IMPACT OF WOMAN S STATUS ON FERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN BANGLADESH: EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY,
|
|
- Thomasina Merritt
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 IMPACT OF WOMAN S STATUS ON FERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN BANGLADESH: EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY, M. ALAMGIR KABIR, M.M.H. KHAN, M. KABIR, MOHD. MUZIBUR RAHMAN AND MD. FAZLUL KARIM PATWARY INTRODUCTION Bangladesh gained independence on March 26, 1971 after a war of liberation from Pakistan. Though this country is very small in terms of area (only 147,570 in square kilometer), it was the ninth most populous country in the world in 2001 with an estimated population of around 123 million (male 62.7 million, female 60.4 million), whereas the population was only 42 million in According to census data, both fertility and mortality rates have been declining since For instance, the total fertility rate (TFR) has declined dramatically from 6.3 children per woman in to 3.3 in , a decline of 48% over a 25-year period. Crude death rate has fallen dramatically from about 19 per 1,000 people in 1975 to 8 in Infant mortality rate declined from 105 per 1,000 live births during to 66 per 1,000 live births during , an average rate of decline of nearly 4 infants per 1,000 live births per year. Maternal mortality declined from 6.2 deaths per 1,000 births in 1982 to 4.4 in About 80% of the people are still living in rural areas, 9 in 10 people are Muslims, and agriculture is the main sector of the nation s economy which accounted for 30% of the gross domestic product. 1 Women s status is multidimensional 2,3 which can be indicated by education, occupation/employment 2,3,4 respondents discussion of family planning with their partners 4 decision making, freedom of movement 5 age at marriage, political representation, and legal rights. 3 Kawachi M. Alamgir Kabir Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, M.M.H.Khan, Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan, M. Kabir, Professor, Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Mohd.Muzibur Rahman, Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Hiroshima University, Japan and Md. Fazlul Karim Patwary, Assistant Professor, Computer and Information Technology Institute, Jahangirnagar, University Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2 et al 6 mentioned that women s status can be assessed by four composite indices measuring women s political participation, economic autonomy, employment and earnings, and reproductive rights. Women s status is an important determinant of fertility 7 and all of its dimensions can play a crucial role in influencing their fertility. 8 It is also significantly associated with other outcomes such as contraceptive use 4 and mortality. 9 For instance, (i) the increasing status of women represented by education and occupation significantly decreases the number of children, (ii) the increasing status of women represented by education, occupation and discussion with partner significantly increases the ever-use of contraceptive method, and (iii) the increasing status of women represented by discussion with partner significantly increases the current use of contraception in Kazakhstan. 4 Lasee and Becker 10 showed that husband-wife communication, particularly the wife s perception of her husband s approval of family planning, was highly (odds ratio=4.2) associated with current contraceptive use. Number of living children and couple s educational level were also significantly related with contraceptive use. Chaudhury 11 found in Uganda that secondary or higher education, discussion of family planning with partners, and urban residence strongly influenced contraceptive use. In Pakistan, several factors including husband-wife communication showed significant influence on contraceptive use. 12 Salway 13 based on the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, reported that the wife s attitude towards family planning and discussion of family planning between spouses have significant independent effects on current contraceptive use. According to Tawiah, 14 the three most important variables affecting contraceptive use among currently married women were approval of family planning, discussion of family planning with their partners, and level of education. Respondents who approved family planning, who discussed family planning with their partners and who had higher education (at least secondary level) were 3-4 times more likely to be current contraceptive users as compared to their reference categories. Some more studies also reported that women who talked about family planning with their partners/ husbands were 2.1 times 15 and 1.5 times 16 more likely to currently use contraceptives than those who did not. Using the data of 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey, Ullah and Chakraborty 17 identified 12 important determinants of contraceptive use among women of reproductive age, of which women s education emerged as the most important factor, followed by women s participation in making decisions about family planning practice. According to Chaturvedi et al 18 in India, mother s education made the significantly largest contribution in decreasing the number of children. Larsen and Hollos 19 reported that declining fertility in Tanzania was associated with the factors that are related to the status of women, including women s education. Examining the impact of women s status through education, labour participation, and age at marriage on fertility in Pakistan, Sathar et al 20 found education as the most important factor for decreasing fertility. United Nations 21 has also observed a negative relationship between education and fertility in Pakistan, although the greatest effects were observed among women with post-primary education. The differences in fertility in Pakistan were mainly attributable to variation in marriage patterns by education. Uddin et al 22 reported that in rural Bangladesh more educated women and women who were employed with cash payment were more likely than other
3 women to be ever users of contraception. Similarly according to Vural et al 23 increasing literacy level significantly increased both contraceptive use and the participation of husbands in family planning decision making. The study of Oheneba-Sakyi 15 revealed that the likelihood of women currently using contraceptives was 1.5 times higher among those who had some education. Schuler and Hashemi 24 reported that employment for women was positively associated with contraceptive use in Bangladesh, because economic roles give them more autonomy and more control over important decisions affecting them and their families. Shapiro and Tambashe 25 also found in Zaire that women s employment is strongly associated with contraceptive use. Mother s occupation in India revealed significant association with number of living children 18. Above-mentioned literature revealed that family planning discussion between husbands and wives, education of women, and their occupation could play an important role in influencing the use of contraception, which ultimately influences the family size. Since the association of women s status with number of living children and contraceptive use are poorly studied and understood in Bangladesh, this study assessed the following hypotheses concerning the relationships of women s status with fertility and contraceptive use: Hypothesis I: The higher the status of the woman, the lower the number of children the woman had. Hypothesis II: The higher the status of the woman, the more likely she was an ever user of contraception. Hypothesis III: The higher the status of the woman, the more likely she is a current user of contraception. The findings of the study would help policy-makers and program managers in designing proper strategies, in Bangladesh. DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY The data for this study is from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), and was based on responses from a sample of women aged 10 to 49. A total of 10,544 women were interviewed, of whom 9,696 were currently married. Details of the study design including questionnaire are to be found elsewhere. 