Best Practice in Gender Programming. from the Norwegian Church Aid Programmes in Eastern Africa. Together for a Just World

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1 Best Practice in Gender Prgramming frm the Nrwegian Church Aid Prgrammes in Eastern Africa Tgether fr a Just Wrld

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3 Best Practice in Gender Prgramming frm the Nrwegian Church Aid Prgrammes in Eastern Africa Nrwegian Church Aid PO Bx City Square Nairbi 00200, Kenya Octber 2008 i

4 Abut NCA NORWEGIAN CHURCH AID (NCA) is an independent, ecumenical rganizatin wrking fr peple s basic rights, with active peratins in mre than 70 cuntries. Based n the Christian faith, NCA aims t benefit the pr, destitute and ppressed regardless f race, gender, plitical pinin r religin. NCA always wrks tgether with lcal partners t create change. Emergency preparedness and assistance, lng-term develpment assistance, and advcacy are ur three main wrking appraches. Every year NCA distributes NOK640 millin t prjects wrldwide. The funds are cllected frm thusands f private dnrs, ther rganizatins and the Nrwegian gvernment. We have chsen t priritize five wrking areas in particular: Civil sciety fr accuntable gvernance Faith cmmunities address HIV and AIDS Cmmunities fr fresh water and safe sanitatin Men and wmen address gender-based vilence Religins fr cnflict transfrmatin and peace-building NCA is a member f ACT Internatinal (Actin by Churches Tgether), a netwrk f individual churches and rganizatins affiliated with the Wrld Cuncil f Churches and the Lutheran Wrld Federatin. ACT crdinates emergency preparedness and assistance all ver the wrld. Nrwegian Church Aid PO Bx 7100, St. Olavs Plass, N-0130, Osl, Nrway Tel: / Fax: Web: Best Practice in Gender Prgramming frm the Nrwegian Church Aid Prgrammes in Eastern Africa Published by: Edited and designed by: Printed by: Nrwegian Church Aid PO Bx City Square Nairbi 00200, Kenya Margaret Cruch The Regal Press Kenya Ltd. PO Bx GPO Nairbi 00100, Kenya 2008, Nrwegian Church Aid ii

5 This bk is dedicated t the wmen f Africa wh have suffered untld hardship in the name f traditin and in the wake f the cnflict and disease that wrack the cntinent and yet manage t carry n as wives, mthers, breadwinners and natin builders. iii

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7 Cntents Abbreviatins Thank Yu Intrductin vi vii Burundi Fighting Gender-Based Vilence by Educating and Empwering Wmen 1 Cng DR Bringing UNSCR 1325 int Practice at the Cmmunity Level 5 Eritrea Lifting the Curtain n Female Genital Mutilatin 9 Ethipia Fighting Harmful Traditinal Practices and HIV and AIDS 19 Kenya Frm Breaking the Silence t Breaking the Cycle f Vilence against Wmen 25 Rwanda Recnciling thrugh Trauma Healing 31 Smalia Ending Female Genital Mutilatin in Ged Regin 35 Sudan Empwering Wmen t Participate in Cnflict Reslutin and Ecnmic Develpment 43 Tanzania Advcating fr Justice in Mining Areas 47 Uganda Supprting Hme-Based Care fr Peple with HIV and AIDS 55 ix v

8 Abbreviatins ADDF Assciatin pur la Defense des Drits de la Femme AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrme BAKWATA Natinal Muslim Cuncil CCT Christian Cuncil f Tanzania CBO Cmmunity-based rganizatin CHW Cmmunity health wrker COVAW Calitin n Vilence against Wmen CPR Prtestant Cuncil f Rwanda DRC Demcratic Republic f Cng ECC Eritrean Cathlic Church ECE Evangelical Church f Eritrea EECMY/SWS Ethipian Evangelical Church Makane Yesus - Suth West Synd ErOC Eritrean Orthdx Church FGM Female genital mutilatin GBV Gender-based vilence GOSS Gvernment f Suthern Sudan HIV Human immun-deficiency virus HTP Harmful traditinal practice LAV Laissez l Afrique Vivre LEAT Lawyers Envirnmental Actin Team MDGs Millennium Develpment Gals MOH Ministry f Health MMR Maternal mrtality rati NCA Nrwegian Church Aid NUEW Natinal Unin f Eritrean Wmen NUEY/S Natinal Unin f Eritrean Yuth and Students NRS Nrthern Red Sea (Zba) NGO Nn-gvernment rganizatin PDRP Planning, Develpment and Rehabilitatin Prgramme TEC Tanzania Episcpal Cnference TCRS Tanganiyka Christian Refugee Service TGNP Tanzania Gender Netwrking Prgramme TTBA Trained traditinal birth attendant UNSCR UN Security Cuncil Reslutin VCT Vluntary cunselling and testing VHC Village Health Cmmittee WCRP Wrld Cnference n Religins fr Peace WLAC Wmen s Legal Aid Centre vi

9 Thank Yu It is my sincere hpe that this dcument n best practices in gender-based prgramming frm Eastern Africa will inspire ther cuntry ffices f Nrwegian Church Aid t draw lessns frm the experiences described herein. I have been privileged t be a part f the Gender Fcal Pints grup in Eastern Africa fr almst five years, and thus have been able t see first hand a number f the excellent initiatives n gender described in the dcument. Many f these experiences have been fr me persnally amng the mst inspiring I have had during my services in Africa. Needless t say, it has been incredibly stimulating t be part f this very dedicated grup f Gender Fcal Pint Representatives. Furthermre, I firmly believe that the rich dcumentatin f the nging gender wrk frm the ten Eastern African cuntries will further cntribute t a better understanding f the ptential rle that NCA can play in the area f gender. Having said this, it is f utmst imprtance that NCA cntinue a systematic fllw up analysis f the prcesses, the advances and the setbacks f ur gender wrk t allw cntinued learning with the purpse f further imprving ur future perfrmance. I wuld like t thank all the Gender Fcal Pints wh generusly shared their time, expertise and experiences t make the dcument f best practice pssible. Allw me als t express my appreciatin t all NCA s partners, the cmmunities and the different individuals wh have participated in the prgrammes describe herein and fr their invaluable cntributin. A special thank yu ges t Wasye Musyni wh crdinated the preparatin f the dcument and fr her guidance and vii

10 cnstructive inputs during the vital stages f the preparatin. But abve all, many, many thanks g t all the Gender Fcal Pints fr their hard wrk and fr their vitally imprtant cntributins. Special mentin must be made f Clemenc Bideri wh has been respnsible fr Great Lakes (Burundi, Demcratic Republic f Cng and Rwanda); Luz Jseph, Anne Lise Fssland and Hanna Mehari, Eritrea; Barlin Abdi Ogle and Nasra Abdulkadir Islam, Smalia; Ejigayehu Teferra, Ethipia; Blandina Faustin and Tina Msha, Tanzania; Santina Samsn, Sudan; and Wasye Musyni, Kenya/ Uganda. Because wmen and girls bear the largest and mst direct csts f gender-based vilence and harmful traditinal practices, and because their equality and rights are ften grssly neglected, I trust that the best practices frm Eastern Africa will be an excellent guide fr NCA and its partners arund the wrld t cntinue t imprve the fcus and strategies f their gender wrk. Gender equity is a cre develpment issue, and thereby a develpment bjective in its wn right. It is thus imprtant fr all f us t cntinue t address the deficit f gender equity systematically, s that all girls and wmen will hpefully ne day live a dignified life with the same develpment pprtunities as male citizens. Kirsten Engebak Area Representative fr Kenya, Smalia and Uganda and part f the Gender Fcal Pint Grup in EA viii

11 Intrductin This bklet cmpiles the cntributins f Nrwegian Church Aid Gender Fcal Pints thrughut Eastern Africa. The Gender Fcal Pints in the regin meet several times annually t share experiences, build their capacities, plan tgether and supprt ne anther. It is frm this interactin that the idea t dcument ur wrk tk rt. Why This Bklet The bklet actually began as way t fcus n best practices and lessns learnt frm NCA s wrk arund genderbased vilence. The cncept subsequently expanded t incrprate an understanding f vilence beynd physical and psychlgical harm t include ther frms f structural vilence as visited mainly upn wmen by pverty, by the impact f HIV and AIDS, by wmen s exclusin and marginalizatin in the ecnmic and recvery prcesses in their cuntries, and by harmful traditinal practices. Actin Is Grunded in Cllabratin Frm experiences acrss the regin, we have learnt that cllabratin with significant decisin makers and pinin leaders such as religius and clan leaders, pliticians (especially wmen parliamentarians), and custdians f culture ges a lng way in facilitating the acceptance f new Ten cuntries are represented in this bklet Burundi, Demcratic Republic f Cng, Eritrea, Ethipia, Kenya, Rwanda, Smalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. ix

12 As a way frward it is recmmended that NCA cntinue its advcacy wrk and prmte the replicatin f sme f the successful methdlgies and strategies emerging frm the cuntries in the regin. Additinally, NCA needs t scale up its effrts t cmbat gender-based vilence and ther practices that marginalize and ppress wmen. ideas in many cmmunities. We have als learnt that gender-based vilence has many dimensins and that there are very well prnunced gendered effects in cncerns such as HIV and AIDS and in harmful traditinal practices such as minge. 1 Cmmunity Invlvement Is Essential As presented in several f the case studies cntained herein, we see that several cuntries in the regin have adpted cmmunity cnversatin r cmmunity dialgue as the methdlgy f chice. This is an apprach that brings t the fre matters that were previusly viewed as tab and then mbilizes and engages cncerned cmmunities t identify strategies and slutins t such matters. In almst all cuntries in the regin, illiteracy cupled with certain cultural and traditinal beliefs and practices are identified as key factrs preventing wmen frm attaining their rights. Similarly, wmen s ecnmic dependency is a significant aspect f their vulnerability t pverty, 1 Minge is the name given t certain children wh are perceived t bring bad luck t their cmmunities. They include twins, children whse upper teeth appear first and children brn ut f wedlck. x explitatin, and many different frms f vilence and abuse. Cnflict Breeds Abuse The situatin f war and cnflict is a fertile breeding grund fr abuses against wmen. The breakdwn f law and rder, f scial structures and institutins, inflicted n many cmmunities living in cnflict has significantly erded gains made by wmen. Cnflict further expses them t varius frms f vilence, especially sexual abuse, which is degrading and an avenue fr the transmissin f HIV. The bklet captures the wide range f prjects supprted by NCA that wrk t cunter the effects f cnflict in the varius cuntries in the regin. In Burundi, fr example, the envirnment remains vlatile and vilence against wmen in the cntext f war is rife. NCA, thrugh the Assciatin pur la Defense des Drits de la Femme (ADDF), has supprted wmen t fight against vilence thrugh educatin and empwerment. Anther cuntry in the thres f vilence and insecurity is the Demcratic Republic f Cng (DRC). In Suth Kivu in Eastern DRC, NCA is cllabrating with Laissez l Afrique Vivre (LAV) t make real the United Natins Security Cuncil Reslutin 1325 at the cmmunity level by prmting and supprting the participatin f wmen in peace building prcesses. The wrk invlves a majr fcus n vilence against wmen because such vilence has been identified as a fremst hindrance t wmen s invlvement and participatin nt nly n matters relating t peace and security but als in the verall develpment f their cmmunities.

13 Althugh it is wrking hard at it, Rwanda is still t recver fully frm the effects f the 1994 gencide. NCA, thrugh the Prtestant Cuncil f Rwanda (CPR), supprts recnciliatin thrugh trauma healing. The prject has identified wmen as ne f its key target grups and fcuses n wmen leaders in bth faith-based and secular structures. The prject als supprts religius leaders as agents f healing and recnciliatin. In Sudan, NCA has recgnized the imprtance f prmting wmen s ecnmic empwerment as a key cmpnent f and strategy fr pstcnflict recvery and develpment. Thrugh the prject, NCA prmtes the ecnmic empwerment f wmen thrugh incme-generating activities as an entry pint t addressing ther gender-based cncerns in a cmmunity and especially issues relating t wmen s security and freedm frm vilence. Degrading Practices Harm Wmen In Eritrea, NCA wrks thrugh the Ministry f Health, the Natinal Unin f Eritrean Wmen (NUEW), and the Natinal Unin f Eritrean Yuth and Students (NUEY/S) t cmbat female genital mutilatin (FGM) and its harmful effects n wmen and girls. Althugh the practice is far frm being discarded and mre needs t be dne, the cncerted effrts f all these partners are beginning t bear fruit. The wrk supprted by NCA in Ethipia thrugh its partnership with Cmmunity cnversatin r cmmunity dialgue is the methdlgy f chice fr bringing cmmunities n bard t cnfrnt difficult scial issues. xi Cllabratin with decisin makers and pinin leaders, whether religius, plitical r cultural, facilitates cmmunity acceptance f new ideas. the Ethipian Evangelical Church Makane Yesus - Suth West Synd (EECMY/SWS) is the fight against harmful traditinal practices and HIV and AIDS. The prject fcuses n the practice f minge. Like ther frms f gender-based vilence, minge has a gendered impact and it is wmen as mthers wh bear the brunt f it. The Calitin n Vilence against Wmen (COVAW) is a partner f NCA in Kenya. COVAW is wrking in Laikipia District t prmte cmmunity advcacy n vilence against wmen. The prject has sught t end FGM, prmte wmen s human rights, and restre the dignity f wmen and girls. The effects f FGM have taken a particular tll n wmen and girls in Smalia. NCA is mainly peratinal in Smalia and has taken n bard as ne f its majr prjects the fight against this widespread practice. By invlving critical and influential pinin shapers such as religius and clan leaders as well as the circumcisers themselves, the prject is slwly changing the cmmunity s perceptin f the practice. Gender Is Used t Justify Explitatin In Tanzania, the fcus is n the rle f religius leaders in mbilizing against the injustices visited upn peple living in the mineral rich areas by varius grups with an interest in the mining business, especially multinatinal cmpanies. The case study recgnizes the negative impact

14 this has had n wmen frm sexual explitatin, lss f livelihds and access t clean water. Finally, the study frm Uganda details the gender aspects f the HIV and AIDS epidemic and its attendant cncerns. In varius ways the pandemic has a disprprtinal impact n wmen. This is because wmen are mre likely t be infected than men and because f their primary gender rle as caregivers t the ailing and infirm in their cmmunities and amng the rphaned and vulnerable children. Fr bilgical and scial reasns, the girl-child is particularly at risk. Wrking thrugh the Planning, Develpment and Rehabilitatin Prgramme f the Church f Uganda, NCA supprts hme-based care fr peple living with HIV and AIDS, their families and children. It is ur hpe that the experiences dcumented in this bklet can serve as mdels that can be replicated in ther similar situatins, first within ur regin and generally in ther regins where similar cncerns may arise. Simply dcumenting these experiences has been a learning prcess fr the Gender Fcal Pints and we d hpe that the task marks a beginning f new ways f cmmunicating ur experiences and learning frm ne anther. Wasye Munanie Musyni Prgrammes Officer Kenya/Uganda & Reginal Gender Fcal Pint xii

