The role of proteins and amino acids in food intake and satiety

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1 The role of proteins and amino acids in food intake and satiety Daniel TOME AGROPARISTECH Departement of Life Sciences and Health INRA, UMR914 Nutrition physiology and ingestive behavior, Paris, France Food Matters Live, London, November

2 A control of protein intake As dietary protein is indispensable for survival there is a control of protein intake from the diet in order to meet protein needs. Protein intake is constituted by meal with g Protein /meal in adult, resulting in protein content (g/d) in the diet : low normal requirement g/d Strategy for increasing protein intake high very high Increased satiety, decreased energy intake Protein g/d A low protein diet (below 20 g/d) tends to induce strategy for increasing protein intake by modification of food choice (when possible) or increase in food intake (questioned) A protein-rich meal (above 30 g/meal) or diet (above 100 g/d) increases protein intake above protein requirement and tends to (slightly) increase satiety and decrease energy intake. 2

3 Protein and satiety The relation between protein intake, satiety, energy intake and body weight control is a matter of debate??? Protein intake Satiety Energy intake Body weight Satiation and satiety is a state of energy sufficiency related to meal termination and to the time interval between eating episodes that operates after meal termination with suppression of hunger and desire to eat Protein-rich meal (above 30 g) or diet (above 100 g/d) are beleived to induce satiation and satiety more efficiently than other macronutrients 3

4 A high protein preload transiently increases satiety compared to a high fat preload in humans Mean (SEM) variation of satiety after subtraction of the fasting values (n = 14) M. Porrini, A. Santangelo, R. Crovetti, P. Riso, G. Testolin, J. E. Blundell. Physiology & Behavior, 62, ,

5 Postprandial fullness responses following 350 kcal meals varying in protein content (15g to 30g) In several recent studies and reviews, there is general agreement that approximately 30 g of protein is required to elicit an optimal or measureable change in a number of outcome variables... including satiety AUC, area under the curve (2h) Paddon-Jones D, Leidy H. Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care Jan;17(1):

6 Changes from baseline for hunger and satiety scores in subjects fed diet with 10% or 25% of energy from casein over 24h Hunger 10%P 55%C 35%F Exchange protein/fat 25%P 55%C 20%F Satiety Dose effect on satiety : The diet with 25% of energy from casein is more efficient to induce satiety and to reduce hunger than the diet with 10% of energy from casein in human subjects over 24h Hochstenbach-Waelen et al, Am J Clin Nutr Mar;89(3):

7 Protein, energy intake and body weight Protein intake above 30g/meal or 100g/d induces satiety more efficiently than other macronutrients. Does this effect lead to a decrease in energy intake and body weight??? Protein intake Satiety Energy intake Body weight Some controled studies in human conclude that an increase in protein content of the diet (above 25-30% energy) reduces food intake, body weight and adiposity. 8

8 Effect of protein in liquid preload treatments on food intake 1 h later in adult men Compared with the water control and liquid preload of sucrose, liquid preloads (45 50 g) of whey and soy protein, reduced food intake at a pizza meal consumed 1 h later. Anderson et al. Protein Source, Quantity, and Time of Consumption Determine the effect of Proteins on Short-Term Food Intake in Young Men J. Nutr. 134: ,

9 A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight in humans (DS Weigle et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:41 8) Energy intake Body weight Satiety A protein-rich diet (above 100 g/d) induces satiety and a decrease in food intake and body weight Hunger 10

10 Changes in body weight during strictly controlled dietary intervention (months 0 6), dietary counseling (months 6 12) and at 24 months follow up. Comparing an ad libitum, fat-reduced diet (30% of energy) either high in protein (25% of energy, HP) or medium in protein (12% of energy, MP) Due et al. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28,

11 Efficacy for body weight control of an ad libitum fat reduced diet with high protein compared to high carbohydrate in overweight and obese subjects High protein (HP - 25%) or high carbohydrate (HC - 58%), with reduced fat (30%), during 28 weeks (Skov et al, 1999) control control HC HP HC: 12%P HP: 25%P Intra-abdominal fat are more reduced with the HP diet 12

12 Energy restricted diet Energy restricted diet ( kcal/d) with protein intake g/d Weight loss diet 2-8 weeks Maintenance diet 6-36 months Normal diet Body weight during 1 month weight loss and 3 months weight maintenance in overweight men 13

13 Long-term efficacy of a high protein diets : a systematic review Lepe et al, Nutr Hosp 2011; 26,

14 Comparison of 750 kcal restricted Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates Sacks et al, N Engl J Med 2009;360: Each participant s caloric prescription represented a deficit of 750 kcal per day from baseline, as calculated from the person s resting energy expenditure and activity level. 833 overweight subjects No difference between diets in body weight change 15

15 Response of the brain to high protein intake Protein decreases the activity of the central mesolimbic reward system Decreases the motivation for food 16

16 Pre-lunch a priori brain activation following a normal protein (NP) vs. higher protein (HP) breakfast treatments in overweight breakfast skipping adolescent girls (b) Bold effect depicting treatment differences (normal protein vs. higher protein breakfast) in average percent signal change (food vs. nonfood) from the maximum voxel of the activations in Figure a. (a) Averaged functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) brain activation contrast map; *greater activation following the normal protein vs. higher protein breakfast in the (A) insula and (B) middle prefrontal cortex. (Leidy et al, 2011) The addition of breakfast led to alterations in brain activation in regions previously associated with food motivation and reward with additional alterations following the higher-protein breakfast. These data suggest that increased dietary protein at breakfast reduces reward-driven eating behavior 17

17 Brain activation contrast maps before dinner after the breakfast skipping (BS), normal protein (NP), and high protein (HP) testing days in 20 adolescent girls Repeated-measures ANOVA examining the main effect of treatment with post hoc pairwise comparison analyses were performed when a main effect was detected. All contrasts represent food greater than nonfood (animal) fmri scans. P, 0.01 represented significance. COR, coronal view Leidy HJ, Ortinau LC, Douglas SM, Hoertel HA. Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese, "breakfast-skipping,«late-adolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr Apr;97(4):

18 Amino acids and satiety L-Tryptophan Nieuwenhuizen et al, Br J Nutr Jun;101(12): L-leucine Cota et al, Science 312, 927 (2006) ; Ropelle et al. Diabetes, 2008 Mar;57(3): L-Glutamate, MSG Uneyama et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291: G1163 G1170, Masic et al, Physiology & Behavior (2013) Precursor of brain serotonin Direct activation of hypothalamic satiety pathways Activation of vagus nerve satiation signals Effect on satiety Not confirmed in human Not confirmed in human Potential for enhanced satiety in the context of protein ingestion 19

19 Change in hunger ratings post-ingestion across three levels of soup : low energy control, high energy protein and high energy carbohydrate with and without added Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) over time MSG may have potential for enhanced postingestive satiety particularly in the context of protein ingestion. Masic, Yeomans, Does monosodium glutamate interact with macronutrient composition to influence subsequent appetite? Physiology & Behavior (2013)

20 Conclusion? Energy intake? Protein intake Satiety Body weight (short term vs long term) High Protein intake induces a short term brain response related to an increase in satiety. This effect requires a meal with a protein content above 30g or a diet with a protein content above 100g/d This increase in satiety can induces a decrease in energy intake and in body weight There is in some studies showing a short term decrease in energy intake and in body weight The long term effect on energy intake and body weight remains questionable 21

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