1 Briefly, detailed information was collected concerning the socio-demographic characteristics of individual respondents, their contraceptive use and fertility preferences. Based on the above-mentioned hypotheses, three dependent variables were selected for analysis. These were: i) The number of living children among married women. ii) Whether the woman was an ever user of a (modern or traditional) contraceptive method. Answer was coded as either yes (1) or no (0). iii) Whether the woman was a current user of a contraceptive method. Answer was coded as either yes (1) or no (0). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic regression techniques were used to estimate three models of the relationship between women s status and fertility and contraceptive use. Three independent variables, used to represent the status of women, were: Educational level of women This variable was coded into six categories: no education, incomplete
4 primary, complete primary, incomplete secondary, complete secondary, and higher education. Women s occupation Three categories (not working, unskilled occupation, skilled occupation) were used to measure the occupation of women. The women who engaged in agriculture, who were skilled and unskilled manual labor were considered as unskilled occupation. The women who were professionals, technicians, teachers, managers were considered as skilled occupation. Family planning discussion between husband and wife Since many studies used education of women, and their occupation as indicators of women s status, it was included in this study. However, the rationale of choosing family planning discussion with the partner as an indicator of women s status was that women who can discuss with, negotiate with, and influence their partner in the use of family planning and/or the number of children, they have would be considered of higher status. 4 Few more variables such as age (five year age groups from to 45-49), place of residence (urban, rural), region of residence (divided into 6 administrative divisions: Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet), religion (Muslim, others), number of dead children, and age at first marriage were used as control variables either in ordinary least square (OLS) regression or logistic regression model. Each variable was included in the model because of its importance to the dependent variables, which was explained elsewhere. 4 For instance, the urban-rural place of residence was included in the model to see the effect of urbanization on women in Bangladesh. Similarly, the variable relating to the number of dead children was included in the model to determine its effect on the use of contraceptive methods, where the rationale was that if a woman lost a child due to death, she may not use contraception in order to have another child. RESULTS Table 1 revealed the background information for total married women as well as for women who were not pregnant and amenorrheic during the survey. According to information, about 78% of married women ever used any method of contraception. To calculate the current rate of contraceptive users, we excluded those women who were not likely to use contraception due to pregnancy or amenorrheic status at the time of survey. Approximately 75% of this sub-sample was currently using any method of contraception. More than 40% women were illiterate and the rate of higher education was found very low (about 6%). Occupational statistics indicated that more than 80% of the married women did not have any job (were not working), about 17% belonged to the unskilled job category, and only 2% belonged to the skilled job category. About 46% of the married women had discussed family planning methods with their partners. More than 70% of the women were living in rural areas. Among the 6 administrative regions, the most number of women (24%) were from the Dhaka region, followed by Rajshahi (20%), Chittagong (18%), and Khulna (18%) regions respectively. Majority of the women (about 87%) were Muslin by religion, followed by Hindu (12%). About 30% of the women had lost at least one child. Number of living children and woman s status Table 2 revealed OLS regression coefficients (standardized) of the number of
5 TABLE 1 Background characteristics of all married women and the women not pregnant or amenorrheic in Bangladesh All married women (n=9696) Married women excluding not pregnant or amenorrheic (n=6493) Variables n % Variables n % Ever use of any method Current use of contraceptive Never use No Ever use Yes Education Education No education No education Incomplete primary Incomplete primary Complete primary Complete primary Incomplete secondary Incomplete secondary Complete secondary Complete secondary Higher Higher Occupation + Occupation Not working Not working Skilled Skilled Unskilled Unskilled Discussed FP with partner Discussed FP with partner No No Yes Yes Age Age Place of Residence Place of Residence Urban Urban Rural Rural Religion Religion Islam Islam Hinduism Hinduism Christianity Christianity Buddhism Buddhism Other Other 1 0 Region Region Barisal Barisal Chittagong Chittagong Dhaka Dhaka Khulna Khulna Rajshahi Rajshahi Sylhet Sylhet No. of children who died No. of children who died None None One or more One or more Mean no. of living children 2.58 Mean age at first marriage n=9647, n=9682, n=6454, n=6482
6 living children according to selected variables. The table showed that the women who had secondary (incomplete or complete) or higher education had significantly fewer children than those who had no education. Women with high-level jobs had significantly fewer children than those who were not working. The significantly negative relationship between number of living children and discussion of family planning with partner meant that the women who discussed family planning with their partner had significantly fewer numbers of children than that of the reference category. Among the control variables, age was significantly associated. Rural women had significantly more children than urban women. The women who belonged to Hindu and other religions had significantly fewer children than Muslim women. The regional statistics showed that women in Khulna had significantly fewer children than those in other regions. The relation between number of living children and number of children who have died was also statistically significant. Women who had lost one or more children had more children than those who did not. Age at first marriage was significantly negatively associated i.e., higher age at marriage was characterized by fewer living children. TABLE 2 OLS regression of number of living children with selected background characteristics for all married women, Bangladesh Variable Standardized co-efficient Education No education (r) Incomplete Primary (-.107) *** Complete Primary (-.108) *** Incomplete Secondary (-.255) *** Complete Secondary (-.135) *** Higher (-.209) *** Occupation Not working (r) Unskilled (.009) ** Skilled (-.017) ** Discussed FP with partner No (r) Yes (-.097) *** Age (-.156) *** (-.311) *** (-.174) *** (r) (.147) *** (.218) *** (.296) *** (.350) *** Place of residence Urban (r) Rural (.076) *** Religion Islam (r) Christian (-.041) *** Hinduism (-.013) Others (-.001) Region Barisal (.020) * Chittagong (.064) *** Dhaka (r) Khulna (-.033) ** Rajshahi (.005) Sylhet (.059) *** Number of children who died None (r) One or more (.338) *** Age at first marriage (-.243) *** n=9696, Notes: (r) indicates the reference group in each category. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.