15 Burundi Fighting Gender-Based Vilence by Educating and Empwering Wmen The Assciatin pur la Defense des Drits de la Femme (ADDF) uses drama and meetings t get peple t express themselves n hw t cmbat vilence against wmen in the sciety. The prject assists vulnerable wmen (and sme men), especially thse wh are experiencing dmestic abuse r ther frms f gender-based vilence. Wmen wrk in grups t enable themselves t supprt their families financially. The activities vary frm simple cking ( wayside restaurants ), agriculture, and selling tmates and ther vegetables, t hairdressing, basket making, sewing and knitting. In additin, thse wh are illiterate are supprted t attend a ne-year adult literacy curse. Onging since 2006, the prject perates in Bujumbura Rural, an area in which vilence against wmen is extremely high. The prject recgnizes illiterate wmen in Bujumbura Rural wh have been sexually vilated as rights hlders. The duty bearers are ADDF, NCA and lcal gvernment fficials. ADDF is a lcal NGO with its main ffice in Bujumbura and field activities in mre than five prvinces. Main activities include advcacy against gender-based vilence and supprt t wmen wh experience it. ADDF has a gd reputatin amng the beneficiary ppulatin because they have had several ther prjects there fr many years. The lcal authrities NCA/Great Lakes Fighting Gender-Based Vilence in Burundi thrugh Educatin and Ecnmic Empwerment f Wmen Implementing partner: Assciatin pur la Defense des Drits de la Femme (ADDF) 1

16 Burundi Tday The nging internal cnflict in Burundi has given rise t many internally displaced peple, mstly wmen and children, many f whm live in substandard cnditins and suffer cnsiderable mistreatment. Pverty is pervasive in mst parts f the predminantly rural cuntry and this has ften led t dmestic vilence as the man tries t cnvince himself that he is still in cntrl f things at the hme frnt. The status f wmen in Burundi is s lw that a wman wh gives birth nly t girls is cnsidered useless. It is nt uncmmn fr a wman wh des nt bear sns t be seriusly abused, physically and psychlgically, by her husband. Affirmative actin has resulted in apprximately 30% wmen in parliament. But with the traditinally lw levels f educatin fr wmen, as wells as wmen s custmary inferir status, questins arise abut whether the new legislatrs are capable enugh t champin the elevatin r the rights f their fellw wmen. men fr all their needs has ften led them t be vilated since they are seen as nt cntributing anything valuable in running f the hme. Impacts and Results Abut 200 wmen f all walks f life have held demnstratins n the streets f Bujumbura in prtest against the way sme f their wn are being mistreated yet the gvernment turns a deaf ear t their plight. On ne such ccasin, wmen tk t the streets t pressure the gvernment t re-arrest a man wh had been dubiusly released frm prisn after he had been cnvicted fr mutilating his wife s arms just because she had given birth nly t girls. The prtesting wmen included legislatrs and the abused wman herself. Within a day the gvernment was able t track this criminal dwn and put him back in prisn (hpefully fr life) and the wman is receiving sme financial supprt frm the gvernment t. supprt ADDF t. The head f the rganizatin is a wman; her deputy is a man. Prject Strategies and Activities The purpse f the prject is t empwer Burundian wmen t cntribute t the develpment f their cuntry. Thrugh activities like adult literacy and supprt t varius incme-generating activities, the wmen are empwered educatinally as well as ecnmically. Relying n 2 Ten wmen s grups in Bujumbura Rural are being supprted with schlastic materials fr adult literacy. The gvernment assists this prgramme with qualified teachers and relevant textbks. Apart frm learning the alphabet and numbers, these wmen are taught issues affecting their lives fr example, security, cnflict reslutin, family planning, nutritin, envirnment, HIV and AIDS, health and hygiene. The adult literacy training lasts fr 12 mnths with the wmen attending classes three times a week. Incentives like a gat and a

17 traditinal dress material (kitenge) are ffered t all thse successfully graduating frm these classes. As a fllw up these wmen have then been intrduced t simple business techniques like bk keeping befre being supprted with incme-generating activities like basket weaving, perating a flur grinding mill and sap making. Best Practice Building the capacity f rle mdels: Targeting wmen plitical leaders is intended t encurage them t advcate fr their fellw wmen at the legislature level and revise many f the repugnant existing laws that ften reinfrce wmen s inferir status in the sciety. Wmen parliamentarians have attended a three-day wrkshp in Bujumbura n genderbased vilence, UN Security Cuncil Reslutin 1325 and the Burundian law. The literacy curriculum includes cnflict reslutin, family planning, nutritin, envirnment, HIV and AIDS, health and hygiene, as well as basic reading, writing and maths skills. Awakening wmen t the pwer f rganized actin: Wmen have held peaceful demnstratins pressuring the gvernment t revisit existing laws that are nt gender-friendly. Cmbining literacy and ecnmic supprt: Wmen are usually in the lwest ecnmic and educatinal brackets. By tackling bstacles in bth these areas, the prject helped t build wmen s selfcnfidence and braden their perspectives, cntributed t the ecnmic base they need t enable them t make their wn decisins, and pened up pssibilities f a better life fr themselves and their children. Lessns Learnt Trust is earned. An rganizatin s gd reputatin cntributes t the success f its missin and inspires the cnfidence f beneficiary ppulatins wh are familiar with Basket weaving enterprise imprves the ecnmic prspects f wmen in Burundi 3

18 the rganizatin s gd wrk and cmmitment. Lcal authrities are als likely t supprt the activities f such an rganizatin. This backgrund made it pssible fr NCA t register sme success in the highly resisted area f wmen s rights. Tgether, wmen are strng. It will take cmmitment frm wmen themselves t change the way they are treated. Investing in varius wmen s initiatives at bth cmmunity and natinal levels builds capacity, visin and pwer. Challenges Burundian wmen attending adult literacy class. Security in Burundi remains vlatile; wmen are marginalized in the sciety mainly because they are seen as nncntributrs t the family upkeep. Many are illiterate and desperate. 4

19 Cng DR Bringing UNSCR 1325 int Practice at the Cmmunity Level Cntinuing cnflict in the Demcratic Republic f Cng (DRC) has been variusly described as the unknwn r frgtten war, but it is a cnflict that has killed mre peple and caused mre injury than any in recent memry. One f the ugliest aspects f the cnflict is the very high incidence f gender-based vilence. Rapes and ther frms f sexual assault are carried ut almst as sprt, and with almst ttal impunity. Laissez l Afrique Vivre (LAV), NCA s partner in the area, is wrking t implement United Natins Security Cuncil Reslutin (UNSCR) 1325, which calls fr mainstreaming a gender perspective int peace initiatives. LAV uses an apprach that invlves sensitizatin n gender and vilence issues, supprt fr small-scale ecnmic activities fr wmen, and research t prvide an evidence base fr additinal prjects. The prject perates in Suth Kivu, eastern DRC. Rights hlders under the prject are wmen living in Suth Kivu. Duty bearers are the state, lcal gvernment fficials, religius leaders, military, plice, jurnalists, LAV and NCA. Activities Several sensitizatin wrkshps have been held at natinal level (Kinshasa) fr tp religius leaders and gvernment fficials and at Suth Kivu level as well. NCA/Great Lakes United Natins Security Cuncil Reslutin 1325 in Practice at Cmmunity Level Implementing partner: Laissez l Afrique Vivre (LAV) 5

20 The Situatin in DRC Mre than 3 millin peple have been killed by the cnflict in DRC, an estimated 1,200 peple die each day as a direct r indirect cause f the cnflict, and the basic rights f millins mre are vilated with impunity. The victims f rape and ther frms f sexual vilence in DRC culd easily be in the hundreds f thusands. Sexual vilence is rutinely used as a weapn f war by ne armed grup r anther t humiliate and intimidate peple especially wmen and girls. Many f these victims end up cntracting HIV, while many mre give birth t unwanted children. The absence f plitical stability and peace has expsed the ppulatin t insecurity, fear and untld atrcities at the hands f varius armed grups and sldiers. Despite the effrts f many relief agencies, it is reprted frm churches, lcal gvernment, UN agencies, internatinal humanitarian agencies and civil sciety that the ppulatin in general and Kivu in particular are expsed t a wide range f pressing prblems: displacement and dislcatin, disruptin f fd prductin, destructin f scial infrastructure, trauma, destitutin and depressin. Besides all this, the HIV/AIDS prblem is spreading with immense speed because f the presence f military frces and cuntless rapes and sexual vilatins f wmen and girls. Thusands f families are destabilized and require trauma cunselling as a result. The whle prblem area actually puts the sciety and its scial structures in danger. 6 Plice, military and jurnalists have been trained as gender trainers in Suth Kivu. They are nw being used as trainers at cmmunity level. As part f addressing UNSCR 1325, a study is under way n The Traditinal Rle f Wmen in Cnflict Reslutin. The findings will infrm the rientatin f prjects in a bid t empwer wmen t take up psitins f decisin making and ultimately cntribute twards reslving the cnflict in eastern DRC. Supprt is prvided t the activities f six wmen s rganizatins: 319 wmen in adult literacy, 43 wmen in manufacture f sap and 50 wmen in tailring. Weekly sensitizatin prgrammes are bradcast n natinal radi and SHALA-TV, mainly by jurnalists wh were trained earlier. Issues related t UNSCR 1325 are published in the bimnthly newspaper, Le Suverain, run by ther jurnalists wh participated in LAV training. Apprximately 1,500 cpies are distributed per issue in Bukavu, Gma and Kinshasa. Impacts and Results In this highly male dminated sciety, wmen are nw beginning t believe in themselves and are being heard and respected. Apart frm becming literate, they are als empwered ecnmically. One girl wh is a frmer child sldier went back t schl and has nw qualified fr university admissin. The plice and military, wh traditinally are knwn t be the perpetratrs f much f the vilence experienced in eastern

21 Sensitizing and advcating against gender-based vilence at all levels: Gvernment fficials, legislatrs, religius leaders and wmen leaders at natinal as well as cmmunity level are all brught n bard. It is hped that this knwledge gained will be utilized t influence review f discriminatry plicies that seem t have rm fr perpetratrs f such crimes as rape t escape justice. Plice and military trained as gender trainers learn while they teach. DRC, are nw the nes bringing messages f hpe. Many peple see this as highly likely t cntribute twards lasting peace and stability in DRC. Best Practice Enlisting the nce dreaded perpetratrs f vilence : The plice and military, sensitized and trained n gender issues, are nw trainers themselves. The transfrmatin f this hated cadre has changed the mindset f the DRC ppulatin, wh feel that the perpetratrs turned prtectrs will ensure security and thus prmte gender equality. Empwering wmen s assciatins bth educatinally and ecnmically: This is dne by supprting adult literacy and incme-generating activities like sap making and petty trading. Applying the empirical evidence: Results f the study carried ut in eastern DRC n the traditinal rle f wmen in cnflict reslutin will be used t further redirect activities t increase prgrammatic impact n enhancing the rle f wmen in issues that cncern safety and security right frm cmmunity level. Lessns Learnt The prblem f vilatin f wmen and girls is immense, and ften nt recgnized as a prblem because it is culturally acceptable. This hlds nt nly in the Great Lakes Regin, but must be addressed by authrities arund the wrld. Sme cultures within DRC, fr example, d nt regard wife beating as a frm f vilence. Rape is nt talked abut in the cmmunity and even when a girl r wman is raped in frnt f her Reslutin 1325 In Octber 2000, the United Natins Security Cuncil adpted Reslutin This reslutin is grunded in the realizatin that wmen s rles, cntributins and experiences are different frm thse f men in armed cnflicts, yet when it cmes t issues f cnflict reslutin, wmen are usually absent frm the negtiating table. This reslutin thus stresses the imprtance f securing lasting peace by applying a gender perspective t all interventins. Wmen need t participate n equal terms with men, frm tp t bttm, in rder t prmte peace and security. 7

22 family (which ften ccurs during armed attacks n villages), she will be abandned sn after, because it is a shameful thing t befall a family. Mre ften than nt, it is girls and wmen wh are the victims and bys and men wh are the perpetratrs f vilence. Highly patriarchal and traditinal scieties generally place strict limits n wmen s decisin making pwer. Empwering wmen thus requires a multiactin apprach that addresses literacy, ecnmic independence and ther issues. Especially in but nt limited t cnflict situatins wmen and girls are in cnstant danger f sexual assault. The danger f sexual vilence is a fact f daily life fr wmen and girls as they g abut duties like fetching water, gathering firewd and wrking n the farm ften in insecure areas. Custmary attitudes and traditins ften take precedence ver legal prvisins. Law enfrcement agencies like the plice and military are largely unaware f wmen s rights and their links with gender-based vilence. Mst are male and ften hld culturally influenced gender biases. Vting patterns and attitudes reinfrce wmen s marginalizatin. Althugh wmen are the majrity when it cmes t vters, because f their lw self-esteem (r bullying frm their partners), they prefer t elect men rather than their fellw wmen t represent them in plitical institutins. Their underrepresentatin allws fr gender Pster prtesting sexual vilence blind plicies t be passed and implemented t their disadvantage. Wmen are ften nt cnfident t cmpete fr such psitins because they are nt adequately educated. The Challenges Gender-based vilence is a vilatin f human rights. Survivrs need medical treatment, trauma cunselling, physical and emtinal healing, and reintegratin int sciety. Gender-based vilence is a very sensitive issue; many peple prefer nt t talk abut it because it is ften treated as a private/ dmestic/family affair. Even the law enfrcement authrities ften laugh it ff as a big jke, even thugh there are laws in place t address it. Wmen in DRC are largely respnsible fr bringing incme int the family by farming and petty trading, but they have little r n cntrl ver hw thse resurces are spent. In additin, when the family incme is limited, it is the girl-child wh is the first t be pulled ut f schl thus limiting her ptential t develp in future. 8

23 Eritrea Lifting the Curtain n Female Genital Mutilatin Nine ethnic grups make up the msaic f Eritrea s ppulatin, and all f them practise female genital mutilatin (FGM) euphemistically referred t as female circumcisin. The 2002 Eritrea Demgraphic and Health Survey (EDHS) shwed that the prevalence f FGM amng respndents (wmen with children) was 89%. A 2003 study cnducted fr NCA revealed that 97% f the sample (3,000 wmen) were circumcised. Clitridectmy is the mst cmmn type f circumcisin amng the cuntry s Christian highlanders (abut 32% f the Eritrean ppulatin) and infibulatin is widely practised in the lwlands (abut 58% f the ppulatin). Clearly, in spite f varius sensitizatin effrts by bth gvernment and nn-gvernment institutins, the prevalence f FGM in the cuntry is very high. Even thugh FGM is a generatins-ld traditin rted in religin and culture ratinales, it is a flagrant vilatin f the fundamental human rights f wmen and girls, causes hrrific pain t the victim, and may result in serius and lifelng reprductive and psychscial health prblems. Regardless f the ratinale, the main purpse f FGM is t cntrl sexuality and thereby maintain chastity befre marriage and fidelity thrugh marriage. The practice als intends t increase men s sexual pleasure. NCA/Eritrea Cmbating Female Genital Mutilatin in Eritrea Implementing partners: Ministry f Health (MOH), Natinal Unin f Eritrean Wmen (NUEW) and Natinal Unin f Eritrean Yuth and Students (NUEY/S) 9

