenditure Fat Carbohydrate Protein Food intake Energy absorption

17 Nuts and energy absorption Crossover studies Control vs. diets with nuts: Almonds: 0g, 42g, 84g (n=18) Pistachios: 0g, 42g, 84g (n=16) Fecal samples collected for 7 9 days Energy absorption from nuts was assessed

18 Nuts and energy absorption Almonds Estimated energy: kcal/g Actual energy absorbed: 4.6 ± 0.8 kcal/g (-32%) Pistachios Novotny et. al., AJCN 2012;96: Baer et. al., BJN 2012;107: Estimated energy: 5.7 kcal/g Actual energy available: 5.4 kcal/g (-6%) Nuts altered gut microbiota composition Ukhanova et. al., BJN 2014;111:

19 Nuts and energy absorption Lipids encapsulation in cell walls (almonds) Grassby et. al., Food Funct 2014;in press Ellis et. al., AJCN 2004;80:

20 Nuts and energy absorption 3h vs. 12h after digestion (almonds) Mandalari et. al., J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:

21 Nuts and energy absorption Raw almonds Roasted almonds Mandalari et. al., BJN 2014;in press

22 Nuts and energy balance Energy expenditure Fat Carbohydrate Protein Food intake Energy absorption

23 Nuts and food intake Food intake is governed by appetite Postprandially, nuts: Suppressed hunger & desire-to-eat Increased fullness Over a short-period of time: Increased fasting satiety and fullness sensations

24 Nuts and food intake Dietary compensation: Almonds: 54% 78% Hazelnuts Macadamias Peanuts: % Pecans Walnuts Pistachios

25 Nuts and appetite regulation Nutrients Protein, unsaturated fat, fibre Stimulation of CCK and PYY hormones Did not delay gastric emptying Mastication Timing of ingestion Combined effects

26 Mastication and hunger P = Cassady et. al., AJCN 2009;89:

27 Mastication and fullness P = Cassady et. al., AJCN 2009;89:

28 Timing of nut ingestion 4-week randomised, controlled trial Five study groups (N=137): Control (no nuts) (n=27) Almonds (42g) with meals: B/F (n=28) & lunch (n=26) Almonds as snacks: am (n=28) & pm (n=28) Acute feeding sessions: standard breakfast and lunch, with/out almonds Tan & Mattes., EJCN 2013;67:

29 Almond snacks and appetite Tan & Mattes., EJCN 2013;67:

30 Timing of nut ingestion Acute crossover feeding study 32 healthy females Experimental conditions: habitual B/F plus Control (no nuts) & almonds (28g & 42g) as snacks All meals consumed in the laboratory Lunch: ham & cheese sandwiches (ad lib) Dinner: Pasta with tomato & cheese sauce (ad lib) Hull et. al., Eur J Nutr 2014; in press

31 Almond snacks and appetite Hull et. al., Eur J Nutr 2014; in press

32 Take home messages Nuts do not increase risk for weight gain Nuts are rich in nutrients and provide lessthan-expected energy Nuts regulate appetite and food intake Almonds are a healthy snack option

33 Acknowledgements Professor Linda Tapsell University of Wollongong, Australia. Distinguished Professor Richard Mattes Purdue University, USA.