7 Ever-use of contraception and woman s status Table 3 presented the odds ratio (ORs) of logistic regression analysis, which was employed for ever-use of contraception. The odds ratio indicated that education was positively significantly associated with ever-use of contraception. Higher level of education showed stronger level of association. For example, women who had higher education were 5.2 times more likely to have ever-used contraception than those who had no education. The odds ratio was only 3.3 times more for women who had completed secondary education as compared to the reference category. Women from the skilled job category showed significantly higher likelihood (1.6 times) of ever-use of any contraception than those who were not working. However, the difference was insignificant between the women who did not work and who belonged to the unskilled job category. The women who discussed family planning with their partners showed 3.5 times higher likelihood of ever-use of contraception than those who did not discuss. The odds ratio of all control variables revealed significant association with respect to ever-use of contraception. Current use of contraception and woman s status Table 3 also showed the ORs of logistic regression analysis, which was employed for current use of contraception. The table indicated that only the ORs of complete secondary (OR=1.5) and higher education (OR=1.5) were significantly different from the OR of reference category (OR=1). Women with skilled jobs showed significantly higher current use (1.5 times) of contraception than the reference category. Similarly, women who discussed family planning with their partner was 2.8 times more likely to be a current user of contraception than reference category. Older age groups showed significantly higher ORs as compared to reference category. Rural women revealed significantly lower current use of contraception currently than urban women. Muslim women showed significantly lower use of contraception than Hindu and Christian women. As compared to Barisal region, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet regions showed significantly lower use of contraception. Women who had lost one or more child were less likely to be a current contraceptive user than those who had not lost any child. TABLE 3 Odds ratios for ever-use and current use of contraception by women with selected background characteristics, Bangladesh Variable Odds ratios Ever-use Current-use Education No education (r) Incomplete Primary *** Complete Primary *** Incomplete Secondary *** Complete Secondary *** ** Higher *** *** Occupation Not working (r) Unskilled Skilled *** *** Discussed FP with partner No (r) Yes *** *** Age (r) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Place of residence Urban (r) Rural *** ***
8 Religion Islam (r) Christian * *** Hinduism ** Others Region Barisal (r) Chittagong *** *** Dhaka ** * Khulna Rajshahi ** Sylhet *** *** Number of children who died None (r) One or more *** 0.98 ** Total n=9696 n=6493 Notes: (r) indicates the reference group in each category. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P< DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the three selected variables of woman s status namely education, occupation and discussion of family planning with partner were strongly associated with number of living children, ever-use of contraception and current use of contraception. This analysis supports all the three hypotheses mentioned earlier. According to the findings, higher education, skilled jobs, and discussion about family planning with partner were related with having significantly fewer number of children. However, our result relating to discussion of family planning with partner and number of living children was not similar (opposite) to the result of Alsaawi and Adamchak. 4 Martin and Juarez 26 explained the mechanisms of the inverse relationship between fertility and education. The educational experience has long-lasting implications for women s lives because education serves as a source of knowledge and cognitive skills, as a resource that enhances economic opportunities and social mobility; and as a socialization process that shapes attitudes, values and aspirations. According to their findings, the impact of education on reproductive behavior can be presented through the proximate determinants of fertility, particularly marriage timing, breastfeeding duration and contraceptive use. Women s expectations from family life, spouse selection, patterns of conjugal interaction, power relationships or women s sense of control over their body and destiny, may also work. Education increases women s knowledge and exposure to mass media. Mass media can influence fertility attitudes and behavior by publicizing nontraditional life styles, including smaller families, and by creating a climate conducive to behavioral change. Access to the various means of fertility control increases with education. Education considerably enhances women s knowledge about their bodies and reproductive physiology. Better educated women have higher household incomes, tend to reside in urban areas, and have a higher standard of living. Educated women have a less fatalistic approach to life and a higher command over their reproduction. When no additional child is desired, better educated women are more likely than less educated women to find the means to implement their desires. Women s schedules of family formation, which affect completed life time fertility, vary considerably with education. Compared with less educated women, those with more schooling enter into union later, and therefore they are older when they initiate childbearing. Women with better education find it easier to get a satisfying and financially rewarding job. Education enhances women s control over their own incomes through increasing labor force participation. 26 In summary, three indicators of women s status such as education, occupation, and
9 family planning discussion may have important implications in raising the current use of contraception, which ultimately reduce the fertility level and help to reach replacement level fertility. Since majority of women are still illiterate, unemployed, and not discussing family planning with their partners in Bangladesh, proper strategies should be implemented to improve the present condition. Women should be motivated to complete their education at least up to the secondary level. Information, education and communication (IEC) activities should continue to focus on the importance of dialogue between the husband and wife. REFERENCES 1. National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates (MA), and ORC Macro (ORCM). Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, Maryland, USA, Govindasamy, P., and Malhotra, A. Women s position and family planning in Egypt. Studies in Family Planning, 27(3): , Dixon-Mueller, R. Female empowerment and demographic process: moving beyond Cairo. Policy and Research Paper N o 13, Paris: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Alsaawi, M. and Adamchak D.J. Women s Status, fertility and contraceptive use in Kazakhstan. GENUS, LVI (n.1-2): , Al-Riyami, A.A. and Afifi, M. Determinants of women s fertility in Oman. Saudi Medical Journal, 24(7): , Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., Gupta, V. and Prothrow-Stith, D. Women s status and the health of women and men: a view from the States. Social Science & Medicine, 48(1): 21-32, Balk, D. Individual and community aspects of women s status and fertility in rural Bangladesh. Population Studies, 48(1): 21-45, Audinarayana, N. The effect of status of women on fertility in an urban setting in Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Social Work, 58(4): , Oppong, C. and Wéry, R. Women s Roles and Demographic Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, Policy and Research Paper No.5, Paris, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Lasee, A. and Becker, S. Husband-wife communication about family planning and contraceptive use in Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, 23(1): & 33, Chaudhury, R.H. The influence of female education, labor force participation and age at marriage on fertility behavior in Bangladesh. Social Biology, 31(1-2): 59-74, Mahmood, N. and Ringheim, K. Factors affecting contraceptive use in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, 35(1): 1-22, Salway, S. How attitudes toward family planning and discussion between wives and husbands affect contraceptive use in Ghana. International Family Planning Perspectives, 20(2): & 74, Tawiah, E.O. Factors affecting contraceptive use in Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science, 29(2): , Oheneba-Sakyi, Y. Determinants of current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women at the highest risk of pregnancy. Journal of Biosocial Science, 24(4): , Ullah, M.S. and Chakraborty, N. The use of modern and traditional methods of fertility control in Bangladesh: a multivariate analysis. Contraception, 50(4): , Ullah, M.S. and Chakraborty, N. Factors affecting the use of contraception in Bangladesh: a multivariate analysis. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 8(3): 19-30, Chaturvedi, H.K., Phukan, R.K. and Mahanta, J. Socio-economic factors and fertility or rural women: a study in upper Assam. Journal of Human Ecology, 9(2): , Larsen, U. and Hollos, M. Women s empowerment and fertility decline among the Pare of Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania. Social Science & Medicine, 57(6): , 2003.