24 Scilgical reasns are prbably the mst decisive factrs in the cntinuance f the practice. Cultural values are hard t let g f, and scial pressures are strng. Scial acceptance and integratin in a given scial grup are difficult t resist. Nt circumcising a child is regarded as an insult and may result in stigmatizing the girl. Frm the parents perspective, circumcising their girlchild is seen as ding the best fr her. The Anti-FGM Prgramme in Eritrea In Eritrea, as in ther Eastern African cuntries, legal, scial and ecnmic rights are frequently vilated alng gender dimensins, and wmen and girls bear the largest and mst direct csts f these vilatins. NCA/Eritrea is cmmitted t cmbating vilence and discriminatin against wmen and children, amng ther ways by addressing FGM. The fight against FGM is thus a fight fr gender equality and the right f girls and wmen t live a dignified life. A number f rights instruments aim t eliminate gender-based vilence, and Eritrea has ratified the internatinal cnventins 1 n the rights f wmen and children. In 2007 the Eritrean gvernment even issued the Prclamatin t Ablish Female Circumcisin (Prclamatin N. 158/ 2007). But a wide gap remains between the legal framewrk and the actual practice n the grund when it cmes t gender-based vilence in general and FGM in particular. 1 Cnventin n the Eliminatin f All Frms f Discriminatin against Wmen (CEDAW; 1979); Cnventin n the Rights f the Child (CRC); Universal Declaratin f Human Rights (1948); the Vienna Declaratin; The Prgramme f Actin n Human Rights (1993). 10 A Rights-Based Apprach Rights hlders were identified as the wmen and girls wh are affected by FGM. Since the reasns fr FGM in Eritrea are cnnected with religius and cultural traditins, it is the respnsibility f cmmunities and institutins at large t make the peple aware that FGM is a harmful practice that can be abandned withut leading t the disintegratin f Eritrean culture. The Eritrean sciety being patriarchal, bth wmen and men were targeted. Accrdingly the fllwing duty bearers were engaged: The gvernment administratin with the Ministry f Health as a partner in the Nrthern Red Sea Zne and later in cuntrywide activities. Wmen, thrugh such channels as wmen s grups and village health cmmittees (VHCs). Cmmunity wrkers like cmmunity health wrkers (CHWs), trained traditinal birth attendants (TTBAs) and extensin wrkers. Cmmunity leaders such as plicy makers, administratrs, members f NUEW and NUEY/S, and the circumcisers. Faith-based rganizatins and individuals, including religius leaders at varius levels in the Eritrean Orthdx Church (ErOC), Eritrean Cathlic Church (ECC), the Evangelical Church f Eritrea (ECE) and the Eritrean Mufti s Office. In 2002 NCA cmmissined a natinwide study 2 t serve as the basis fr the develpment f an anti-fgm prgramme. It shwed that verall 61% f wmen feel the practice shuld nt be stpped. Differences in attitudes are influenced by backgrund 2 Wrku Zerai, A Study n Female Genital Mutilatin in Eritrea, January 2003.

25 characteristics. Urban residents are less likely than rural residents t supprt discntinuatin f circumcisin, and the lwer the educatinal level the less likely the desire t discntinue the practice. After the study NCA embarked n three majr prjects: a pilt prject in the Nrthern Red Sea (NRS) Zne, a secnd at natinal level and a third in Gash Barka Zne. Fr all three, knwledge was determined as the key starting pint fr change. Ten villages in Zula and Shebah- Demas areas in the NRS were chsen fr the pilt prject, which started in The areas were characterized by lw levels f agricultural prductin, increased envirnmental degradatin, inadequate health facilities and services, lw levels f educatin, and lw levels f wmen s participatin in ecnmic activities. Mrever, these areas had sme f the highest prevalence f FGM and almst all the circumcisins were infibulatins. The idea was t access the cmmunities thrugh already available and existing NCA prgrammes and prjects, e.g., agriculture and water resurce develpment, as well as gender and HIV and AIDS awareness raising. At the natinal level, faithbased rganizatins were targeted frm 2003, fstered by the clse relatinship NCA had frmed with them in Eritrea. Althugh activities were based in Asmara, with sme in Shebah-Demas and Zula, participants attended frm all ver the cuntry. The Gash Barka Zne phase centred arund the Warsai-Yikeal Schl in Sawa, the military training camp in Eritrea. This schl exclusively teaches all 12th grade Eritrean children and has 15,000 Harmful Effects f FGM By whatever name it is called, FGM can be a surce f smetimes majr health prblems. At the time the prcedure is dne, the persn experiences severe pain, shck and smetimes haemrrhage. Risk f shck is great in the traditinal setting as the prcedure is dne withut anaesthesia. There is risk f infectin, bld pisning, tetanus and gangrene. Lng-term cmplicatins may include urine retentin and assciated urinary tract infectins, bstructin f menses and related reprductive tract infectins, infertility, and prlnged and bstructed labur. The practice als causes psychlgical pain. It may cause painful intercurse fr bth the man and the wman because the nrmal elasticity f the vagina and the lubricating system are interfered with. The pening is thus t small and bth parties experience pain. The wman may als be injured. Prlnged labur may result in fistula. There are tw types. A vesic-vaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnrmal pening between the urinary bladder and the vagina that results in cnstant leakage f urine frm the vagina. A rect-vaginal fistula (RVF) is an abnrmal pening between the rectum and the vagina with cnstant, uncntrllable lss f stl thrugh the vagina. In either case, the pening is usually the result f injury caused during prlnged labur when the head f the baby presses against the pubic bne f the mther and injures the vaginal and bladder tissue. Fistula may ccasinally als be the result f surgery, tumurs, injury r infectin. Childbirth-related fistula is mst cmmn in yung mthers because their bdies are nt mature enugh t permit the passage f the baby. Fistula can be repaired by trained medical persnnel s that the wman can g back t having a nrmal life. 11

26 students at any time, f whm 4,000 are girls. This prgramme started in The educatin f the students and teachers at the schl als permitted utreach t a secndary target grup thrugh the impact n peers, families and the wider cmmunity. Objectives The three prjects verall intended t achieve the fllwing, amng ther bjectives: Bradening the knwledge and raising awareness abut FGM amng religius leaders and key players in each faith grup s that they becme change agents. Bradening the knwledge f cmmunity members as a whle abut FGM and hw the practice vilates the rights f wmen and girls, especially affecting their health. Fstering significant decrease f the practice. Netwrking with ther rganizatins t encurage similar activities in the rural integrated cmmunity prgrammes. Prmting integrated peer educatin prgrammes thrugh the existing jint frum f HIV and AIDS amng the religius leaders. Educating teachers and students abut FGM. Enabling the students t becme change agents in their wn cmmunities. Activities Under the Pilt Prject Cmmunity mbilizers (tw fr each f the ten pilt villages bth male and female) were recruited and trained t prvide educatin and cunselling in the village fr ne year. Tw wrkshps were cnducted in Massawa, ne fr planning and the secnd fr health wrkers, TBAs and circumcisers, and MOH administratrs. Infrmatin and mtivatin wrkshps regarding HTPs/FGM were held fr religius leaders, administratrs, plice fficers and cmmunity leaders (men and wmen) in all 113 participants. The MOH, znal management, including medical ffices, became invlved in the prcess. The head f staff f the health facilities in selected cmmunities became immediate supervisrs. Schl teachers were engaged in targeting future parents fr behaviur change. Fcus discussins were created and alliances built with the circumcisers in designing alternative incme-generating schemes. Circumcisers were given gats fr alternative surces f incme t discurage perfrming FGM. Vide shws were undertaken in all the villages fllwed by discussins and cunselling. At the Natinal Level Prmtinal materials were develped, including brchures in majr languages. Training manuals n FGM were translated frm English int bth Tigrinya and Tigre with 15,000 published in each language and handed ver t MOH and NUEW and ther rganizatins. The dcumentary vide Behind the Curtains f Agny was prduced in nine Eritrean 12

27 Three generatins f Eritrean wmen caught in the shadw f harmful traditinal practices. languages including Tigrinya and English and distributed t partners natinwide. Awareness wrkshps n gender and FGM were cnducted fr ECE and ErOC clergy and members in each f fur districts. Advcacy meetings and panel discussins were cnducted with wmen ministers (cnsidered t be rle mdels) and higher gvernment fficials n mass media. Eritrean TV in cnjunctin with NUEW and NCA rganized a panel discussin n FGM where religius leaders, activists and prfessinals participated in fur cnsecutive Sunday afternn sessins. At Warsai-Yikeal Schl, Sawa, Gash Barka A five-day training f grups f students and staff n gender-based vilence/fgm in cperatin with the MOH and NUEW tk place. The students in turn carried ut a sensitizatin campaign in each class n the tpic. 13 Infrmatin material was distributed. General knwledge quizzes tk place with prizes fr the tp students and a drama was perfrmed abut FGM. Cmmunicatin Tls, Channels and Media The Cmmunity Trainer s Guide n FGM was prduced fr cmmunity health prmters giving a histrical backgrund and knwledge abut the facts f FGM, abut cmmunity invlvement and human rights. The manual is rganized in mdules cvering the varius tpics, teaching methdlgy, evaluatin methds, case studies and rle plays. The methdlgy has a bttm-up apprach and aims at engaging village residents, cmmunity leaders, mthers, yuth and thers. Training aids included plastic mdels f the female genitalia fr demnstratin f the impact f FGM.

28 The FGM vide, Behind the Curtains f Agny, was the first in its kind in Eritrea, visualizing head-n the hrrific pain and the varius and serius health cmplicatins with discmfrt thrugh menstrual cycles and simple bdy functins, dangerus child labur and delivery, psychlgical trauma, sciecnmic stracizatin, and even deaths. The vide cmbines varius perspectives, ranging frm the perpetratrs and victims, t health fficials and religius leaders pints f view, t prvide a hlistic view f the harmful practice. Materials included a series f t- shirts, caps, psters and brchures/leaflets. Sme 20,000 brchures each in fur languages were printed and handed ver t MOH fr natinwide distributin. A radi prgramme was put tgether and bradcast and a TV debate was rganized. Next Steps Even thugh prgramme activities had t be slwed dwn after the NGO Prclamatin, anti-fgm activities cntinued in A particular fcus was given t the recmmendatins f the evaluatins t cntinue t build skills and awareness amng religius leaders, especially at sub-zba and village levels. A training n gender, HIV and AIDS, and FGM was given t representatives f all religius leaders in 2007 in Asmara. Plans fr extending the Shebah/ Demas and Zula FGM prject int ten neighburing villages were prepared and revised accrding t the recmmendatins. This prject is financed but is still in the prcess f Stries t Tell It is shcking. I almst cried. I didn t knw what mthers were really ding. Wmen shuld nt be allwed t play with knife they have t be tld that children are nt demnstrating animals. A priest frm the Orthdx Church being apprved by the Eritrean authrities. The idea f this prject is t build n the lessns learnt frm the previus prject, but als t answer the request frm the cmmunity itself. Accrding t traditin, girls may marry bys frm the neighburing villages, and there is a fear that they will nt be accepted as wives if they are nt circumcised. NCA is cmmitted t eradicating FGM, a cmmitment that is als strngly supprted by the Eritrean Gvernment, unins f wmen and yuth, and UN agencies. Results When trying t assess the impact f the FGM prgramme, it is t be nted that NCA and partners were nt the nly actrs n the scene. Accrdingly, it is nt pssible t fully assess the impact f the NCA and partners prgramme per se. Nevertheless, as initiatrs and t sme extent leaders in the anti- FGM wrk, a cnsiderable degree f prgress accrued because f their effrts. Awareness raising wrk, tgether with the varius capacity building activities, cntributed t cmmunities knwledge and awareness in a sustainable way. The targeted cmmunities seem t 14

29 be aware f FGM t a large extent, at least cnceptually. The silence surrunding FGM was brken. Discussing FGM is n lnger a tab and wmen, men religius leaders, administratrs, etc., discuss it penly in varius frums. Anther impact was that men are getting invlved and religius leaders are taking it upn themselves t talk abut FGM in their hly places. There has been a ntable shift in attitude twards the practice. Prir t the prject, the Christian religius leaders nly blessed girls wh had undergne FGM and in sme cases the Orthdx Church leaders had demanded FGM prir t baptism. Amng the Muslim religius leaders, n questin was raised abut the practice as it was understd t be a religius bligatin. These rigid psitins are clearly changing. All leaders f the fur faith cmmunities have annunced in public, including thrugh the media, that the practice is nt a religius requirement. Sme churches have actually institutinalized their new psitin in ppsitin t FGM. The ECE included articles in its cnstitutin that denunce FGM. In the ErOC, there was willingness t preach in the churches, but because f the prevailing ignrance n FGM at the lwer ladder f the church, this was nt pssible t a large extent. A significant change in attitude amng the general public has been witnessed. In ne fcus grup discussin 13 ut f 14 male yuth participants asserted that they wuld never marry a circumcised girl. It is als witnessed that ut f 20 Christian families in Fr, five husehlds had stpped circumcising their daughters and the rest pledged that they wuld nt circumcise their daughters if they gave birth t ne. Nwadays, the incidence f infibulatin is n the decline, althugh cmmunities still want t cntinue with clitridectmy. The legal envirnment has changed dramatically. Until 2005, there were n specific r sufficient laws t prtect girls and wmen. Prgramme effrts sught t create awareness f the internatinal cnventins that Eritrea is a signatry t. The media campaign including the vide n FGM represented an imprtant tl fr mbilizing and sensitizing bth the cmmunities and the gvernment. The advcacy wrk bre fruits when, in March 2007, the Eritrean gvernment issued Prclamatin N. 158/2007 ablishing female circumcisin. Best Practice Taking a systematic, multisectr apprach: Any effrts t cmbat FGM require a cmbinatin f activities n many frnts and invlving many different grups, particularly religius leaders and cmmunities. This was especially true in Eritrea, as Eritrean sciety in general is very religius. Acknwledging the deep rts f traditin in cmmunity mbilizatin effrts: FGM is deeply rted in traditin, culture and religin in Eritrea, and many ther cuntries. Changing the perspective n the practice at the cmmunity level requires an 15

30 Stries t Tell I thught Sunnet Al Assur (circumcisin) shuld be applied fr wmen t, but nw I have cme t understand that wmen have been suffering fr nthing. We have been given sufficient infrmatin by ur gvernment and religius leaders, it is nw fr us t take actin. If escaping FGM is nt a sin, s why? There is n reasn t cntinue suffering. active and ever-increasing cre f cnverted cmmunity members wh are willing, able and knwledgeable enugh t cnvince their peers. Supprting activities with pineering research: Perhaps surprisingly, given widespread campaigns against FGM, the evidence base has been sparse. A cmprehensive baseline study defined the nature and extent f the practice in Eritrea, and supprted the design f cmprehensive, integrated prgramming. Using mass media and varied prmtinal materials: Televisin and radi bradcasts have taken the anti-fgm message t new levels. The vide Behind the Curtains f Agny and the panel discussins n natinal TV were watched and appreciated by thusands f Eritreans inside and utside Eritrea. Other prmtinal literature was als imprtant, particularly as it was made available in ethnic languages. Integrating effrts fr change with ther prjects such as fd security: This prvided an imprtant entry pint since peple were familiar with NCA and had already cme tgether t address cmmunity cncerns. Lessns Learnt Any discussin f rights must begin frm the cmmunity s perspective. When it cmes t FGM as a human rights issue, cmmunities d nt adequately understand the pint. Cmmunity members were cnfused as t hw they culd be vilating the rights f a girl when in fact, as far as they were cncerned, the practice was carried ut in the interest f the girl as it was said t cnfer status and prestige n the girl and her family. Cultural sensitivity must be addressed early in the implementatin f a prject. The cmmunity felt that they were uphlding their culture and regarded the implicatin that the practice was a vilatin f the nrm as alien. Mrever, in sme areas where bth wmen and men were invited tgether, the meetings ended up being attended nly by men, r in cases where the wmen attended, they were nly passive participants. Reiterative prcesses and reinfrcing messages are vital. There are n quick-fix sustainable results in this campaign. FGM prgramming shuld be viewed frm a lng-term perspective with a cntinued implementatin ver 16

