9.5 Gender-Related Development GENDER INEQUALITY TRENDS

Transcription

1 9.5 Gender-Related Development GENDER INEQUALITY TRENDS

2 WHAT ARE GENDER ROLES? Set of perceived norms associated with either males or females. Includes attitudes and behaviors: masculine and feminine

3 GENDER TRAITS Socially created gender traits / characteristics Behavioral traits Male example: act like a man! Psychological traits Female example: mindset that looking pretty is very important

4 GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPE Culturally-bound beliefs about males & females Example: Stereotypical masculinity in the United States: Dominance, assertiveness, strength, & achievement-orientated 2017 Movies + Change

5 HOW DO GENDER ROLES DEVELOP? A child s gender role socialization can be influenced by many things Types of toys a child plays with The conscious or unconscious influence of the family The type of literature the child reads Gender role adoption is learned Reinforcement, modeling, & developing concepts about what is appropriate for one s sex

6 IS IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSCEND (EXIST BEYOND THE NORM LEVEL) TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES? Yes - gender role transcendence is demonstrated by someone who chooses behavior that is personally meaningful, rather than typically feminine or masculine.

7 WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? Development improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology Haves versus have nots What is gender development?

8 Gender Development Gender Equity a measure of the opportunities given to women compared to men within a given country Why do some countries lag far behind others? Cultural traditions have discouraged women s achievement: Education, government, & business Gender Inequality unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender Societies structured GENDER ROLES Perceptions Iceland Mandates Equal Pay

9 Gender Development Gender-Inequality Index (GII) United Nation s measurement of a country s gender inequality Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes Examines empowerment, labor, & reproductive health Higher the GII, the greater the inequality between men & women 0 = men & women are fairly equal - score of 1.0 = inequality exists How can gender inequality be shown in a society? What type of countries would have a higher GII? LDCs / developing countries why? Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, & SW Asia highest inequality Note: 10 countries in Europe have GIIs less than 0.1 Greater aspect of gender equality

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11 GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX Where is Gender Inequality high?

12 HISTORY OF AMERICAN WOMEN S RIGHTS Compulsory education US varied from Massachusetts in 1652 to Mississippi 1917 Federal Law in 1918 with attendance laws Child labor laws Suffrage movement 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY 1869 Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton National Woman Suffrage Association 1920 August th Amendment The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied because of sex Title IX federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity Family Planning Varies according to culture

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14 Susan B. Anthony + Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women's suffragists parade down Fifth Avenue, New York, October 1917, carrying the signatures of a million women

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16 HOW DOES A WOMEN S EDUCATION AFFECT THE STATE? ESPN Economic Social Political State would encourage what kind of population policy? Nature = Environment Developing Countries How to start this Process? Microloans TED Loan Sandra Day O Connor 1 st Women on Supreme Court Hillary Rodham Clinton Only 1 st Lady to run for a public office

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19 Gender Empowerment Ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status economic & political power Every state (MDCs & LDCs) women hold fewer positions of economic & political power Empowerment measured by Political Power (% seats held by women in national legislatures) More women vote Few women hold positions of political power US 1/6 are in Congress Highest % in Europe ¼ are members of national parliaments Education (% of women who have completed high school) North America, girls more likely to complete high school than boys Boys are slightly ahead in Europe Developing countries boys more likely to be high school graduates 10 boys / 8 females graduate - South Asia 10 boys / 5 girls

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21 Gender Inequality Measures: GII LABOR FORCE Female labor force participation rate = % of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. 100 males to X female Developed countries = 75% women Developing countries = 65% women Lowest rates are in SW Asia & North Africa = 35% Why? Note: sub-saharan Africa with lowest HDI & 77% women work in with the world s highest rate!

22 Gender Inequality Trends UN found Gender Inequality is on the DECLINE Greatest improvement in SW Asia & North Africa Why? - Why decline? US GII increased rank 47 in GII versus HDI of 4 Reproductive rights are lower in US than other very high HDI states Maternal mortality rate: US 24 versus Canada 12 Europe 10 Percentage of women in National Legislature is much lower than other high HDI states US 17 women out of 100 senators - 74 of 435 representatives in 2012 Canada 36 of 105 senators - 76 of 307 members of parliament/h of Commons