10 20. Sathar, Z., Crook N., Callum, C. and Kazi, S. Women s status and fertility change in Pakistan, Population and Development Review, 14(3): , United Nations. Women s status and fertility in Pakistan: recent evidence. New York: Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Uddin, M.M., Kabir, M., Choudhury, S.R., Ahmed, T. and Bhuyan, M.R. Rural-urban differential in contraceptive use status in Bangladesh. Rural Demography, 12(1-2): 1-20, Vural, B., Vural, F., Diker, J., and Yucesoy, I. Factors affecting contraceptive use and behavior in Kocaeli, Turkey. Adv Contracept., 15(4): , Schuler, R. and Hashemi, S.M. Credit programs, women s empowerment, and contraceptive use in rural Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 25(2): 65 76, Shapiro, D. and Tambashe, B.O. The impact of women s employment and education on contraceptive use and abortion in Kinshasa, Zaire. Studies in Family Planning, 25(2): , Martin, T.C., and Juarez, F. The impact of women s education on fertility in Latin America: searching for explanations. International Family Planning Perspectives, 21(2): & 80, 1995.
How Does Women s Empowerment Affect Fertility Preference? A Cross-Country Study of Southeast Asia
Suggested citation: Theresa Petray and Anne Stephens (eds) Proceedings of The Australian Sociological Association Conference, Cairns, 23-26 November 2015. ISBN: 978-0-646-94798-3 How Does Women s Empowerment
More informationA study on the factors affecting the use of contraception in Bangladesh
International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics (ISSN-2250-9941) Vol. 1(7) pp. 178-183, August, 2011 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/irjbb Copyright 2011 International
More informationPresent Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladesh
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) E-ISSN: 2321 4767 P-ISSN: 2321-4759 Volume 4 Issue 8 October. 2016 PP-31-38 Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladesh Gowranga
More informationAbstract. Jahirul Islam (1) Shahin Reza (2)
Determinants of Current Contraception Use among the Evermarried Females in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh Jahirul Islam (1) Shahin Reza (2) (1) Md. Jahirul Islam Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
More informationInfertility in Ethiopia: prevalence and associated risk factors
Infertility in Ethiopia: prevalence and associated risk factors Fikrewold Haddis, Ethiopian Public Health Association Daniel Sahleyesus, University of Colorado at Boulder Biruk Tensou, Addis Ababa Mortality
More informationCONTRACEPTIVE USE AND METHOD CHOICE IN URBAN SLUM OF BANGLADESH
CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND METHOD CHOICE IN URBAN SLUM OF BANGLADESH (Draft version) A paper presented in the International Conference on Family Planning: Research and Best Practices 15-18 November, 2009 Kampala,
More informationWomen s Autonomy and Reproductive Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Bangladesh: Further Analysis of the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey
Biomedical Statistics and Informatics 2018; 3(2): 22-28 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/bsi doi: 10.11648/j.bsi.20180302.13 ISSN: 2578-871X (Print); ISSN: 2578-8728 (Online) Women s Autonomy and
More informationFactors affecting on current contraception use among currently married women in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 4, Ver. 07 (Apr. 2016) PP 22-30 e-issn: 2279-0837, p-issn: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Factors affecting on current contraception
More informationFERTILITY, FERTILITY INHIBITING EFFECTS AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG INDIGENOUS WOMEN IN BANGLADESH
FERTILITY, FERTILITY INHIBITING EFFECTS AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG INDIGENOUS WOMEN IN BANGLADESH S. M. Mostafa Kamal Paper prepared to present in the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference 27
More informationExamination of the knowledge and awareness about AIDS in urban and rural women of Bangladesh
International Scholars Journals International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN: 2326-7291 Vol. 5 (5), pp. 259-266, May, 2016. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org International
More informationAnalyzing Bongaarts model and its applications in the context of Bangladesh
9th International ongress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia, 6 December 0 http://mssanz.org.au/modsim0 Analyzing Bongaarts model and its applications in the context of Bangladesh Tanha Mahjabeen
More informationWomen s Empowerment and Health Care Seeking Behavior in Bangladesh: Measurement and Model Fitting of Empowerment
Women s Empowerment and Health Care Seeking Behavior in Bangladesh: Measurement and Model Fitting of Empowerment Abstract The aim of the present study is to estimate the women empowerment index value in
More informationSocio-Demographic Factors Differently Associate with Contraceptive Use Among Older Women in Comparison with Younger Women in Bangladesh.
Socio-Demographic Factors Differently Associate with Contraceptive Use Among Older Women in Comparison with Younger Women in Bangladesh. Md. Shahidul Islam (Corresponding author) MSS(Thesis).Department
More informationTRENDS AND DIFFERENTIALS IN FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING INDICATORS IN JHARKHAND
Journal of Economic & Social Development, Vol. - XI, No. 1, June 2015 ISSN 0973-886X 129 TRENDS AND DIFFERENTIALS IN FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING INDICATORS IN JHARKHAND Rajnee Kumari* Fertility and Family
More informationThe determinants of use of postnatal care services for Mothers: does differential exists between urban and rural areas in Bangladesh?