31 time and thrugh brad-based reinfrcing actins. Alternative livelihds fr the circumcisers must be cnsidered carefully. Implementatin f the prgramme tk n bard the issue f prviding the circumcisers with incentives t abandn the trade. In practice, hwever, the micr credit r gat prject did nt yield the intended results. Elderly circumcisers, in particular, were nt able t manage gats, and had difficulty learning new skills and invlving themselves in new ecnmic activities. FGM is strngly crrelated with levels f educatin. Families and wmen wh are better educated are less likely t be bund by this traditinal practice. This is a majr pinter t the imprtance f achieving the Millennium Develpment Gal f universal primary educatin at the very least. Stries t Tell Ahmed Idris f Shebah-Demas is a 38 year ld sheikh wh heads the msque f Shebah-Demas. Until he attended the wrkshp rganized fr religius leaders and administratrs by NCA and partners, he used t tell peple that clitridectmy is a rite that can be practised at will. After the training, hwever, he started t bring small grups f wmen in his neighburhd tgether t teach them that clitridectmy was nt a religius practice. As a result f his teaching sme f the wmen stated that they intend nt t circumcise their daughters. Stries t Tell It is gd that yung ladies are here amng us. I hpe they will get curage t take a firm stand. If they g in favur f FGM, it is up t them. But I dn t understand why peple wuld argue fr smething which has n religius base. Challenges Mnitring f the varius prjects was cnstrained by restricted capacity and emplyment. Recruitment f mre staff at cmmunity level culd be an ptin. Sme religius leaders remained a majr bstacle, as a number f Muslim leaders cntinued t prmte clitridectmy. Illiteracy levels in the prject areas were and still are high, especially in the case f wmen. As revealed in the 2003 baseline survey, teachers, particularly thse f a Muslim backgrund, supprt the practice f FGM. The NRS prject did nt target schls and teachers adequately, althugh the Sawa schl prject did. While the silence was brken and FGM can nw be discussed mre penly, there is still sme hesitatin in the cmmunities abut discussing the eliminatin f FGM. The Way Frward Village administratr. On the rad ahead it is imprtant that NCA and partners endeavur t: Cntinue the advcacy wrk amng plicy makers, 17

32 administratrs, village elders, and influential individuals f the lcal cmmunity including the religius leaders. Replicate the successful cmmunity-based apprach in ther regins, whilst als expanding t ther target grups: students and teachers. Here the NUEY/S is a ptential partner. Intensify effrts n creating awareness f FGM as a human rights issue taking cultural aspects int cnsideratin. Imprve and expand cperatin with similar prjects implemented by ther institutins such as UNFPA t cnslidate prject appraches and methdlgies and avid duplicatins. 18

33 Ethipia Fighting Harmful Traditinal Practices and HIV and AIDS Traditinal cultural practices express the values and beliefs that cmmunities have held since time immemrial. While sme f these practices are psitive and beneficial, thers are harmful, especially t specific grups such as wmen and children. In Ethipia, as in many ther places in the wrld, bth psitive and harmful practices have existed side by side. NCA in Ethipia has jined hands with ther like minded rganizatins and the Gvernment f Ethipia t wrk twards the eradicatin f existing harmful traditin practices (HTPs), which include female genital mutilatin (FGM), frced early marriage, fd tabs and the killing f certain children wh are perceived t bring bad luck t their cmmunities. Amng the Bena Tsemay and Erbre cmmunities, such children are knwn as minge. The fcus f this case study is n the practice f minge and effrts being undertaken t eradicate it. The Bena Tsemay feared that the cmmunity wuld have t bear negative cnsequences if it did nt kill a child cnsidered as minge. The cmmunity held the belief that sme kind f catastrphe such as flds, the wiping ut cattle by diseases and ther pestilences, drughts fllwed by lw harvest and hence famine, even war and cnflict, wuld befall them if a minge child was allwed t grw within the cmmunity. NCA/Ethipia Wit Anti-HTP and HIV & AIDS Prject Implementing partner: Ethipian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Suth West Synd (EECMY/SWS) 19

34 When a Child Is a Curse Minge is a wrd used by Ethipia s Bena Tsemay cmmunity that is translated as smething that brings a curse t the family and the sciety. Minge implies a rtten thing that shuld be destryed. A child is regarded as minge if cnceived ut f wedlck r if the first milk teeth appear frm the upper gum instead f the lwer gum, r if the next child is cnceived befre the first child grws teeth. Being brn twins is als regarded as minge by the Erbre cmmunity. Means f killing a minge child take varius frms. A child might be thrwn frm the tp f a hill (the hill is named Minge Muntain) r drwned in a river. A newbrn baby wuld be suffcated by putting sil in its muth. The paradx in this cmmunity is that a girl is expected t have a lver (a by friend with whm she is allwed t have sex) but she is nt allwed t marry him. She is even expected t get pregnant by this lver as a prf f her fertility t her future husband, wh is later selected fr her by her parents. She is nt allwed t keep the pregnancy, hwever, but is expected t abrt the child either by using traditinal massaging f her abdmen r being kicked t induce miscarriage because a child brn ut f wedlck is cnsidered a minge child. The fate f minge children was thus death unless they were rescued by utsiders, wh in mst cases were evangelists. Such children were allwed t live after their rescuers crssed the Wit River t Gewada and ther places. Strategies and Activities The Wit Anti-HTP and HIV and AIDS prject perates in Wit area (Suthern Regin f Ethipia), specifically in the Bena Tsemay and Erbre area, The ppulatin f Bena Tsemay is abut 10,000, and Erbre is abut 5,000. The Ethipian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Suth West Synd (EECMY/SWS) is the implementing partner. NCA/Ethipia prvides financial and technical supprt. The prject fcuses n reducing and ultimately eradicating HTPs thrugh cmmunity cnversatin. In additin t minge, ther harmful practices amng the Bena Tsemay are free sexual relatinships. In additin, the Erbre cmmunity practises FGM and its men frce single/widwed wmen t have sexual intercurse withut their cnsent, which is nthing less than rape. The prject uses the cmmunity cnversatin methd as its majr apprach in invlving the entire cmmunity t address the varius HTPs existing in the sciety. Cmmunity cnversatins r dialgues Stries t Tell Lemma Degfe Lemma Degfe, an evangelist, was ne f the brave peple t take actin against this hrrifying practice even befre the existence f the prject. Lemma said that six evangelists have each adpted tw minge children, cntrary t the traditin f the respected cmmunity members. They were taking these children t ther adjacent areas like t Gewada t rescue them frm killing. He is happy t see that ne f the children adpted at the age f seven is nw a married wman with a child herself. 20

35 Impact Elders denunce minge killings. are based n the recgnitin that cmmunities have the capacity t challenge and change scial, ecnmic and plitical handicaps that have trapped them fr years. The apprach fcuses n peple and their interactins and builds n their strengths and resurces. The mst imprtant impact f the prgramme has been that child killing has been publicly prhibited by bth the Bena Tsemay and Erbre cmmunities thrugh cmmunity discussin. S far in 2008, n single child killing has been reprted amng the Bena Tsemay cmmunity and twins have been rescued frm killing in Erbre. As a result f cmmunity cnversatins, the Tsemay cmmunity started t identify different harmful traditinal practices apart frm minge and t develp strategies t cmbat them. Members f the cmmunity are beginning t make public declaratins nt t harm r kill minge children any mre. Cmmunity cnversatin has brken barriers that have existed within the varius categries in the cmmunity. Fr example, wmen and yung men were previusly nt allwed t participate in discussins n matters affecting their Girls-nly grup members participating in cmmunity cnversatin. 21

36 Participant in girls-nly cmmunity cnversatin listens keenly t a discussin f alternatives t traditinal practices. cmmunities, but are nw active participants in the cmmunity cnversatin frums. This still has t be achieved fr unmarried girls wh are yet barred by their status frm participating in discussins with adults. T meet this challenge the prgramme initiated five girls-nly discussin grups that have allwed fr the girls vices t be added in the cmmunity cnversatin. Thrugh cmmunity cnversatin the issue f HIV and AIDS, which in the target cmmunities is exacerbated by anther HTP frcing single and widwed wmen int sexual relatins has als gained visibility and is being tackled. The myth that HIV and AIDS nly affected the Amharas (anther ethnic grup, which is nt indigenus in the area) has been dispelled and the cmmunity has understd that HIV has n partiality n sex, race r age. As a result f this, peple have started t shw behaviur change regarding the previusly cndned free sexual relatinships. The Erbre, wh practise FGM, have increased their knwledge abut the harmfulness f the practice and begun t shift t milder types f circumcisin. Tw additinal decisins and measures are beginning t take rt in the target cmmunities. These are: - T allw a girl t marry a man f her chice, which was previusly frbidden. - T underg vluntary cunselling and testing (VCT) befre taking a wman fr marriage. (Wife inheritance is a cmmn practice in the area.) Stries t Tell Ir Gach Ir Gach is frm Tsemay cmmunity. He with his wife adpted a minge child and called him Mses, because he was fund abandned by his parents. His wife shwed a big effrt by breastfeeding the minge child equally with her sn. Nw the child is five years ld and ging t schl. Ir remembers that they were stracized by the cmmunity members because f this measure. They were prhibited frm fetching water at the cmmunal well and were nt allwed t walk r mix with ther cmmunity members. The child was threatened by the cmmunity. Fllwing the example f evangelists, Ir thught, What if I als take similar measure? His decisin has made him a her, despite the hardships. He said n natural calamity r cnflict resulted frm his actin. Ir and his wife have three ther children besides the adpted child. 22

37 Mther and grandmther cuddle twins rescued frm killing, Erbre, June Stries t Tell Father f Rescued Twins The father f the twins says, My mm had nly me. Nw, we are five in ur family with the twins, my wife and mm. It is Gd s gift t ur family. Althugh sme peple cme and try t tell me that the twins are signs f bad luck I have made up my mind t raise them. Luckily, nwadays almst all the Erbre cmmunity are against child killing and had made a public declaratin t stp killing twins even befre the birth f my babies. Best Practice Invlving the entire cmmunity: Getting everyne t participate thrugh cmmunity cnversatin has increased knwledge, especially f previusly marginalized grups. Targeting religius and cmmunity leadership: The rle f these grups cannt be underestimated. Previusly it was nly the evangelists wh had the curage t rescue the minge children. With time it is clear that n harm has befallen the rescuers and ther cmmunity members are nw willing t adpt the children shuld the parents nt want t keep them. Taking an blique apprach: A separatin strategy may be the mst effective way t dismantle tabs. A pinter t this is the girls-nly grups that allw fr the participatin f girls in the prgramme but using a different frum. It is anticipated that as the cmmunity gets attuned t having the cncerns raised by unmarried girls brught t the main frum, they will with time allw the girls t participate in the main cmmunity cnversatins. 23

38 Lessns Learnt The wheels f change are slw and nt all cmmunity members can be invlved in the same manner. Traditinal cultural practices die hard, perhaps mst especially thse that are rted in fear. Change takes time, and cmmunity members must be brught n bard at a pace they are cmfrtable with. But, change can and des happen when cmmunities are aware f the full implicatins f their chices. Once peple are infrmed in a nnthreatening way, they can ften be cnvinced t adjust their attitudes. Challenges The earlier invlvement f the gvernment, which threatened the cmmunity with legal measures if criminal acts like minge cntinued, created resistance amng the Tsemay cmmunity. Stries t Tell Laib Awn Laib Awn s actin is a reflectin f the psitive ptential f cmmunity cnversatins. He was encuraged t adpt a minge child after realizing that children adpted by evangelists didn t bring any kind f catastrphe t the cmmunity r the family. Mrever, he has bserved that by sparing the children they have a chance t get educatin and emplyment pprtunities, thereby making a psitive cntributin t the cmmunity. Laib and his wife thus decided t adpt a child and called him Gift. The child s mther had refused t feed the child because it was tab, but Laib s wife tk up the respnsibility. Laib and his wife are planning t send Gift t schl when he grws up. Sme peple suspect that children cnceived ut f wedlck are still being killed n the spt and nt expsed r reprted t the utsiders. 24

39 Kenya Frm Breaking the Silence t Breaking the Cycle f Vilence against Wmen Gender-based vilence remains ne f the majr vilatins f wmen s rights in Kenya and is a hindrance t their effective participatin in the sciety s scial, ecnmic and plitical develpment. Fr this reasn NCA has partnered with The Calitin n Vilence against Wmen (COVAW) t address the rts f the vilence. COVAW is a wmen s human rights rganizatin that is cmmitted t breaking the cycle f vilence against wmen and girls. It envisins a sciety free frm all frms f vilence against wmen within dmestic, private, public and plitical institutins. COVAW s key prgramme areas include: Building the capacity f cmmunity-based rganizatins (CBOs) as advcates fr ending vilence against wmen. Building structures and key service facilities that will empwer service prviders, custdians f culture, yuth, wmen and men t prevent and respnd apprpriately t vilence against wmen. Enhancing the participatin f wmen in gvernance. With supprt frm NCA, COVAW since 2005 has implemented a prgramme in Mukgd Divisin f Kenya s Laikipia District aimed at ending female genital mutilatin (FGM) and prmting human rights while restring the dignity f wmen and girls. The specific bjectives f the prgramme include: NCA/Kenya Cmmunity Advcacy n Vilence against Wmen Implementing partner: The Calitin n Vilence against Wmen (COVAW) 25

40 T wrk twards the abandnment f FGM thrugh cmmunity cnversatin and dialgue. T sensitize the targeted cmmunities and educate them n the harmful effects f FGM. T educate girls and give them an pprtunity t make decisins that affect their lives. T empwer CBOs and paralegals n cmmunity dialgue and cnversatin skills s that they can effectively cmmunicate with their target grups. T dialgue with custdians f culture abut the harmful effects f FGM. T empwer wmen ecnmically s that they stp being dependent n men fr all assistance and are able t make decisins that affect their lives and thse f their girls. Backgrund Why the Fcus n Laikipia Laikipia District is ne f the arid and semi-arid regins f Kenya. Mst f the inhabitants are the pastral Maasai cmmunity, a cmmunity that fiercely uphlds its traditinal practices hence the high rates f FGM and early and frced marriage, as well as wife battery. Wmen and girls have been subjected t FGM fr s lng that a large majrity accept it as a way f life because it is cnsidered a rite f passage frm childhd t adulthd. The practice has a negative impact n girls educatin which is nt highly regarded by the cmmunity in the first place because nce a girl has been circumcised she is cnsidered ready fr marriage and is withdrawn frm schl and married ff. This ften takes place amng children as yung as ten years, wh may be married t much lder men. COVAW s interest in wrking in Laikipia was triggered by reprts f rape f lcal wmen by British sldiers training there. In cllabratin with ther wmen s rights rganizatins under the auspices f the Laikipia Netwrk, COVAW mbilized the cmmunity and brught the issue t the fre. Thereafter, COVAW initiated this prject with NCA funding t address the issue f FGM thrugh an integrated apprach that aims t eradicate the vice. The prject prvides schl fees fr girls wh have rejected the practice r wh have been rescued frm early marriages and hence are stracized by their families. The prgramme strategy is based n three pillars: The training f paralegals. Prmtin f cmmunity cnversatin and dialgue. Schl utreach. 26 Training f Paralegals COVAW trains paralegals drawn frm rganizatins and institutins wrking with and within the cmmunity. The selected persns underg a tw-year training interspersed with five implementatin and practice phases including fllw ups at individual and grup level. The training is intended t prvide the paralegals nt nly with a reasnable amunt f knwledge n diverse aspects f law, but als with practical experience that make learning mre effective. Amng the mdules cvered in the training are the cnstitutin, human rights, gvernance, gender and develpment, gender-based vilence, land laws, family relatins and successin, dispute reslutin, and cmmunity

