REFERENCES. Kabeer, N. (2008) : Gender Labour Markets and Poverty in ILO, Poverty In Focus, No. 13, January 2008, IPC, Brasilia

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1 REFERENCES Acharya, M. and Lynn Bennett (1981): "Rural Women of Nepal: An Aggregate Analysis and Summary of 8 Village Studies." The Status of Women in Nepal. Volume II, Part 9: Field Studies. Centre for Economic Development and Administration. Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University. Amin Rahul, Becker Stan and Byes Abdul (1998): NGO-Promoted Micro credit Programs and Women s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence, The Journal of Developing Areas, Winter,: Batliwala, S.( 1994) : "The meaning of women's : New concepts from action." Pp in Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment and Rights. G. Sen, A. Germain and L.C. Chen, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bennett, L. (2002) : Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion for Pro-poor Growth: A Theory of Social Change. Working Draft of Background Paper for the Social Development Strategy Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank. Bisnath, S. and Diane El Son.( 1999) : Women's Empowerment Revisited. Background paper, Progress of the World's Women. UNIFEM. Available on-line at org/progressww/empower. html. Domestic Violence Act (2005) : Article 21 of the Constitution on women s bodily integrity, Sections 375 and 376 of the Indian Penal Code, etc. Hashemi, S M, S R Schuler and A P Riley (1996): Rural Credit Programmes and Women s Empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development 24(4), pp International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International (2007): National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), : India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS. - - National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), : India: Volume II. Mumbai: IIPS. Kabeer, N. ( 2001) : Conflicts over credit: re-evaluating the potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh, World Development 29 (1), Kabeer, N. (2008) : Gender Labour Markets and Poverty in ILO, Poverty In Focus, No. 13, January 2008, IPC, Brasilia Malhotra, Anju, Schuler Sidney and Boender Carol (2002 ) :Measuring Women s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development, Paper commissioned by the Gender and Development Group of the World Bank, in support of an ongoing policy research effort on gender and development issues, and by the World Bank s Social Development Group, with funding from a Norwegian trust fund, as part of a larger study on Empowerment and Social Inclusion. 62

2 Narasimhan, Sakuntala(1999): Empowering Women: An Alternative Strategy from Rural India, Sage Publications. Narayan, D (2002): Empowerment and Poverty Reduction. A Sourcebook. The World Bank. Sadik, N(1988): Women, the Center of Development, Development, Vol. 1, Sen, G. and C. Grown. (1987) : Development, Crises, and Alternative Visions: Third World Women's Perspectives. New York: Monthly Review Press. Some key laws and policies include: Articles 14,15, 16, 39(a), 39 (d), Domestic Violence Act (2005), Sati Prevention Act (1987), Dowry Prohibition Act and Rules (1985), the establishment of the Commission on the Status on Women, at the National and State levels. Tillman Ellieson (2003): Problems of a Water Supply Project in India, Magazine for Development and Cooperation, Bonn, Germany,: Issue 05. The Asia foundation Women s Empowerment in India; An analytical overview by Reecha Upadhyay Women Key to Effective Development (December 6, 2001) World Bank Press) Engendering Development - Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice is a Policy Research Report by the World Bank 10 employees), World Bank (2001): Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice, New York: Oxford University Press,. World Bank (2002): "A Framework for Empowerment: Summary", Poverty Reduction Group, World Bank, Based on " Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook", The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)( 1994) : The Women's Equality and Empowerment University Press UN Division for the Advancement of Women (UNDAW) (2001) : Empowerment of Women Throughout the Life Cycle as a Transformative Strategy for Poverty Eradication. Report of the Expert Group Meeting, November. New Delhi, India. 63

3 REFERRED WEB SITES NFHS-- 3 Data analysis health-- maternal-- mortality 7.pdf preference.pdf against-- northeastern-- women.php (pg ) df india html Study/Executive-- Summary.pdf 64

4 labour.htm#working plans-- policy-- on-- domestic-- workers articles/attitude-- of-- corporate-- india-- towards-- working-- women html muenchen.de/4873/1/mpra_paper_4873.pdf 3/ (pg. 26)

5 APPENDIX A Micro level Study on the Empowerment of Women through Self-employment among Medar s Community Dear Respondents Women Empowerment Questionnaire This questionnaire Measures various aspects of Women Empowerment. Kindly provide the details below and answer the questionnaire. The answer provided by your will be kept strictly confidential and will be utilized only for research purpose. Your Name:. Age:.. Years:.. Educational Background: Primary/ Higher Primary / Higher Primary / High School / S.S.L.C / P.U.C / Degree / Others (Specify). Position: House Wife / Entrepreneur / Working Women / Any other (Specify) The following questionnaire contains various statements. Read carefully and answer one of the five options which you feel the best answer. There is no right or wrong answers. Five options are available Strongly agree (SA), agree (A), Can t say (CS), disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD). Please tick one of the five boxes for each statement which best first your answer. Knowledge, basic ideas and concepts 1 I know quite clearly the basic issues of women 2 The goals of women are well defined 3 The process of women provides opportunities for the development of women 4 Women facilitates best human relations in the families 5 Women has brought lot of reforms in the personalities of the women 6 Economic is the major objective of 66