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Epidemiology Volume 8 Number 1 The determinants of use of postnatal care services for Mothers: does differential exists between urban and rural areas in Bangladesh? M
More informationWomen s Autonomy and Uptake of Contraception in Bangladesh. Nashid Kamal
Women s Autonomy and Uptake of Contraception in Bangladesh Nashid Kamal 1 Acknowledging the need for gender equity as a major input towards fertility control and hence fertility decline, the Bangladeshi
More informationTechnical appendix Strengthening accountability through media in Bangladesh: final evaluation
Technical appendix Strengthening accountability through media in Bangladesh: final evaluation July 2017 Research and Learning Contents Introduction... 3 1. Survey sampling methodology... 4 2. Regression
More informationUsing the Bongaarts model in explaining fertility decline in Urban areas of Uganda. Lubaale Yovani Adulamu Moses 1. Joseph Barnes Kayizzi 2
Using the Bongaarts model in explaining fertility decline in Urban areas of Uganda By Lubaale Yovani Adulamu Moses 1 Joseph Barnes Kayizzi 2 A paper to be presented during the Fifth African Population
More informationPopulation Council. Extended Abstract Prepared for the 2016 Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings Washington, DC
Title: Exploring Impact of BALIKA program on Adolescent Reproductive Health Knowledge, Perceptions about Gender Violence, and Behavior among Girls in Rural Bangladesh Population Council Extended Abstract
More informationErin Pearson 1, Kamal Kanti Biswas 2, Rezwana Chowdhury 3, Kathryn Andersen 4, Sharmin Sultana 5, S.M. Shahidullah 6. School of Public Health
Individual, Family, and Provider Encounter Level Determinants of Short-term Post-abortion Contraceptive Uptake, Method Selection and Discontinuation in Bangladesh Erin Pearson 1, Kamal Kanti Biswas 2,
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Social Factors on Fertility Behaviour among Rural Women in Tiruchirappalli District, Geetha
More informationINVOLVEMENT OF MEN IN FAMILY PLANNNG: USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY MEN IN INDIA. Rima Ghosh
INVOLVEMENT OF MEN IN FAMILY PLANNNG: USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY MEN IN INDIA. Rima Ghosh ABSTRACT: Men often play the dominant roles in decisions crucial to reproductive health of women. However, family
More informationMATERNAL HEALTH CARE IN FIVE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE IN FIVE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES E. O. TAWIAH Ph.D REGIONAL INSTITUTE FOR POPULATION STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF GHANA P. O. BOX LG 96 LEGON, GHANA Email: etawiah@ug.edu.gh etawiah@hotmail.com
More informationInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): Index Copernicus Value (2015): Impact Factor (2015): 6.
Determinants of Unmet Need for Contraception among Currently Married Women in Oromia National Regional State; Evidence from Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey Data Sintayehu Teka Bedhadha Jimma University,
More informationReproductive Health status of Women in few villages of Bangladesh
Original article: Reproductive Health status of Women in few villages of Bangladesh Akhi Khatun 1*, Md Kabir 2 1 City Clinic, Dinajpur, Bangladesh 2Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding
More informationContraceptive Use Dynamics in South Asia: The Way Forward
Contraceptive Use Dynamics in South Asia: The Way Forward Authors Manas R. Pradhan 1, H. Reddy 2, N. Mishra 3, H. Nayak 4, Draft Paper for Presentation in the Poster Session 103 at the 27 th IUSSP Conference,
More informationContraceptive Acceptance among Eligible Couples Residing in Rajshahi City Corporation
TAJ June 27; Volume 2 Number 1 ISSN 119-8555 The Journal of Teachers Association RMC, Rajshahi Original Article Contraceptive Acceptance among Eligible Couples Residing in Rajshahi City Corporation S Sultana
More informationFactors influencing the use of contraception in an urban slum in Karachi, Pakistan
Factors influencing the use of contraception in an urban slum in Karachi, Pakistan Abstract Rennie M. D'Souza Family planning is a health and an economic priority for Pakistan. Contraceptive prevalence
More informationHigh Fertility Regions In. A Marriage Cohort Analysis
Working Paper A11/02 Applications and Policy High Fertility Regions In Bangladesh: A Marriage Cohort Analysis Sabina Islam, Mohammad Amirul Islam, Sabu S. Padmadas Abstract Bangladesh represents one of
More informationISPUB.COM. M Haque INTRODUCTION
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Health Volume 8 Number 2 Individual's Characteristics Affecting Maternal Health Services Utilization: Married Adolescents And Their Use Of Maternal Health Services In
More informationDeterminants of women s fertility in Oman
Determinants of women s fertility in Oman Asya A. Al-Riyami, BSc, PhD, Mustafa Afifi, MMed, DrPH. ABSTRACT Objective: International studies have the inverse relationship of women education and empowerment
More informationHuman Fertility Behaviors in Bangladesh: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Human Fertility Behaviors in Bangladesh: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis MD. MOSHARAF HOSSAIN & J. A. M. SHOQUILUER RAHMAN Departments of Population Science & HRD, University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 605,
More informationPressurized Population Growth with Progressive Health facility, Life Expectancy and Declining Death in Bangladesh
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Vol. 4(1), 1-1, October (215) Pressurized Population Growth with Progressive Health facility, Life Expectancy and Declining Death in Bangladesh
More informationDoes Empowerment of Women helps in use of Maternal Health Care Services in India: Evidences from North-East Region
Does Empowerment of Women helps in use of Maternal Health Care Services in India: Evidences from North-East Region Introduction Near about 500,000 women die every year because of pregnancy related complications
More informationEconomic Development Rural Women s Empowerment & Reproductive Health
Economic Development Rural Women s Empowerment & Reproductive Health Carol Vlassoff University of Ottawa, Canada (ruralindiawomencvlassoff.com) World Bank June 5, 2014 Methodology Longitudinal study, 1975-76,
More informationWomen s Paid Labor Force Participation and Child Immunization: A Multilevel Model Laurie F. DeRose Kali-Ahset Amen University of Maryland
Women s Paid Labor Force Participation and Child Immunization: A Multilevel Model Laurie F. DeRose Kali-Ahset Amen University of Maryland September 23, 2005 We estimate the effect of women s cash work