41 mbilizatin. S far, a ttal f 44 paralegals (5 wmen and 39 men) have been trained. The paralegals have frmed a netwrk and pened an ffice in Dl Dl where wmen can ldge cmplaints abut gender-based vilence. The paralegals dcument the cases and assist in arbitrating such disputes. They als refer sme cmplaints t law enfrcement agents. In additin, they rescue girls frm early marriage and sensitize cmmunity members n the harmful effects f FGM. The paralegals cllabrate clsely with ther key players such as law enfrcement agents (the plice and lcal administratin), administratrs f children s hmes, schl heads and health wrkers. Cmmunity Cnversatin Custdians f culture are the backbne f any traditinal sciety and amng the Maasai are the cmmunity decisin makers. It is therefre essential t reach them and slicit their supprt if vilence against wmen is t be stpped. Thus the bjective f targeting the custdians is t bring gender cncerns int the One f COVAW s trained paralegals receives his certificate. 27 arbitratin systems and prcesses used by the cmmunities since these existing mechanisms are ften guided by biased cultural beliefs and nrms (fr example, wmen are usually nt allwed t even address an arbitratin sessin). T shift this traditinal apprach, COVAW facilitated a number f cmmunity cnversatin dialgues in the prject area and reached ver 1,000 cmmunity members. The main bjective f the frums was t target the elders and ther custdians f culture with a view t influencing them t adpt mre gender sensitive appraches t arbitratin, specifically n wmen s rights issues, such as FGM, early marriage and girl-child educatin. The frums prvided a platfrm fr cmmunity members t cme tgether and penly discuss culturally sensitive issues. Schl Outreach This aspect f the prgramme intends t influence the scializatin prcess f the yung and build a culture amng yuth that respects the rights f wmen and girls. The prgramme targets yuth and teachers alike: The teachers because they have an pprtunity t influence the attitudes and behaviur f the children and the yuth because they are at an age when attitudes can change and thus shape the develpment prcess in the future. The prgramme entails a variety f activities, including paying schl fees fr girls wh have been rescued frm FGM and early marriage thereby giving them an pprtunity t cntinue their educatin. Mre generally, the prgramme helps rganize mck curts, essay writing cmpetitins and setting up f law clubs.

42 Impact Capacity fr cuntering genderbased vilence is clearly visible at the cmmunity level in the frm f the prcessing f cases frm the cmmunity. FGM has dramatically reduced. It was reprted that previusly female circumcisin ceremnies were very elabrate and attended by many cmmunity members, but since the inceptin f the prject n festivities are reprted. This signifies that either the practice has reduced r it is being cnducted under a clak f secrecy, but given the cmmunity grapevine the latter seems less likely. Awareness f the harmful effects f FGM has increased significantly. As a result, mre and mre cmmunity members are penly and publicly expressing their supprt fr the eradicatin f FGM. Yung men publicly state their intentin t marry uncircumcised girls and parents their decisin nt t circumcise their daughters. Cmmunity members are nw aware that vilence against wmen is a vilatin f rights and the law, and needs t be reprted and the perpetratrs prsecuted. Cnsequently, the respnse t vilence against wmen and gender-based vilence in general has undergne a nticeable change: There is a sharp increase in the number f cases reprted t the paralegals, t ther COVAW partner rganizatins, t the lcal administratin and t law enfrcement agents. Ntewrthy is a change in the manner in which law enfrcement 28 agents respnd t cases f genderbased vilence. Prir t the prgramme these were treated as private and dmestic issues and nt taken seriusly. There has been a marked imprvement in girls enrlment and retentin in schl. Sme schls have reprted a decline in teenage pregnancies. Mre wmen are aspiring t and vying fr leadership psitins within the cmmunity, e.g., as chiefs and cuncillrs. There is imprved access t justice, as the paralegals, with their basic legal and human rights knwledge, are clser t the peple than the plice and lcal administratin. Best Practice Using a cmprehensive, integrated and cllabrative apprach t the eradicatin f FGM: Prgramme activities target a wide range f grups within the cmmunity: children bth bys and girls thrugh the schl prgramme, parents, elders, religius leaders, lcal administratrs thrugh the cmmunity cnversatins frums, alng with the cmmunity-based rganizatins and paralegals thrugh training and wrkshps. This multifaceted apprach cntributed significantly t the prgramme impact. Building capacity f paralegals t prvide a base f expertise within the cmmunity: Thrugh the prgramme these have been empwered, have taken up the batn, and are spearheading activities aimed at eradicating

43 Maasai wmen take t the streets t prtest against FGM. FGM and early marriage, rescuing girls, and educating cmmunity members n the harmful effects f FGM and the impact it has n wmen s health and girls educatin. The apprach has ensured sustainability f the prject beynd the funding perid. In additin, the apprach has instilled cmmunity wnership f the prgramme. Changing attitudes by wrking thrugh CBOs and empwering cmmunity members: Eradicating FGM entails transfrming deeprted attitudes and behaviur, and interventins aimed at achieving this have t be maintained and sustained fr a lng time if the new behaviur and nrms are t be internalized. It wuld nt be cst-effective fr COVAW t implement and fund activities in the prject area until this takes place and therefre the best apprach was wrking thrugh CBOs that have a near permanent presence in the cmmunity and building their capacity. Bringing men n bard: Althugh it was thrugh serendipity that COVAW ended up wrking with men as paralegals, this turned ut t be a blessing in disguise. The men have actually been mre effective than the wmen. The men are able t cnvince their fellw men t stp vilence against wmen, smething that the wmen paralegals fund quite a challenge given that in the Maasai culture, wmen are ften lked dwn upn and are nt expected t be active in the public realm. Endeavuring t cunter rather than substitute fr deep-rted cultural beliefs and systems: Numerus interventins aimed at eradicating FGM in Kenya fcus n alternative rites f passage r faking circumcisin. The difference with the COVAW apprach is that it addresses the issue f FGM frm the surce thrugh cmmunity cnversatins and dialgue with the custdians f culture. This has prven t be an effective apprach and is mre likely t be sustainable. It als ensures that the strategies develped are culturally acceptable. Once the custdians f culture are cnvinced abut the need t eradicate the practice, FGM will be a thing f the past. Lessns Learnt Cmmunity prblems need cmmunity slutins. When a prblem in a cmmunity is slved at the cmmunity level, the peple will wn the prcess and this will help in sustaining the slutin. 29

44 Attitude adjustments must cut acrss the sciety. T break the cycle f vilence a crss sectin f the ppulatin must understand that vilence against wmen is unprductive and that it is necessary t make a cncerted effrt nt t cndne it. Recnstructin f the scializatin prcess is necessary in the fight against FGM. Deeply rted cultural practices are passed frm ne generatin t anther and require time and attentin. Change agents must be prepared t wrk hard. A lt f sensitizatin and dialgue is needed t transfrm deep-rted practices, attitudes and behaviurs, and the first innvatrs ften face fierce ppsitin. This is discuraging, but nt necessarily terminal if cmmunity invlvement has been effective. Custdians f culture are essential allies. Securing the supprt and cmmitment f custdians f culture facilitates prject implementatin and ensures prject success. Interventins shuld emphasize capacity building f CBOs and cmmunity members. This can have great impact because they help instil cmmunity wnership, are usually mre cst-effective and generally take n a mmentum that makes them selfsustaining. Challenges The high level f illiteracy amng wmen inhibits their participatin in training pprtunities. The 30 multiplicity f gender rles that wmen have t shulder makes the situatin even wrse. Fr example, nly 5 ut f the 44 paralegals trained are wmen. Wmen paralegals face a lt f ppsitin. They are ften asked why want t eradicate FGM when they themselves have been circumcised. Peer influence is a drawback t the success f the prject. Sme rescued girls have refused t g back t schl. Tw girls wh were rescued frm early marriage and taken t Nanyuki Children s Hme escaped after three days and returned t their husbands. Wmen s ecnmic dependence n men is a majr challenge in that sme survivrs f gender-based vilence are reluctant t press charges against the perpetratrs f the vilence, especially when the perpetratr is the spuse r a clse relative. This is very discuraging fr the paralegals. Efficient peratin f the paralegal netwrk is hampered by the lack f mbile phne netwrk cverage. This makes cmmunicatin and crdinatin f activities amng the paralegals very difficult and mre expensive. Initially the elders and lcal administratrs, especially the chiefs, felt threatened by the netwrk f paralegals. They saw their pwer being usurped and felt they were becming rle-less since cmmunity members were bypassing them and reprting cases t the paralegals. The prblem was reslved thrugh cllabratin and dialgue.

45 Rwanda Recnciling thrugh Trauma Healing Much was destryed during the 1994 gencide in Rwanda, nt nly lives and infrastructure, but als human spirits and relatinships. Whereas rehabilitatin and recnstructin f infrastructure were easily targeted, many frgt the imprtance f targeting recnstructin f the mind and the sul. As a result, sme years dwn the line, it became bvius that the high levels f trauma being manifested amng Rwandans needed t be addressed. CPR is the Prtestant Cuncil f Rwanda. It was created in 1963 with a visin t wrk fr a Rwanda where all peple live in unity, justice and prsperity, in bedience t Gd and at peace with ne anther. CPR is extremely imprtant in the cuntry since it gives the mainstream churches a clear identity, vice and visibility. The Initiative CPR has been training pastrs frm member churches n trauma healing; these pastrs have used the skills with members f their cngregatins. In Rwanda, pastrs are highly respected. Whatever they say is ften taken as gspel truth, s this is a practical and wrkable strategy t address trauma in the sciety. The next target grup was religius wmen and wmen hlding imprtant psitins in the gvernment, fr example, parliamentarians and senatrs. They were infrmed abut United Natins Security Cuncil NCA/Great Lakes Trauma Healing as an Essential Ingredient f Recnciliatin Implementing partner: Prtestant Cuncil f Rwanda (CPR) 31

46 Rwanda Tday The 1994 gencide survivrs are traumatized because f what they witnessed happening t their relatives and t them as well. It is estimated that ver 500,000 wmen and girls were raped during the gencide and as a result many f them cntracted HIV. Mst families lst their male heads and wmen tk n this relatively unknwn rle f head f husehld r breadwinner. Cnversely, mst f the perpetratrs f gencide are male. Indeed, in all the 16 prisns cuntrywide, ver 95% f the inmates are male. Mst heads f prisners husehlds are thus wmen unless there is a mature male child wh naturally tk ver the rle f head f husehld when the father was imprisned. This new respnsibility f fending fr the family single-handedly really traumatized wmen frm acrss the target grups. In 2003 there was a presidential amnesty fr all prisners wh cnfessed t their rle during the gencide. Other prisners are being released after serving their sentences. When they return t their hmes there tends t be frictin, since members f their families have mved n with their lives while the man was in prisn and the psitin f head f husehld begins t be cntested between husband and wife. In additin, these men d nt feel man enugh because they are nt able t fend fr their families and thus are nt in cntrl f a traditinally male rle and respnsibility. As a result, dmestic vilence and trauma are n the increase. Reslutin (UNSCR) 1325 and encuraged t wrk clsely tgether. CPR als used the Tamar stry (2 Samuel: 13) as the main theme in a cnference held in 2007 fr law enfrcement authrities and religius leaders. The trainings, wrkshps and Even thugh the church was heavily implicated fr its cmplicity in the gencide, the clergy wh are predminantly men still cmmand a lt f respect within the Rwandan cmmunity. The church has netwrks at all levels including thse areas that are ften unreachable by nrmal means. In additin, ver 85% f Rwandans prfess the Christian faith. It is n this nte that the Prtestant Cuncil f Churches in Rwanda (CPR) was supprted in its initiative t bring lasting peace and sustainable recnciliatin t the peple f Rwanda. 32 cnferences have all been held in Kigali because the main target grups are the tp leadership, which is based in the capital. In additin, the CPR trauma cunselling centre is lcated in Kigali. There are plans t cnstruct tw mre trauma cunselling centres t cater fr peple wh need assistance and have n means f travelling t Kigali t seek this help. This wrk has been dne since 2005 and is nging. Rights hlders under the prject are gencide survivrs and released prisners. Duty bearers are the State, lcal authrities, parliamentarians and senatrs, religius leaders, CPR, and NCA. Best Practice Capitalizing n plitical will amng elected representatives: Rwanda has 56% representatin f wmen in parliament (45 ut f 80); the speaker is als a wman.

