The energetic cost of inactivity

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1 The energetic cost of inactivity

2 The energetic cost of inactivity

3 The energetic cost of inactivity Incidence of inactivity Social causes of inactivity Biological causes of reduced energy expenditure Consequences of inactivity Exercise as a countermeasure

4 Incidence of inactivity Surveys of leisure-time physical activities Third Nat l Health & Nutrit. Examinat.Survey National Health Interview Survey Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Physical Activity & Health: A Report of Surgeon General, 1996

5 Incidence of inactivity Overall incidence Age differences Gender differences Racial/ethnic differences Educational impact Income impact Geography

6 Overall incidence of inactivity About 25% of adult Americans report engaging in no leisure-time physical activities

7 Incidence of inactivity: effect of age Leisure-time physical activity declines with age Decline begins during school years

8 Incidence of inactivity: effect of gender Overall 24.3% Males 21.4% Females 26.9% Is this difference biological? cultural?

9 Incidence of inactivity: racial/ethnic differences Males Females White (non-h) Black (non-h) Hispanic Other Are differences biological or cultural? Thrifty gene in Pima Indians

10 Incidence of inactivity: educational impact < 12 years years years years 14.2

11 Incidence of inactivity: economic impact <10, ,000-19, ,000-34, ,000-49, >50,

12 Incidence of inactivity: influence of season and geography Activities higher during fair weather NE USA 25.9 Ncentral 20.8 South USA 27.0 West USA 22.5

13 Social causes of inactivity Cultural clothing acceptable behavior Economic affordability time Environmental accessibility safety

14 Biological causes of reduced energy expenditure Loss of lean body mass reduced resting metabolic rate Reduced thermic effect of food Lower aerobic fitness (VO 2 max) Obesity (cause or consequence?)

15 Energy expenditure as a function of lean body mass Loss of lean body mass with aging (results in men) 1%/decade

16 Energy expenditure as a function of lean body mass Lean body mass is maintained in women until mid 40 s From early fifties on, after the onset of menopause, RMR and LBM decline in parallel

17 Age-associated decline in RMR Men Women Young yrs * * kcal/min Related to lean body mass Related to VO 2 max (marker for energy consuming processes)

18 Postmenopausal decline in RMR Results in conservation of 15,000 to 20,000 excess kcal/year In part due to loss of luteal increase in RMR Due to loss of LBM Due to decline in VO 2 max

19 Postmenopausal changes in body composition Increased body fat Decreased LBM Increased abdominal fat Causes inactivity decreased estradiol increased androgenic hormones and cortisol

20 Reduced thermic effect of food in aging affects energy expenditure Significantly lower effect to 500 and 1000 Kcal meals in 70-year old men 15 to 25% lower TEF to glucose in old compared to young lower post-meal glucose oxidation Probably due to reduced sympathetic activation during eating reduced insulin sensitivity

21 Energy expenditure and aerobic fitness There is a significant correlation between the energy expenditure and aerobic fitness Which is the cause and which is the effect? There is a great range of variability in EE in the elderly (1,800-3,200 kcal./day) More than 80% of this variability accounted for by differences in VO2max and leisure- time physical activities

22 Aerobic fitness and energy expenditure Thermic effect of food is related to VO 2 max normalized by lean body mass

23 Obesity, spontaneous activity and energy expenditure There is an inverse relationship between obesity and physical activity Spont. activity anorexics Hi anorexics normal normal obese Lo obese Hi Fatness

24 Reciprocal interactions of body fat level and physical activity Obesity is associated with hypoactivity Observations with humans Animal experiments dietary obesity

25 Reciprocal interactions of body fat level and physical activity Animal experiments Animals made obese through dietary manipulation become inactive

26 Reciprocal interactions of body fat level and physical activity Animal experiments Hypoactivity can be corrected by damaging serotonin secreting cells in the forebrain (septum) Obesity had produced a chemical change in the brain that led to hypoactivity

27 Obesity, spontaneous activity and energy expenditure Hypoactivity of obesity may be secondary Obesity results in neurochemical changes to serotonergic neurons Hypoactivity of obesity also may be primary Pima Indian thrifty genes

28 Consequences of inactivity Obesity food intake has not significantly changed obesity has been steadily rising currently about 30% of the US population is obese about 50% is overweight Insulin resistance Endocrine and somatic changes

29 Exercise as a countermeasure to reduced energy expenditure Endurance exercise 10 d Light:150 Kcal, 3 x/w Moderate: 300 Kcal, 3 x/w Master athletes do not show large declines in RMR

30 Exercise as a countermeasure to reduced energy expenditure Increased: thermic effect of food in endurance trained old Due to increased insulin sensitivity muscle mass IGF-I related to aerobic fitness (in men) growth of muscle mass sympathetic nerve activity fat oxidation

31 Exercise as a countermeasure to reduced LBM in postmenopausal women 12 weeks of exercise 12 weeks of diet (<1000 Kcal/day) Retention test after 6 months LBM retained Fat loss

32 Exercise as a countermeasure to reduced LBM in postmenopausal women Fat loss and regain in diet group Fat loss and regain in diet group (solid bars) and exercise group (open bars)

33 Exercise as a countermeasure Aerobic training is associated with increased plasma IGF-I concentrations in the elderly

34 Exercise as a countermeasure Increased sympathetic nerve activity Increased NE appearance rate Increased fat oxidation

35 Can exercise be used to increase EE in the elderly? After 8 weeks of moderately intense endurance training, no increase in total EE is seen

36 Should exercise be used to increase EE in the elderly? Low intensity (to prevent compensatory decrease in exercise) Leads to increased EE increased NE appearance increased LBM increased fat oxidation changed body composition

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