More informationASSESSMENT OF KEY DIMENSIONS AND DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT IN BANGLADESH
ASSESSMENT OF KEY DIMENSIONS AND DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT IN BANGLADESH Rajib Dey, Assistant Professor Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Email: rajib_dey2002@yahoo.com
More informationGender Attitudes and Male Involvement in Maternal Health Care in Rwanda. Soumya Alva. ICF Macro
Gender Attitudes and Male Involvement in Maternal Health Care in Rwanda Soumya Alva ICF Macro Email: salva@icfi.com Abstract: Although the emphasis in global reproductive health programming in developing
More informationEFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE PREFERENCE FOR THE SEX OF CHILDREN BY WOMEN IN AHMEDABAD DISTRICT
HPPI, Health Vol. and 32 Population: (4), 2009 Perspectives and Issues Vol. 32 (4), 184-189, 2009 EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE PREFERENCE FOR THE SEX OF CHILDREN BY WOMEN IN AHMEDABAD DISTRICT
More informationThe influence of husbands on contraceptive use by Bangladeshi women
HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING; 15(1): 43 51 Oxford University Press 2000 The influence of husbands on contraceptive use by Bangladeshi women NASHID KAMAL School of Environmental Science and Management, Independent
More informationFamily Planning Programs and Fertility Preferences in Northern Ghana. Abstract
Family Planning Programs and Fertility Preferences in Northern Ghana Abstract This paper contributes to understanding the associations between a culturally sensitive family planning program and fertility
More informationModelling the impact of poverty on contraceptive choices in. Indian states
Int. Statistical Inst.: Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2, Dublin (Session STS67) p.3649 Modelling the impact of poverty on contraceptive choices in Indian states Oliveira, Isabel Tiago ISCTE Lisbon
More informationRecent Status of Education, Employment and Empowerment of Women in West Bengal
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2017 263 Recent Status of Education, Employment and Empowerment of Women in West Bengal Raju Sarkar Research Scholar,
More informationDHS COMPARATIVE STUDIES
DHS COMPARATIVE STUDIES DHS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) is a 13-year project to assist government and private agencies in developing countries to conduct nationa!
More informationTesting the Relationship between Female Labour Force Participation and Fertility in Nigeria
Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p1322 Abstract Testing the Relationship between Female Labour Force Participation and Fertility in Nigeria Oyeyemi Omodadepo Adebiyi Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance,
More informationWomens Status, Household Structure and the Utilization of Maternal Health Services in Haryana (India)
J. Stat. Appl. Pro. Lett. 4, No. 1, 1-10 (2017) 1 Journal of Statistics Applications & Probability Letters An International Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/jsapl/040101 Womens Status, Household Structure
More informationLevels and Predictors of Condom Use in Extramarital Sex among Women in Four sub- Saharan African Countries
Levels and Predictors of Condom Use in Extramarital Sex among Women in Four sub- Saharan African Countries Onipede Wusu, PhD Department of Sociology, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria onipedewusu@yahoo.com;
More informationSituations of fertility stall in sub-saharan Africa
Paper prepared for the UAPS conference Arusha, Tanzania, 10-14 December 2007 Session 83: "Stalling fertility: a trans-national perspective" Situations of fertility stall in sub-saharan Africa By Michel
More informationIntra National Variations in Fertility Levels and Trend in Nigeria
Futo Journal Series (FUTOJNLS) e-issn : 2476-8456 p-issn : 2467-8325 Volume-3, Issue-1, pp- 200-208 www.futojnls.org Research Paper July 2017 Intra National Variations in Fertility Levels and Trend in
More informationImpact of Sterilization on Fertility in Southern India
Impact of Sterilization on Fertility in Southern India Background The first two international conferences on population were mainly focused on the need for curtailing rapid population growth by placing
More informationWomen Empowerment and Maternal Health Care Utilisation in North-East India
Journal of North East India Studies Vol. 4(2), Jul-Dec. 2014, pp. 69-80. Women Empowerment and Maternal Health Care Utilisation in North-East India Mousumi Gogoi Maternal health care services have always
More informationDifferentials in the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services in EAG states of India
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Differentials in the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services in EAG states of India Rakesh Kumar Singh 1 and Shraboni Patra 2 International
More informationCHAPTER TWO: TRENDS IN FAMILY PLANNING USE AND PUBLIC SECTOR OUTLAY IN INDIA
CHAPTER TWO: TREDS I FAMILY PLAIG USE AD PUBLIC SECTOR OUTLAY I IDIA 2.1 Introduction: This chapter examines the trends in use of family planning methods, changes in use of family planning methods over
More informationAccess to reproductive health care global significance and conceptual challenges
08_XXX_MM1 Access to reproductive health care global significance and conceptual challenges Dr Lale Say World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research From Research to Practice:
More information1. Which of the following is an addition to components of reproductive health under the new paradigm
Population Change and Public Health Exercise 11A 1. Which of the following is an addition to components of reproductive health under the new paradigm A. Safe motherhood B. Provision of family planning
More informationEthnicity and Maternal Health Care Utilization in Nigeria: the Role of Diversity and Homogeneity
Ethnicity and Maternal Health Care Utilization in Nigeria: the Role of Diversity and Homogeneity In spite of the significant improvements in the health of women worldwide, maternal mortality ratio has
More informationKey Results November, 2016
Child Well-Being Survey in Urban s of Bangladesh Key Results November, 2016 Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) Statistics and Informatics (SID) Ministry
More informationKnowledge of family planning and current use of contraceptive methods among currently married women in Uttar Pradesh, India