47 This is by far the highest percentage in the wrld. In additin, wmen make up 36% f the Rwandan cabinet, with mst f them hlding the mst prminent dckets fr example, Cmmerce, Agriculture, Educatin, Infrastructure, Freign Affairs and Infrmatin. Wmen parliamentarians and senatrs have been a special target grup fr CPR, especially because they can effect changes at the legislative level and help fight any suppressive and ppressive laws and plicies. Training and equipping a churchwide cadre f cunsellrs: Clergy frm different Christian denminatins and frm different cmmunities within Rwanda have been given ne-mnth training n trauma cunselling skills. They are then prvided with basic Mre than half f Rwanda s parliamentarians are wmen a far larger prprtin than anywhere else in the wrld. cunselling equipment like basins and twels and they set up mbile trauma cunselling units at their lcal places f wrk, nrmally church parishes. The basins and twels are used when a client is crying and wants t wash their face. Thus, trauma healing especially amng bth gencide survivrs and released prisners has led t visible signs f recnciliatin amng the targeted cmmunities in Rwanda. Cmbining cunselling with spiritual healing: The CPR trauma cunselling centre based in Kigali has three full-time cunsellrs and many vlunteers wh ffer free 33

48 cunselling services t all wh seek it. There is a well tended garden where clients can sit and reminisce; this is als a part f healing. At the receptin area clients are kept busy with relevant film dcumentaries, bks and paintings; all these help with the healing prcess. In case a client has cme frm far and requires clse fllw up, there are kitchen facilities at the centre as well as accmmdatins that can hld up t 18 wmen and 18 men at the same time. Lessns Learnt Dn t discunt the rle f the church. The church in Rwanda ccupies a very big space in the Every year during the gencide cmmemratin perid (April t July) the number f trauma related cases ges up significantly, yet there are hardly any centres where ne can seek prfessinal assistance. civil sciety; capacity building f rganizatins like CPR can g a lng way in building a strnger, mre accuntable and mre transparent civil sciety. The Challenges Trauma healing is a very delicate issue. Healing requires cnfiding in smene yu trust. The prcess requires patience and cmmitment. 34

49 Smalia Ending Female Genital Mutilatin in Ged Regin Millennium Develpment Gal 3 calls fr a dramatic imprvement in maternal health. Implicated in the high maternal mrtality ratis thrughut much f sub-saharan Africa and Smalia in particular (MMR estimated at 1,600 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2003) is the prevalence f female genital mutilatin (FGM). The link between the tw is part f the ratinale fr including advcacy against FGM n the NCA agenda, but in additin t the health aspects, FGM is regarded as a majr vilatin f wmen s basic human rights. Smalia is amng the places where the practice is mst dminant, with sme peple placing its prevalence at abut 98%. Thus NCA/Smalia has as ne f its majr bjectives the reductin f the practice. FGM persists because cmmunities are nt willing t give up this lngstanding cultural traditin, which is regarded as an imprtant ritual in Smali sciety despite its ptential fr lifelng physical health hazards and psychlgical and scial impacts. Trauma, depressin, feelings f incmpleteness and sexual prblems are amng the many cnsequences f FGM. There are als cncerns abut the risk f HIV transmissin thrugh the use f cntaminated blades and razrs. Thus the Smalia prgramme aims t cntribute t MDG 3 by: Reducing the risk assciated with the practice f FGM. NCA/Smalia Gender-Based Vilence (GBV), Ged Regin Implementing partner: NCA is peratinal in this endeavur 35

50 Reducing the FGM mrtality rate amng Ged Regin girls. Sensitizing cmmunities n the prblems assciated with the practice. Reducing the number f victims in the regin by half. Strategies and Activities The prgramme targets awareness, advcacy and invlvement f the fllwing categries within the cmmunity: Religius leaders: These are viewed as the mst imprtant agents f change as the practice has lng been assciated with religius dictates. By cnfirming that this is nt the case, which many religius leaders have started t d, the prevalence f the practice is beginning t be reduced significantly. Traditinal leaders: These secular leaders, while nt having the same clut as the religius leaders, have remarkable influence in the cmmunity and it is fr this reasn that they have been identified as a target grup by the prgramme. Wmen s grups: Their invlvement is essential t the success f the prgramme because they play an imprtant rle in the matter. As mthers they can take a stand against the practice. It takes great curage fr circumcisers t speak ut against the practice. It amunts t cnfessing their rle in vilating human rights and besides it means giving up their livelihd. Yuth grups: Althugh they d nt having a particularly prminent rle in this very hierarchical and patriarchal cmmunity, this grup is imprtant t the prgramme. They are the future and their attitude twards the matter will determine its perpetuatin. They are thus targeted with awareness raising s as t change their attitudes. Practitiners: These are the circumcisers, withut whse invlvement the practice wuld end. They can play a very imprtant rle in stpping the practice simply by laying dwn their tls. Cmmunity-based and nngvernment rganizatins: These are imprtant players in advcacy t end the practice. Because f their develpment and humanitarian supprt t the cmmunity they have a gd measure f leverage, which they can use t influence the cmmunity t turn away frm the practice. Victims/Survivrs: Their invlvement is based n the experiences they have had with the practice. They serve as examples t the rest as they narrate their stries and share their pain. In additin t the invlvement f these targeted grups, the prgramme als uses the fllwing methds in its utreach activities: Pre-assessment: This is meant as the entry pint and is intended t ensure the creatin f a cnducive envirnment in which t begin raising cncern ver the prblem. 36

51 What Is FGM and Hw Is It Dne? Generally speaking, FGM is the cllective name fr practices that invlve the cutting r partial/ttal remval f the external female genitalia. All f its many frms have adverse effects n girls and subsequently wmen. Amng the dminant types are: Clitridectmy Remval f the prepuce (hd r freskin prtecting the clitris) and the tip f the clitris. Excisin Remval f the entire clitris alng with the prepuce and part r all f the labia minra (small vaginal lips). Infibulatin Remval f the clitris, prepuce and labia minra and part r all f the labia majra (large vaginal lips), fllwed by stitching r narrwing the tw sides f the vulva with thrns, thread r thngs t facilitate the fusing tgether f the sides f the vaginal pening, thereby clsing the vulva ver the vagina and narrwing the vaginal pening. A small pening is left fr urine and menstrual flw. This prcedure is smetimes called Pharanic and is the mst cmmn frm f FGM practised in Smalia (and sme ther African cuntries). It shuld be nted that in a traditinal setting the prcedure, n matter hw invasive, is usually carried ut withut anaesthetic and ften in unsanitary cnditins. The assessment team uses a specific entry apprach t the cmmunity in rder t deliver the message in a suitable manner and language with respect t the principle f DO NO HARM. Zer tlerance t FGM: NCA/ Smalia has taken this apprach t hasten the eliminatin f the practice. The rganizatin has carried ut massive awareness campaigns targeting cmmunities at all levels and especially at the grassrts by encuraging participatin f all stakehlders and fcusing n victims/survivrs f the practice. Awareness raising has a number f cmpnents trainings, seminars, wrkshps, and smetimes public campaigns and demnstratins. Participatin by victims/ survivrs: The idea here is t create awareness by making peple empathize with thse wh have undergne the prcedure. The main mtive is t share their testimnies and experience s as t give the anti-fgm message an urgency that it wuld therwise nt have. Participatin by practitiners: The circumcisers themselves are enlisted in the campaign against the practice. The prgramme takes cgnisance f the fact that speaking ut by this categry requires enrmus curage. Fr ne thing, it amunts t cnfessing their rle in an act that is tantamunt with grss vilatin f human rights. Fr anther, it means renuncing what may be their nly surce f livelihd. Face-t-face apprach f decisin makers: Dialgue with parties regarded as change agents is needed t enlist their cperatin in eliminating the practice. Religius leaders have been mst vital in this, as peple have lng assumed the practice 37

52 had a basis in religius teachings, especially the Kran. The religius leaders are encuraged t study the matter further and take a stand that the practice has n religius basis. This has gne a lng way t help in enlightening the cmmunity. Impact f the Prject Perceptins and attitudes have changed significantly. Prir t the prgramme mst f the practitiners and their custmers tend t believe that the practice had its rigins in the Islamic religin and practised it as a lngstanding traditin linked with bedience t religin. This belief has been dismissed after dialgue with religius schlars drawn frm Smalia and ther neighburing cuntries. These schlars have been apprached and upn study have stated that FGM is nt cnsistent with the religin f Islam. Their renunciatin f the practice has had a tremendus impact n changing cmmunity perceptins and attitudes. The practice has apparently declined significantly. Just a few years ag, almst 99% f girls and wmen had undergne FGM. In cmparisn, the 2008 analysis reveals that the number has been remarkably reduced. This pints t a significant change in a lngstanding traditinal attitude that did nt allw even discussin f FGM t be n agendas. FGM has becme a visible issue f cncern in the target cmmunity. The victims the wmen and girls wh have undergne the practice are nw talking abut its adverse effects in their lives. They The grup cnsists f bth FGM survivrs and frmer practitiners wh have nw becme mbilizers with supprt frm NCA/Smalia. The tw wmen at left are Mther Khadija and Mama Saynab, a practitiner frm Buraa and surrunding villages in Garbaharey that have nw ttally stpped the practice. The ther three are Markab, Layla and Khadija Gurey, sme f the survivrs fr whm NCA has prvided medical supprt, wh after lng struggle vlunteered t share their prblems ften in the face f strng family ppsitin. 38

53 Cmmunity meeting addresses the dangers f FGM and requirements f the religius faith. have becme utspken in their renunciatin f the practice. Earlier, despite its prevalence, circumcisin was an unseen practice, nt t be discussed r referred t in cmpany. Nw, as a result f the prgramme, many parents, families and relatives renunce the risk in prud, utspken vices and try t cnvince thers t abandn the practice. Best Practices Expanding cverage fr faster results: The prgramme previusly targeted nly the twns, which in fact are small cmpared with the ptential area. NCA/Smalia has since extended its utreach t almst all the villages in Ged A few years ag, almst 99% f Smali girls and wmen had undergne FGM, but a 2008 study fund that the number has reduced remarkably. Regin, which has greatly expanded the cverage f the prgramme. This means that peple cming frm the surrunding areas int the twns are als sensitized n the matter, hence minimizing the perceptin that the message is nly fr thse dwelling in urban centres. Invlving decisin makers early and substantively: Identifying and invlving key decisin makers ffers the greatest pprtunity fr advcacy against FGM. With the right decisin makers n bard, and with the right messages, it has been pssible t shift thinking arund the practice with psitive results. Recruiting practitiners fr the anti-fgm team: Minimizing the threat that this grup felt frm the prject s message and cnverting a substantial number as allies has cntributed significantly t the success f the prject. 39

54 Lessns Learnt Attitude change is nt easy. Changing deeply-rted traditins and practices like FGM is a burdensme prcess. This is cmplicated by the belief that the change is anti-islam and an encuragement t prstitutin. Thus, changing the minds f the sciety requires patience and hard wrk. Brad-based participatin is critical. The apprach needs t be as inclusive as pssible. The prgramme s apprach has been peple-t-peple-fr-peple, since the sufferers are peple, the culprits are peple and the encuragers are peple. Actin must accmpany wrds. Sme f the survivrs f the practice may need specialized medical treatment. Girls wh have heard the message may decide t rebel against their parents authrity in this matter. The practitiners wh abandn the practice may need supprt twards alternative means f livelihd. It is therefre imprtant fr an rganizatin that stands fr the eradicatin f the practice t have mechanisms in place t ffer practical supprt t thse needing assistance. Challenges Limited knwledge f the adverse effects f the practice n wmen and girls. The lng-assumed assciatin with religin. Markab recvering in hspital in Nairbi. The patriarchal nature f the target sciety. Limited alternatives fr livelihd fr the practitiners Stries t Tell Markab A Victim and Survivr Markab was nly nine years ld when her mther, Amina, decided t circumcise her. One sunny mrning an ld wman came t the huse. Markab asked her mther what the ld wman wanted. My dear, this is the wman wh circumcises all girls in the village and she is a very gd wman with cld hands. Yu will nt feel pain. Behave gently, be strng and d nt cry. After the prcedure, Markab was bleeding, trembling and culd nt stand up. Sbbing ludly with grief, she cried ut, Mther I am dying. But her mther nly tld her t shut up. Dn t embarrass me, she said. Yu will be all right, my dear. All wmen pass thrugh this, I did t. Markab faced the wrst type f female gentle mutilatin infibulatin; all f her external genitalia were remved. She suffered immediate cmplicatins as well as lnger-term psychlgical and scial effects. In time, Markab was married t a clse family member. Althugh 40

55 she was happy t be n her hneymn, her wedding night was the mst difficult and painful night f her entire life as a result f the circumcisin. Eventually she became pregnant, and in the prcess f a very lng and painful delivery she develped a fistula. This prmpted her family t appeal fr assistance unlike many cases where thse affected by this cnditin are stracized. The clsest surce f medical treatment t crrect fistula was a hspital in Nairbi, Kenya. The family apprached NCA fr help, and Markab was flwn t Nairbi fr the surgery. The peratin was successful and NCA supprted her until she was able t return hme. Afterwards, Markab became an ardent campaigner against the practice. She shares her experiences during the seminars and wrkshps rganized by NCA/Smalia in Ged Regin. Enlisting survivrs t speak ut is a new phenmenn that makes the prject unique and cntributes t greater and faster impact. Markab prmises t cntinue ding her level best t stp the practice. The fact that she is als mther f a daughter makes her reslve strnger, and she says she will nt be tempted t make the mistake her mther did, nr will she tlerate having her yung sisters g thrugh the practice. Khadija A Refrmed Practitiner Khadija, aged 62, has ver 15 years experience perfrming circumcisins, and has stry t tell: I was eight years ld when my mther circumcised me. She was a prminent midwife in that small village where we used t live. Mther was in fact generus and well regarded by the peple f the village, but I viewed her as a mst cruel persn because f the way she treated me that evening. It was cludy afternn. The sky was cvered by dark cluds as rains were appraching. I was in fact very happy t hear that I wuld be circumcised because I knew that meant I am nw a real Mther Khadija demnstrates her frmer practice experience t participants in a wrkshp rganized by NCA/Smalia t shw the great respnsibility that lies n the shulders f the practitiners. Mthers are letting their wn daughters suffer and remain unhealthy, frequently resulting in death. 41

56 The mther f an FMG victim, supprted by NCA, cntributes her experienced view n FGM s harmfulness at wrkshps in the regin. wman and men wuld have cnfidence in my virginity. Then full f cheer and laughter mther gave me black tea and asked me whether I was ready. I asked her t d it quickly and std befre her and her equipment, but my heart was pumping with dread. The act was cmpleted with n mercy shwn t me. Everything that makes me a wman was remved and lst all my all sexual parts. I remember I didn t heal frm the wunds and cuttings fr ver six mnths. Passing urine became the mst painful experience. Regret and wrds like I wish I had knwn, ended with wrds like what d I d? I cried fr a very lng time. Befre my mther died, she named me as her successr. As her nly daughter, she had trained me well. I tk the task fr tw main reasns t earn a living since the cllapse f the central gvernment in Smalia had meant that peple had t resrt t varius ways t supprt themselves, and secnd and mst imprtant, t hnur my mther and keep her memry alive in the cmmunity. After mre than a decade f being a circumciser, I regret the practice and ask Allah fr frgiveness. But it tk sme time fr me t get t that pint f regret. When NCA first came with the anti-fgm message, I was amng the wmen s grups that initially ppsed the idea. We went t the traditinal elders and members f the militias t enlist their supprt in fighting this new message. We did this because we saw it as against ur interests and as a threat t ur surce f incme. We als thught it was against a religius practice. I remember ne f the mthers calling the new advcacy evil and an encuragement f prstitutin in the zne. But ne day back in 2006 it happened that I was asked t participate in a certain training. I was nt aware it was related t FGM my mtive was the seminar per diem. The sheikh wh was talking abut the issue during the wrkshp changed my perceptin and vehemently called the practice evil. He said practitiners will face the wrath f the Lrd Mst High. I asked questins, because I knw little abut the religin and the answers he gave seemed t make a lt f sense. I reslved right there t stp the practice and have since cntinued t ask my friends t d the same. 42

57 Sudan Empwering Wmen t Participate in Cnflict Reslutin and Ecnmic Develpment Wmen, children and the elderly were very much affected during Sudan s lng civil war. Shifting frm war t pst-cnflict develpment is nw the preccupatin in the cuntry, and wmen in bth the Nrth and the Suth are eager t participate in rebuilding their cuntry. But the lng war devastated scial, ecnmic and plitical structures and entrenched the marginalizatin f wmen. Thus there is need t give particular attentin and supprt t wmen and t develp their capacity as partners in cnflict reslutin, peace building and develpment. NCA s Sudan prgramme bridges the stage f phasing ut relief prgrammes t address pst-cnflict develpment by identifying needs and gaps related t gender empwerment, mainstreaming gender, and building stakehlders, partners and cmmunities capacity t participate in the lng-term develpment f Sudan. Prgramme Apprach t Gender Empwerment The gender empwerment prgramme extends t ten cunties in fur states f Sudan. The supprt fr gender empwerment is at the fllwing levels: Gvernment f Suthern Sudan (GOSS), state, cunty, payam, bma and village. In Nrthern Sudan, NCA supprts gender prgrammes thrugh partners and direct implementatin in NCA/Sudan Gender Empwerment and Pst- Cnflict Develpment in Sudan Implementing partner: New Sudan Cuncil f Churches 43