6 7 The purpose of women is the comprehensive development of women 8 The women process is in a state of transition 9 The process of women refers to the gains in self confidence and dignity 10 Women are encourage to becoming leaders is their communities 11 Self respect and dignity of women are increased due to women 12 Women are started to participate in the wider society and economy 13 Women have learnt new knowledge, skills including management and literacy skills. 14 Women are having capacity to deal with disasters 15 Our culture and heritage provide a feeling of security and comfort to women in this competitive environment. 16 Women understands the necessity of organization 17 Patience and perseverance of women influence the policy environment 18 Egalitarianism, inclusive and participation are the values required for the process of 19 Flexibility in our family functioning encourages Women to shoulder the larger responsibilities 20 Leaders are born due to the 21 The Process of is mainly based an the Gandhi principles 22 The result of women is to provide minimum social security, access to least health care, child care, insurance and shelter. 23 The process of looks at the degree of autonomy and secures a source of income to repay their loan. 24 Decent work agenda advocates for productive opportunities with a fair wage, rights, personal development, fairness and gender equality. 25 Agriculture is the primary sector of women s 26 Most of the women are domestic works or informal factory works. 67

7 Social Empowerment 1 Women prefer to be a house wives 2 Most of the women contribute their families with the help of self entrepreneurial work 3 Women like to live along with their in laws 4 Women that their boy and girl children without any discrimination 5 Women want to provide proper education for their children 6 Most of the families provide and opportunity for women to participate in the decision making process 7 Women like to share the social responsibilities of the families 8 Most of the families encourage women to should any responsibilities 9 Our society promotes gender equality 10 Gender equality refers to state in which men and women have equal opportunities 11 Social affects the women s political activities of society 12 The status of women in increased due to social 13 Women understand the value of norms from the process of 14 Women has got a sacred social security y in our society Economic Empowerment 1 Women are interested in starting own enterprise to support their families 2 Most of the women are involved in subsidiary occupation 3 Self help groups provide opportunities for women to become economically independent. 4 Economic is the aim of women literacy 5 Women are handling the financial matters very well 6 Economic provides opportunities for the women to develop personal ambition. 7 Economic creates earning opportunities for the women 68

8 8 Education of women is always for the economic of the women 9 Legal knowledge is necessary for the of women 10 Women s education or access to lanes will empower women 11 Women are capable of managing any business effectively 12 Women are in a position to borrow and return the loans on time 13 Women have learnt the art of savings with the concept of SHGs 14 Women manage the economic resources very well 15 Women are not paid well 16 Women job are more likely to be in the informal economy 17 W omen are forced to work in the poor working conditions 18 Women rearming are well below those of male colleague Political Empowerment 1 Equality in political representation is necessary for the development of society 2 Equal representation must be given for women in the legislative bodies 3 Political improvement women will improve their ability of manage their lives 4 Women understand their rights due to political 5 Political provides access to education 6 Access to entrepreneurship will be increased by political 7 Women participation reefers to women s share and role in various activates of society 8 Empowerment is the process of increasing women s ability to access key resources 9 Political increases the decision making power of the women 10 Women are having the ability to publicly voice their opinions 11 Women representatives promote sound social policies 69

9 Barriers 1 Illiteracy is the major barrier for the of women 2 Lack of cultural readiness is a barrier 3 Improper political representation hampers the process of 4 Gender inequality affects the 5 Rigid social norms are the lacunas of 6 Lack of economic independence is a barrier for 7 Unethical restrictions blocks the 8 Restricted social environment blocks the process of 9 Traditional are not supporting the process of 10 There is absolute lack of communication in the process of Suggestions : 1 Social regulation regarding have to be modified 2 The awareness of women has to be widespread 3 Women have to be treated for with men 4 By providing proper representation women can be strengthened 5 Education process of women has to be strengthened further 6 Women s are encouraged to look after the financial activities 7 A mission should be created for the of women 8 Women should be encouraged to participate in political activities 9 Women should be encouraged to participate in Social activities 10 Women should be encouraged to participate in Cultural activities 11 Women should be encouraged to participate in Decision making activities 12 Women should be encouraged to participate in organization activities 13 Women should be encouraged to participate in values activities 14 Women should be encouraged to participate in leadership activities 15 Women should be encouraged to participate in training activities 70

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