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Kerketta S et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2015 Nov;2(4):449-455 http://www.ijcmph.com pissn 2394-6032 eissn 2394-6040 Research Article
More informationWomen empowerment through health seeking behavior in Bangladesh: Evidence from a national survey
South East Asia Journal Of Public Health ISSN: 2220-9476 ISSN: 2313-531X (Online) Women empowerment through health seeking behavior in Bangladesh: Evidence from a national survey Md. Nazmul Hasan 1, M
More informationFERTILITY 22/02/17. SOC 468- Demography and Population Studies. Fertility vs. Fecundity. Fertility: number of children born to a woman
FERTILITY SOC 468- Demography and Population Studies Fertility vs. Fecundity Fertility: number of children born to a woman Fecundity: physical ability of women to give birth Total fertility rate (TFR):
More informationFamily planning service utilization in Mojo town, Ethiopia: A population based study
Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(6), pp. 355-363, June 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jgrp ISSN 2070-1845 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Family
More informationHEATH COMMUNICATION COMPONENT. Endline Survey: Summary of Key Results
HEATH COMMUNICATION COMPONENT Endline Survey: Summary of Key Results Contact: Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs 111 Market Place, Suite 310 Baltimore, MD 21202 USA Telephone: +1-410-659-6300
More informationRelationship between Contraceptive Prevalence Rate and Total Fertility Rate: Revisiting the Empirical Model
Abstract Journal of Population and Development Volume 1 December 2014, Pp.1-14 Relationship between Contraceptive Prevalence Rate and Total Fertility Rate: Revisiting the Empirical Model Ahbab Mohammad
More informationFACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHOICE OF POST-ABORTION CONTRACEPTIVE IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA. University of California, Berkeley, USA
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHOICE OF POST-ABORTION CONTRACEPTIVE IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA Ndola Prata 1, Caitlin Gerdts 1, Martine Holston, Yilma Melkamu 1 Bixby Center for Population, Health, and Sustainability;
More informationContraceptive Use, Method Choice and Discontinuation of Contraception in South Asia
American Journal of Sociological Research 2017, 7(4): 109-116 DOI: 10.5923/j.sociology.20170704.02 Contraceptive Use, Method Choice and Discontinuation of Contraception in South Asia Md Kamrul Islam Department
More informationOBSTACLES IN THE USE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG MUSLIMS
157 OBSTACLES IN THE USE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG MUSLIMS Shaikh Tayyaba K.R.A Ph.D Research Scholar, at Department of Geography, Pune University, Pune-India & Research Officer at CEHAT, Mumbai-India Dr.
More informationAre Status of Women and Contraceptive Prevalence Correlated in Pakistan?
The Pakistan Development Review 39 : 4 Part II (Winter 2000) pp. 1057 1073 Are Status of Women and Contraceptive Prevalence Correlated in Pakistan? ABDUL HAKIM 1. BACKGROUND Pakistan with an estimated
More informationFERTILITY REGULATION 5
FERTILITY REGULATION 5 5.1 KNOWLEDGE OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS Information on knowledge of family planning methods was collected by asking female respondents to name ways or methods by which a couple
More informationDomestic Violence And Reproductive Health Among Young Married Woman In India: An Exploration From NFHS-II
IUSSP Conference, Tours, France, 18-23 July 2005-06-15 Domestic Violence And Reproductive Health Among Young Married Woman In India: An Exploration From NFHS-II By Sudeshna Ghosh & Sanjay K. Mohanty Background:
More informationAbstract. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(1): 27-34, 2015 (June)
Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(1): 27-34, 2015 (June) DO INCREASING LEGAL AGE AT MARRIAGE AND INCREASED USE OF CONTRACEPTION WILL MATTER TO ACHIEVE DEMOGRAPHIC GOAL: REVISITING THE ROLE OF PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS
More informationLevel of Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Ever Married Women in Bangladesh
Food and Public Health 2012, 2(3): 73-78 DOI: 10.5923/j.fph.20120203.03 Level of Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Ever Married Women in Bangladesh Md Nazrul Islam Mondal *, Md Mahfuzar Rahman, Md Obaidur
More information3 Knowledge and Use of Contraception
3 Knowledge and Use of Contraception Most of the men's surveys gathered detailed information about contraceptive knowledge, ever and current use, and intentions to use contraception in the future. The
More informationFertility transition in sub-saharan Africa: Translation of fertility preferences into reproductive behaviours
Fertility transition in sub-saharan Africa: Translation of fertility preferences into reproductive behaviours Kazuyo Machiyama, MPH, PhD Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene
More informationStudy of socio-economic determinants in family planning
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Valecha SM et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2015 May;2(2):107-111 http://www.ijcmph.com pissn 2394-6032 eissn 2394-6040 Research Article
More informationRegional variations in contraceptive use in Kenya: comparison of Nyanza, Coast and Central Provinces 1
Regional variations in contraceptive use in Kenya: comparison of Nyanza, Coast and Central Provinces 1 Abstract Murungaru Kimani, PhD Senior Lecturer, Population Studies and Research Institute (PSRI) University
More informationMaternal Malnutrition in Urban India: A Study of Indian Cities (Mega, Large and Small)
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Maternal Malnutrition in Urban India: A Study of Indian Cities (Mega, Large and Small) Abstract Yogendra Musahar * Centre for the Study
More informationDeterminants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Women of the Reproductive Age Group in Dawuro Zone, SNNPR, Southern Ethiopia
Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Women of the Reproductive Age Group in Dawuro Zone, SNNPR, Southern Ethiopia Terefe Dodicho Wolaita Sodo University, College of health sciences and
More informationFP2020 goals, age structural changes and poverty reduction strategies in Pakistan
FP2020 goals, age structural changes and poverty reduction strategies in Pakistan Abstract Family planning is a crucial and cost-effective intervention toward poverty reduction and accelerating dependency
More informationUNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING IN BANGLADESH A COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS
UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING IN BANGLADESH A COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BY MADHUSMITA
More informationThe Effect of HIV/AIDS on Fertility: What Role Are Proximate Determinants Playing? J. Alice Nixon University of Maryland
The Effect of HIV/AIDS on Fertility: What Role Are Proximate Determinants Playing? J. Alice Nixon University of Maryland 1 The global fertility rate has dropped significantly over the past 50 years from
More informationWOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE LABOR FORCE OF BANGLADESH
WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE LABOR FORCE OF BANGLADESH Mohammad Zamirul Islam, Md. Fakrul Islam & Md. Nazrul Islam Mondal ABSTRACT Women constitute half of the total population. They put near about half
More informationPopulation and Reproductive Health Challenges in Eastern and Southern Africa: Policy and Program Implications
Population and Reproductive Health Challenges in Eastern and Southern Africa: Policy and Program Implications Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu REGIONAL MEETING OF SOUTHERN AN D EASTERN AFRICA PARLIAMENTARY ALLIANCE
More informationKnowledge and Use of Contraception among Currently Married Adolescent Women in India
Kamla-Raj 2009 Stud Home Comm Sci, 3(1): 43-49 (2009) Knowledge and Use of Contraception among Currently Married Adolescent Women in India Pralip Kumar Narzary Post Graduate Department of Population Studies,
More informationInfluence of Women s Empowerment on Maternal Health and Maternal Health Care Utilization: A Regional Look at Africa
Influence of Women s Empowerment on Maternal Health and Maternal Health Care Utilization: A Regional Look at Africa Kavita Singh and Shelah Bloom Background This paper addresses the important issues of
More informationMacquarie University ResearchOnline
Macquarie University ResearchOnline This is the author version of an article published as: Parr, N.J. (1998) 'Changes in the Factors Affecting Fertility in Ghana During the Early Stages of the Fertility
More informationAn exploratory note on the differences in health in the two Bengals
An exploratory note on the differences in health in the two Bengals Zubin Shroff, Victoria Fan, Rifat Hasan, Richard A. Cash Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA April 15, 2010 The historical separation
More informationFACTOR INFLUENCING OF CHILD IMMUNIZATION IN BANGLADESH. MOHITUL AMEEN AHMED MUSTAFI 1 1 Department of Business Administration
FACTOR INFLUENCING OF CHILD IMMUNIZATION IN BANGLADESH MOHITUL AMEEN AHMED MUSTAFI 1 1 Department of Business Administration Uttara University House No.05, Road No.12, Sector No.06, Uttara, Dhaka BANGLADESH
More informationFertility trends, timing and postponement
ANNQUEST DECEMBER 215 ISSN: 2321-343 www.stannsannquest.com Fertility trends, timing and postponement V.Sai Sri Kishore, Amala Bharath G S Abstract This paper addresses the issue of the trend and the level
More informationFertility intention and Subsequent Abortion in Matlab, Bangladesh
Fertility intention and Subsequent Abortion in Matlab, Bangladesh Abdur Razzaque Kapil Ahmed Nurul Alam Jeroen van Ginneken Health and Demographic Surveillance System Public Health Sciences Division ICDDR,B:
More informationContraceptive Counseling Challenges in the Arab World. The Arab World. Contraception in the Arab World. Introduction
26-06- 2013 Contraceptive Counseling Challenges in the Arab World 1 Introduction 2 Contraception is a cornerstone in reproductive health (RH) One of the main fertility determinants in any community is
More informationPrevalence and Determinants of Contraceptive use among Employed and Unemployed Women in Bangladesh
International Journal of MCH and AIDS (2016), Volume 5, Issue 2, 92-102 Available online at www.mchandaids.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of MCH and AIDS ISSN 2161-864X (Online) ISSN 2161-8674 (Print) DOI:
More informationGender Dimensions of Demographic Change in Pakistan
The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 4 Part II (Winter 1998) pp. 37:4, 705 725 Gender Dimensions of Demographic Change in Pakistan NAUSHIN MAHMOOD and DURR-E-NAYAB INTRODUCTION The achieving of equality
More informationChildlessness in India: Are we ready as developed countries
Childlessness in India: Are we ready as developed countries Praween Agrawal Abstract India observe double burden of fertility childlessness along with high fertility, which brings close to a developed
More informationChoice of place for childbirth: prevalence and correlates of utilization of health facilities in Chongwe district, Zambia
Choice of place for childbirth: prevalence and correlates of utilization of health facilities in Chongwe district, Zambia * Hazemba AN, Siziya S Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University
More informationThe Millennium Development Goals Report. asdf. Gender Chart UNITED NATIONS. Photo: Quoc Nguyen/ UNDP Picture This
The Millennium Development Goals Report Gender Chart asdf UNITED NATIONS Photo: Quoc Nguyen/ UNDP Picture This Goal Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Women in sub- are more likely than men to live in
More informationABORTION IN AFRICA. Guttmacher Institute March 2006
ABORTION IN AFRICA Guttmacher Institute March 2006 Overview Legal status Magnitude of abortion Consequences for survival and health Conditions of abortion provision Gaps and priorities Legal Status of
More informationMALE INVOLVEMENT IN FAMILY PLANNING DECISION MAKING IN ILE IFE, OSUN STATE.
MALE INVOLVEMENT IN FAMILY PLANNING DECISION MAKING IN ILE IFE, OSUN STATE. IJADUNOLA MACELLINA YINYINADE (M.D, M.P.H), IJADUNOLA K.T, ABIONA T.C, ESIMAI O.A, AFOLABI O.T OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE
More informationInstitutional information. Concepts and definitions
Goal: 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Target 5.6: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme
More informationTrends In Contraceptive Use Some Experiences From India and Her Neighbouring Countries
Trends In Contraceptive Use Some Experiences From India and Her Neighbouring Countries Sudeshna Ghosh, Associate Professor, Economics Department. Scottish Church College, India,* * Presentation at the
More informationDoes the Ethiopian Health Extension Programme improve contraceptive uptake for rural women?
Does the Ethiopian Health Extension Programme improve contraceptive uptake for rural women? Eshetu Gurmu 1,2 and Akim J. Mturi 1 1. Population Training and Research Unit, North-West University (Mafikeng
More information