58 greater Khartum. NCA als wrks in the Nuba Muntains, an area that is very islated frm the rest f the cuntry and has a great need fr develpment, especially in terms f gender-related wrk. The gender empwerment prgramme s gal is t imprve the capacity f wmen and yuth t participate in the pstcnflict develpment f Sudan, and t encurage them t d s. The prgramme is invlved in the fllwing: Addressing gender-based vilence. Raising gender awareness. Prmting gender mainstreaming. Undertaking training f trainers in gender-related matters. Advcating fr wmen s inclusin and participatin in leadership. Prmting the prtectin f wmen and children. Supprting incme-generating activities fr wmen as a strategy t advance their ecnmic wellbeing and empwerment. The last aspect f the prgramme s activities is the fcus f this chapter. Since the cuntry is mving frm the turmil f war t the stability f peace, the prgramme specifically: Trains wmen s grups at varius levels t manage prjects. Assesses the capacity f stakehlders, such as wmen s rganizatins and yuth assciatins, s as t identify gaps arund which empwerment prjects can be tailred. Prvides wmen and yuth with skills fr enterprise develpment. Invlves all stakehlders in planning activities and thereby brings a hlistic apprach t wmen s ecnmic empwerment. Prmtes self-reliance and an attitude f accuntability in cmmunity-based rganizatins (CBOs), civil sciety rganizatins (CSOs) and the cmmunities at large. Encurages ecnmic develpment fr wmen and yuth with the aim f respnding t their practical needs especially thse related t their livelihds. Prgramme Strategy and Activities Magwi Cunty wmen s assciatin serving the training wrkshp participants with fd frm their small incme-generating shp. 44 The prgramme strategy was t directly invlve the cmmunity and stakehlders at the higher level frm the very beginning f the prject t ensure sustainability, cmmitment, and cnsistent mnitring and evaluatin. The varius stakehlders included gvernment fficials, cmmunity members, wmen and yuth assciatins, and ther CSOs. The prgramme apprach draws n the philsphy f the late Dr. Jhn Garang, wh advcated taking develpment t the peple. Prgramme activities include:

59 Awareness raising thrugh wrkshps and ther training frums. Sci-ecnmic empwerment thrugh the prmtin f incmegenerating activities t address the scial status f wmen by imprving their ability t earn a living. Impact The majr impact f the prject is the realizatin f the imprtant rle wmen play in the ecnmic recnstructin f the cuntry. Additinally, the invlved wmen s grups have arrived at an understanding and realizatin f their ptential t cntribute t the verall prject planning and implementatin. The prgramme has resulted in the frmatin f assciatins f wmen and yuth at the grassrts that prmte their cmmunity s ecnmic develpment. These grups undertake varius activities, fr example ne f the wmen s grups set up an incmegenerating prject f selling fd, legemat (mandazi in Kenya a kind f fried sweet bread) and cld drinks. Thrugh the activities f the prgramme bth the duty bearers and the cmmunity learned their rights and understand their rles and duties. Best Practice Invlving all the actrs frm the start f prgramme planning thrugh the implementatin stage: The duty bearers cnsultatin with cmmunity leaders and ther stakehlders helped t vercme cultural barriers that might therwise have had a negative impact n prject implementatin. Sudan Facts The largest cuntry in Africa, Sudan ccupies abut 967,500 square miles and has a ppulatin f 37,379,358 (2007). Administratively, Sudan has 20 states, 10 in the Nrth and 10 in Suthern Sudan. The states are equivalent t regins r prvinces in ther cuntries; within the states are cunties that are equivalent t districts. Since independence in 1956, Sudan has been trn by cnflict between the nrth and the suth, resulting in tw majr wars. On 9 January 2005, the Gvernment f Sudan and the Sudanese Peples Liberatin Mvement (ne f the warring factins in the suth) signed a Cmprehensive Peace Agreement that gives substantial autnmy t Suthern Sudan. The CPA als recgnizes three cntested areas, Abye, Nuba Muntains and Suthern Blue Nile, which are mnitred by the UN. Suthern Sudan brders Ethipia n the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Demcratic Republic f Cng t the Suth, and the Central African Republic t the west. Besides the activities reprted here, NCA/Sudan als supprts prgrammes in the nrth in the greater Khartum area and in the states f Eastern Equatria, Warrap and Western Bhar el Gazal. After three decades f war there are still tens f thusands f IDPs and returning refugees wh require assistance, with wmen being thse with urgent needs. 45

60 Participants in a prject planning training wrkshp fr cmmunity ecnmic develpment in the state in Sudan Lessns Learnt Find an ecnmic entry pint. Ecnmic empwerment f wmen thrugh incme-generating activities can be an entry pint t addressing ther gender-based cncerns in a cmmunity. T change attitudes twards gender issues, start small. In pst-cnflict situatins where wmen s literacy levels and ecnmic status is lw it is imprtant t start small. Incmegenerating activities becme an pening twards wmen s greater invlvement in entrepreneurship. Get everybdy n bard as quickly as pssible. The participatin f all actrs enables them t realize quickly the imprtance f their wn rles in making the bjectives f the prgramme a reality. This is evident in the quick actin f wmen s and yuth assciatins t apply skills learned in the training wrkshps. A number f grups wrte prpsals fr specific prjects and were able t manage and reprt credibly n the financial supprt. Challenges Pst-war challenges, which include illiteracy, breakdwn f scial structures and ruined infrastructure. Insufficient prvisin f basic services in educatin, water and health, all which have a bearing n wmen s wellbeing. Lw levels f gender sensitivity and the influence f sme cultural practices, including religin t a certain extent. Limited capacity (financial and human) within NCA partner rganizatins. Insufficient gvernment plicies and guidelines t prmte the invlvement f wmen in pstcnflict recnstructin. Limited ecnmic develpment pprtunities fr wmen. 46

61 Tanzania Advcating fr Justice in Mining Areas Investments in natural resurces, especially mineral resurces, ften have the irnic effect f significant negative impacts n cmmunities. Wmen are usually the first t be hit by such effects. This prject was started t help wmen in Tanzania s mining cmmunities fight fr their rights by enlisting pwerful religius leaders t see the wmen s situatin and speak tgether with them n human rights vilatins. The Cntext Cmmunities living in the mining areas in Tanzania must cntend with a variety f hardships lss f land, hmes, livelihds and clean water and smetimes even family members. Experiences f sexual harassment are cmmn in these areas, and n the whle, wmen and girls are nrmally at the bitter receiving end f the utcmes. Wmen in Tanzania are the nes wh remain at hme t take care f children and therefre bear the brunt f insults and hassles frm gvernment authrities r frm multinatinal mining cmpanies. Despite the heavy investment activity, unemplyment rates in these cmmunities are high, especially amng wmen, leaving peple vulnerable t explitatin. Wmen are smetimes taken advantage f by emplyees (frm different places and cuntries) f the multinatinal NCA/Tanzania Gender-Based Vilence in Tanzania s Gld Mining Areas Partners: Christian Cuncil f Tanzania (CCT), Tanzania Episcpal Cnference (TEC), Natinal Muslim Cuncil (BAKWATA), Wrld Cnference n Religins fr Peace (WCRP) 47

62 cmpanies. Even representatives f the central and lcal gvernment authrities wh prmise t help demand favurs, including sexual favurs. Yielding t such demands has had a negative effect n a number f wmen in the mining cmmunities as many are reprted t have cntracted sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Subsequently, there have been increasing numbers f rphans in the mining areas. Besides these effects, there is a grwing ppulatin f children wh are nt able t g t schl, the majrity being girls. Gld prices have seen recrd levels in recent years and the mining cmpanies are making huge prfits. Yet the Gvernment f Tanzania is nt receiving cmmensurate incme in the frm f crprate tax. The revenue lst is enrmus and the lss has severe impact n the capacity f the natinal gvernment t deliver scial services t all rights hlders in Tanzania. As a cnsequence, wmen lse hpe and many men turn t alchl. The net result is that wmen end up in a terrible situatin with an unmanageable care burden fr the family. The Prject This prgramme was started t address the prblems created by mining activities in Tanzania. NCA and partners intended t lk at bth natinal level revenue and tax issues and cmmunity level issues related t land, livelihd, water, envirnment and vilence. It sn became evident that wmen in these areas experience significant vilatins f rights as a direct impact f the mining activities. The prject had the fllwing bjectives: Expliting natural resurces ften explits lcal cmmunities as well... Wmen living in mining areas end up silenced by false prmises and threats in cases where they try t fllw up n the prmises. Amng the rights vilatins stemming frm mining activities are: Lss f land and livelihd: Farming land and small-scale mining rights are taken ver. Lss f hmes: Huses were demlished t give space t cmpanies. Lss f access t clean water: Mining activities plluted the envirnment. Lss f dignity: Mining activities ften imply sexual harassment and increased numbers f sex wrkers. Lss f natinal revenue: Rights hlders suffer because the capacity f the natinal gvernment t prvide rights-based services declines when tax revenue frm mining is lst. T reduce and ultimately eliminate human rights vilatins and gender-based vilence in mining areas. T gather infrmatin n the varius vilatins f human rights and develp strategies fr addressing them in rder t find a lasting slutin. Methdlgy and Strategies The basic apprach t this prject was t build an interfaith mvement natinally and internatinally t advcate fr human dignity in mining areas and fr ecnmic justice in revenue and tax plicies. T start the 48

63 ball rlling NCA, CCT, TEC, BAKWATA and WCRP Tanzania cnvened meetings with ther religius bdies in Tanzania the Evangelical Lutheran Church f Tanzania (ELCT), African Evangelical Enterprise (AEE) and Tanganiyka Christian Refugee Service (TCRS) t lk int the issues and plan the way frward. Planning was dne in cnsultatin with resurce rganizatins n mining, land issues, gender rights and gender-based vilence. Organizatins like Lawyers Envirnmental Actin Team (LEAT), Tanzania Gender Netwrking Prgramme (TGNP), Wmen s Legal Aid Centre (WLAC) and thers jined a reference grup fr the prject and als tk part in the delegatins t the mining areas. The cre partners and resurce rganizatins then develped dcumentatin (reprts, phts, vides, etc.) t use fr generating maximum publicity n the issues in natinal and internatinal media. Religius leaders were the strategic target grup t lk int the matters affecting the real target grups the wmen, girls and ther members f the cmmunities arund Despite the saring price f gld, and the mining cmpanies huge prfits, the Gvernment f Tanzania is nt receiving cmmensurate incme in the frm f crprate tax and its ability t deliver services t its citizens is cnstrained. the mining areas. But, because mst f the religius leaders were nt well infrmed abut what was ging n in the mining areas, quite sme time and resurces were devted t build their awareness thrugh presentatins, dcumentatin and visits t the mining areas. Delegatins f religius leaders and civil sciety resurce persns n mining and gender-based vilence visited the mining areas in Geita District (Mwanza), Kahama District Bulyanhulu (Shinyanga) and Nzega (Tabra) in mid December 2007 and January During the missins the religius leaders visited lcal cmmunities in all key areas. They heard, tk views and sensitized the peple n what t d when frced t mve frm their hmes. At the same time, the religius leaders challenged 49 Religius leaders in Geita at a meeting with peple wh had been displaced withut cmpensatin. Frm left: Sheikh Hamidu Jng, Bishp Stephen Munga, Sheikh Salum Feregi, Archbishp Dr. Valentin Mkiwa.

64 sme f the issues raised by the lcal cmmunities. The utcme was a reprt issued by the religius leaders. The trips als affrded pprtunities t meet with lcal gvernment authrities, central gvernment representatives at the district level, leaders f the evicted lcal cmmunities and mining cmpany leadership. Afterwards, the religius leaders met with natinal legislatrs (MPs) and representatives f the mining cmpanies t address the issues. NCA, tgether with the Nrwegian Embassy, set up several meetings with relevant gvernment representatives (Nrway and Canada) in which the religius leaders were able t share views and d plicy advcacy. At ne pint, they als met with the Nrwegian Minister fr Envirnment and Develpment. Activities T accmplish the task successfully, NCA and partners set ut t implement the fllwing activities: Melania Baesi is a mther and frmer smallscale mine wner. Tw f her sns were buried alive when the Bulyanhulu mine was cleared in August Her stry is tld in the dcumentary released by NCA, CCT and Dundasfilm. 50 Lbbying and mbilizing ther religius institutins t als see the prblems facing wmen and girls in the mining areas Establishing an inter-religius cmmittee in each f the mining districts with the capacity t cme up with strategies t defend the rights f the marginalized, harassed and mistreated members f the lcal cmmunity. Organizing and cnducting fact finding delegatins f tp natinal religius leaders t the mining areas in rder t meet and hear frm wmen and ther members f the sciety n matters related t human rights vilatins. Hlding dialgue and advcating with different stakehlders n human rights issues, including the multinatinal cmpanies, central gvernment and gvernment departments respnsible fr the mining sectr. Creating awareness and mbilizing cmmunity cncern abut the basic rights f wmen and ther cmmunity members in the mining areas. Similarly, cntinuing t challenge and hld dialgues with duty bearers n their respnsibilities twards the wmen and girls in the mining areas. Researching, cmpiling, dcumenting and publishing dcumentatin n the findings. Mbilizing media and ther key players lcally, natinally and internatinally t scale up effrts t eradicate vilence against wmen and girls in the mining areas, and make sure that mining cmpanies pay tax s that gvernment revenue will be able t finance rights-based services t rights hlders in Tanzania.

65 A camp in Geita twn fr peple wh were chased frm their hmes in the middle f the night f 31 July 2007 t clear the way fr Angl Gld s Geita mine. Since then they have been living in plastic shacks ding casual labur. They have taken the cmpany t curt, but the case is unreslved. They are nw living in tents prvided by NCA/Tanzania. Accmplishments The religius leaders brke the ice and tk n what has always been regarded in Tanzania as NOT their field. Planning, implementatin and fact finding were participatry prcesses that brught all members f the sciety tgether withut exceptin r gender discriminatin. The act f ging t meet the lcal cmmunities and giving preference fr wmen t speak brught trust and renewed hpe amng cmmunity members, especially wmen. Officials frm the gvernment and thse frm the cmpanies nw recgnize that this is als ne f the religius leaders respnsibilities and are shwing readiness t wrk with the clergy t bring transfrmatin (althugh at early stages.) 51 The prject put the issue firmly n the natinal and internatinal agenda by expsing the human rights vilatin in the media. The issue was widely cvered in Tanzanian and Nrwegian media. Results and Impact Religius leaders came t knw that they are nt respnsible nly fr spiritual matters, but als have a mandate t speak n ecnmic issues affecting the rights hlders in their cnstituencies and t engage with duty bearers n such issues. The religius leaders thus learned the imprtance f engaging themselves n ecnmic justice issues t prmte peaceful cexistence. They saw frm the delegatin visits that unrest in the mining areas f Tanzania has its rts in ecnmic injustice.

66 Plicy makers utside Tanzania are increasingly aware f the necessity t change plicies in favur f marginalized cmmunities. The lcal cmmunities (especially thse that were cnsidered NOT imprtant, like wmen) nw have renewed hpe that smething is ging t happen t change their lives fr the better. Wmen have platfrms where they can speak ut n their prblems. The lcal cmmunities nw knw their rights and what t d (withut any vilence) t bring their issues t wider audience. Gvernment leaders, legislatrs and ther key players nw recgnize the imprtance f invlving the religius leaders in decisin making. Officials frm the mining cmpany are nw willing t sit dwn and discuss issues. They want religius leaders t facilitate dialgue with lcal cmmunities. The public and the media are nw talking and participating in sciecnmic dialgues n these issues. Different rganizatins are nw shwing interest and are ready t jin frces, adding values related t their rganizatinal cmpetencies. Internatinal civil sciety rganizatins have respnded psitively and are ready t advcate fr the rights f lcal cmmunities in Tanzania. Plicy makers utside Tanzania are increasingly being made aware f the necessity t change plicies in favur f marginalized cmmunities. Best Practice Mbilizing religius leaders t act n rights vilatins: Since the majrity f Tanzanians have faith in their religius institutins and the leadership, the strategy ensured that the whle prject was run and implemented by the key natinal religius institutins and their tp religius leaders. These rganizatins have their cnstituencies all ver the cuntry and are well respected at bth grassrts and natinal levels by plicy makers and media alike. Demnstrating that suffering with humility is nt acceptable when rights are being vilated: Generally and traditinally, wmen and girls in Tanzania (especially in the rural cmmunities where mst multinatinal mining activities take place) are suppsed t simply accept their lt even if it means death. This attitude is giving way as wmen gain cnfidence and the supprt f duty bearers. Lessns Learnt Participatry strategies d wrk. Tp religius leaders meetings with grassrts cmmunities prvided a frum fr ventilating anger ver human rights vilatins, remved fear, encuraged grassrts ppulatins t take actin and brught hpe t cmmunities. Empwered cmmunities dn t suffer in silence. It is imprtant t raise awareness amng lcal cmmunities abut the impact f 52

67 mining, their rights in relatin t cmpanies and authrities, and what they can d t prtect their rights. Empwering wmen is particularly imprtant because they suffer mst frm ecnmic and scial injustices in the mining areas in Tanzania. With prper infrmatin and enhanced awareness, tp religius leaders are able t speak with authrity n behalf f victims f human rights vilatins. This can be dne by facilitating meetings between knwledgeable resurce persns/ rganizatins and tp religius leaders. Delegatin visits t affected areas are als extremely useful. It is essential t publish and publicize dcumentatin n human rights vilatins. A vide dcumentary prduced by CCT and NCA has been extremely effective in mbilizing supprt n the issue at grassrts, natinal and even internatinal levels. Wrking with media huses natinally and internatinally is very effective. Media attentin puts a lt f pressure n the cmpanies, gvernment bdies and duty bearers in general. Fr maximum impact, take the message beynd the brders. Many f the investrs, dnrs and plicy makers in mining are nt lcated in Tanzania. There is a need t build a mvement and capacity t raise the issues in the cuntries where these actrs are lcated. An imprtant bjective f the prject was t mbilize media and ther key players t take actin n the issue f explitative mining practices. Thrugh cncerted utreach and systematic dcumentatin, the prject has managed t publicize this issue lcally, natinally and internatinally, pulling in a range f advcates t scale up effrts t eradicate vilence against wmen and girls in the mining areas. In additin, the prject has helped t develp understanding within the gvernment f the imprtance f ensuring that mining cmpanies pay their just taxes s that gvernment revenue will be able t finance rights-based services t rights hlders in Tanzania. Challenges In mst f the areas visited by the religius leaders and NCA/Tanzania staff members, there is still the belief that nly the gvernment can bring transfrmatin and change in a sciety. Gvernment fficers and fficials frm the mining cmpanies still entertain a sense f impunity and believe t sme extent that they are abve the law and nt answerable t anyne. Lcal cmmunities are nt empwered enugh t knw hw t peacefully stand fr their rights, althugh the trend is rapidly changing nw. There is a lt f hpe lst amng the lcal cmmunities. The reasns they give are that they have been lied t fr s lng by gvernment fficials and 53

68 cmmissins frmed t prbe their cmplaints and that the gvernment prefers investrs rather than its wn citizens. Capacity is still limited t d plicy advcacy utside Tanzania t influence plicy makers n mining. The Way Frward This prject was implemented as a pilt and after ne year has demnstrated that it is wrth extending t ther areas. Tanzania pssesses mre natural wealth, especially in the extractive industry, and new areas f such activities are pening up. The knwledge and experience gained in the pilt prject make it clear that this same apprach can be replicated elsewhere. NCA/Tanzania is currently lking at impact frm explitatin f frests, fishing and turism. On the next rund f similar prjects in ther areas, the fcus will be n the fllwing: Sharpening the gender dimensin with mre attentin t wmen and girls and emphasis n livelihd issues, water and sanitatin, envirnment, security, educatin, wnership issues, and natinal revenue issues. Creating a platfrm fr wmen and ther cmmunity members t be heard. 54

69 Uganda Supprting Hme-Based Care fr Peple with HIV and AIDS HIV and AIDS have had devastating effects n all members f affected families. But it ften falls in the hands f wmen t take care f the sick and thse made vulnerable by the pandemic especially rphaned and ailing children. In an effrt t mitigate the effects f the HIV and AIDS pandemic, the Planning, Develpment and Rehabilitatin Prgramme (PDRP) f the Church f Uganda initiated a cmmunity hme-based care prgramme fr peple living with HIV and AIDS. Lcated in Mpigi District, the prgramme is implemented thrugh the church structures. The ratinale fr selecting Mpigi District was its high risk setting, including lcatin alng a majr transit crridr, high rate f cmmercial sex activity amng fishing cmmunities, high rate f pverty and limited availability f HIV and AIDS interventins. The prgramme gal is t imprve the health and standard f living f peple living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) and children rphaned by HIV and AIDS by decreasing their vulnerability by prviding HIV/AIDS infrmatin, care and supprt and develping life and livelihd skills. The hme-based care prgramme specifically targets PLWHAs and rphans and vulnerable children (OVC). The OVC include children wh have lst bth parents, thse wh have lst ne parent, children living with sick parents and thse living with grandparents. NCA/Uganda Church f Uganda Hme-Based Care Prgramme Implementing partner: Church f Uganda, Planning, Develpment and Rehabilitatin Prgramme (PDRP) 55

70 The prgramme has evlved frm simply prviding care and supprt t PLWHAs t integrating ther initiatives t cater fr the emerging needs f clients, their families, children and the hme-based care prviders. The cmprehensive apprach is captured in the specific bjectives: T mbilize and train hme-based care prviders. T develp lbbying and advcacy strategies n issues related t PLWHAs and children rphaned by AIDS. T develp skills and knwledge and change attitudes f hmebased care prviders in Buwere and Nabusanke. T prvide hme-based care prviders with skills in small enterprise develpment. T assess the cnditin f PLWHAs under the prgramme. T invlve rphans and vulnerable children in the fight against HIV and AIDS. T prmte the greater invlvement and participatin f PLWHAs. Prgramme Activities Nineteen wmen and 11 men identified by cmmunity members thrugh the church structures were trained in cunselling and hme-based care prvisin. Training cvers basic facts abut HIV and AIDS, preventin f mther-t-child transmissin f HIV, cunselling, simple nursing skills, psitive living, management f pprtunistic infectins, making a will, and writing a memry bk. The training als includes maintaining gd hygiene, eating a balanced diet, and fighting stigma and discriminatin. After the training, each hmebased care prvider was expected t identify ten PLWHAs fr whm they 56 AIDS in Uganda Like many cuntries thrughut the wrld, Uganda has been greatly affected by the AIDS pandemic. And even thugh Uganda is recgnized as ne f sub-saharan Africa s and the wrld s success stries in cntaining the pandemic, AIDS cntinues t have a prfund effect n families and affected cmmunities, resulting in an increase in the demand fr care and supprt. Mre ften than nt the burden f care fr PLWHAs r rphaned children falls n the wmen and girls in the family. As the scale f the pandemic grew, medical facilities were verstretched and culd nt cpe with the grwing numbers f thse wh were ill and thse wh are living with HIV. Health facilities, especially in the rural areas, are lcated very far frm peple wh require them. Wrse still, the facilities are ften inadequately equipped in terms f persnnel and drugs. Cnsequently many peple living with HIV and AIDS still die prematurely as a result f pr care and inadequate treatment. Hme-based care initiatives have been demnstrated arund the wrld t be effective means f prviding necessary care t PLWHAs, and are als imprtant awareness raising and preventin mechanisms. wuld prvide care and supprt. Because f the high demand fr the service, hwever, sme caregivers identified mre than ten clients. The hme-based care prviders visit the clients and rphans every week. During the visit they check n drug adherence, nutritin and sanitatin. They ffer spiritual supprt and cunselling n hw t live psitively s as t avid re-infectin and spreading the virus. The visits ease the sense f islatin that many PLWHAs and their families feel.

71 T facilitate their wrk, the hmebased care prviders are given hmecare kits cntaining drugs such as septrin, paracetaml, ibuprfen, flagyl, intments and ral rehydratin salts. They are als prvided with glves, Savln, sap, fd supplements and msquit nets. The kits are replenished n a regular basis. Entrepreneurship Training and Revlving Lan Fund One f the majr challenges in the prgramme area is the high pverty level in the cmmunities and in many instances the hme-based care prviders helped t shulder sme f the clients burden. This was particularly difficult since the caregivers themselves wrk n a vluntary basis. T address this cncern, bth clients and hme-based care prviders were trained n entrepreneurial skills and 30 hmebased care prviders were given startup capital f US$80 90 t supprt small businesses. Sme f the businesses set up were keeping pultry r pigs, candle making, brick laying, and vegetable prductin. Imprving the ecnmic status f the clients and hme care prviders helps ensure prgramme sustainability and has enabled the clients t meet their HIV testing sessin fr prgramme supprted children. 57 financial demands, including paying fr their medical treatment. Frmatin f Pst-Test Clubs The clients have frmed tw pst-test clubs, with each club having ver 20 members. Thrugh these clubs the clients are reaching ut t the cmmunity t create awareness thrugh drama and sngs abut HIV and AIDS and care fr PLWHAs and t advcate fr PLWHAs and rphans. The clubs prvide a venue thrugh which members find slace and mutual supprt. Club members are als engaged in incme-generating activities such as making mats, bags and brms, while thers have started kitchen gardens. Fr wmen especially, because they are usually even mre stigmatized than men, the clubs prvide a circle f acceptance and hpe. Supprt t Affected Children As the AIDS pandemic grew, rphan care became a critical cncern and was incrprated as a cmpnent f the hme-based care prgramme. Currently 150 OVC are registered n the prgramme. Of these, 125 have been supprted with schlastic materials such as unifrms, schl bags, bks, pens, pencils and sap. They have als been trained n child rights and respnsibilities, as well as life skills. This assistance has gne a lng way in ensuring that children wh had drpped ut f schls have gne back and have a chance be successful in life. The integratin f OVC int the hme-based care prgramme has als relieved the clients wrry abut the

72 Children s HIV drama grup. AIDS has increased. Stigma and discriminatin especially amng caregivers has decreased and 70% f the clients are being cared fr by family members. Small incme-generating prjects are aiding the livelihds f 27 hme-based care prviders. Mre than a hundred children wh therwise wuld face a very bleak future are prvided with psychlgical, spiritual and material supprt. future f their children when they succumb t AIDS. The OVC have frmed fur drama grups, Buwere, Nabusanke, Lubanda and Bukibira. Each grup has 20 members and meets every Saturday fr drama lessns, t cmpse sngs and t ffer mutual supprt t ne anther. The drama grups stage shws twice a mnth in different cmmunities n diverse issues such as advcating fr prvisin f quality services fr PLWHAs, reprductive health and child rights. Thrugh sngs, dance, plays, pems and radi talk shws, the drama grups sensitize the cmmunity n the impact f HIV and AIDS and the need fr a cncerted effrt t fight it. The grups als cnduct fund raising activities t supprt themselves and their grups. Sme members make mats, brms and ther handicrafts that are sld within the cmmunity and in Kampala. Impact The prgramme s 30 trained cmmunity vlunteers are caring fr ver 300 PLWHAs, meaning that mre than 3,000 cmmunity members have been reached with HIV/AIDS infrmatin. As a result, the level f awareness n HIV and 58 Best Practice Taking a cmprehensive, hlistic and needs-based apprach: Recgnizing that clients needs are cmplex and change with the prgressin f AIDS, the prgramme has adpted a cmprehensive apprach t the challenges facing PLWHAs and children affected by HIV and AIDS. The individual needs f clients and their families shape service delivery. This has meant integrating ther cmpnents int the prgramme fr a hlistic respnse t emerging needs. Besides prviding care and supprt, the prgramme ffers HIV/AIDS preventin infrmatin, drugs, cunselling, etc. Amng the cmplementary cmpnents are the care f OVC and entrepreneurship training t cater fr the ecnmic challenges facing bth clients and hme-based care prviders. Using vlunteers as hme-based care prviders: The prgramme has succeeded where many thers have failed. An imprtant element f the prgramme has been the effective use f Christian

73 The hme-based care mdel is a csteffective and viable ptin in resurce-limited settings where health care systems are verburdened and verstretched. teachings (the parable f the Gd Samaritan) and traditinal African scial supprt systems t facilitate the care and supprt f PLWHAs and OVC. The mdel mirrrs the church s visitatin prgramme thrugh which church members visit and ffer spiritual and emtinal supprt t ailing members. Supprting the hmebased care prviders thrugh entrepreneurship training and start-up capital has eliminated the prblem f dependency. This has been bth cst-effective and sustainable given the limited funds. Nurturing widespread, cmprehensive cmmunity participatin: The prgramme has mbilized cmmunity members in the fight against HIV and AIDS, an essential step given the magnitude f the pandemic. Virtually all segments f the cmmunity are invlved thrugh varius cmpnents f the prgramme. Clients themselves are invlved thrugh pst-test clubs, children affected by HIV and AIDS thrugh their drama grups, and the church and cmmunity thrugh hme-based care prviders drawn frm the cmmunity. The hme-based care prviders als wrk clsely with persnnel frm gvernment and private health facilities. Invlving the cmmunity instils a sense f wnership f the prgramme and cntributes t sustainability. The 59 awareness raised thrugh the varius cmpnents has helped reduce stigma and discriminatin against PLWHAs. Maximizing impact thrugh a snwball effect: The apprach used t address the challenge f HIV and AIDS has gne a lng way twards maximizing the limited resurces available. The 30 trained hme-based care prviders currently supprt mre than 300 clients and by extensin members f 300 husehlds. In this way the prgramme is able t respnd t the pandemic n a scale that is far beynd that pssible with nly PDRP staff. Including men as hme-based care prviders: This t a large extent has helped t challenge the gender-based steretype that caring fr the infirm is exclusively fr wmen. Lessns Learnt Supprt must change t meet evlving needs. PLWHAs have a cntinuum f needs that change with the prgressin f the disease. These cncerns are Children s pst-test club members making handicrafts fr sale.

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