GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

Transcription

1 BUILDING BLOCK GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS BLOCK 4 This building block offers a general outlook of gender statistics and gender sensitive indicators, and why they are important. The availability of sex-disaggregated data is the first step towards effective and efficient policy and programme planning. Gender statistics that adequately reflect gender inequalities allow to design interventions that can benefit both men and women. Who can use this building block? Every stakeholder involved in development cooperation. Contents What are gender statistics? 2 Why do we need gender statistics? 2 What are gender indicators? 3 Why do we need gender-sensitive indicators? 4 What is a good gender sensitive indicator? 5 International measurements 8 The limitations of gender-sensitive data 20 References and further reading 21 EU RESOURCE PACKAGE 1

2 What are gender statistics? The first step in gender statistics is the collection of data that is disaggregated by sex. However, there is a difference between sex-disaggregation and the provision of gender statistics. Gender statistics reflect gender issues, that is those aspects and concerns which describe how women and men interrelate, their differences in access to and use of resources, and how they react to social changes, and policies at large. Gender statistics will reveal gender inequalities or differences, making the specific effort to collect data on issues that affect one sex more than the other or relate to gender relations. The concepts, categories and definitions used in data collection need to be developed in a way that they can capture all the diversity of various groups of men and women, their activities and challenges. Gender bias should be avoided, such as underreporting on women s economic activity or violence against women, or undercount girls (births or deaths) (UNSD, 2013). Sex disaggregated data Labour force participation rate, % male Labour force participation rate, % female Qualitative indicator: Level of Confidence in the National Justice System Differences in opinions of men and women, e.g.: - confident - a bit confident - not confident Gender statistic Ratio of female to male labor force participation (in %) Existing discriminating laws Presence of discriminatory laws, laws that do not protect women s human rights, or customary laws and practices that preserve gender inequalities Why do we need gender statistics? Equality is a precondition for development effectiveness and social justice. Designing gender-sensitive policies, carrying out research and advocating for more equality are all activities that need data. Requesting gender statistics is asking for a more accurate and full description of the activities and characteristics of the whole population. Furthermore, the demand for gender statistics encourages statistical systems towards a reform to make them produce more relevant data (UNECE and World Bank, 2010; UNSD, 2013). Gender dimensions affect social and economic policies even when it is not immediately obvious. The availability of the evidence base to support gender analysis is important to the investigation, since without an understanding of the differences in the operation and effects of the policy on different population groups, such as on women and men, the full implications of the policy may not be understood and its objectives may not be fulfilled. Gender statistics in policy-making and in development programming Policy-makers, as well as development agents, represent strategic users of statistical data (UNECE, 2010). At the international level, UN legal and policy instruments provide the mandate for the development of policies on the advancement of women and gender 2 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

3 equality, as well as the production of the statistics required for the development of these policies. Gender statistics are also relevant for the development of policies and programmes that are not explicitly related to gender. It is necessary to investigate the gender aspect of a policy even though it seems not directly articulated in a way that draws attention to this interaction (UNECE, 2010). The following list provides examples of the kind of issues that need to be considered, when planning to use gender statistics in policy and programme-related processes. Identification of gender issues in society An existing gender issue in society needs greater knowledge. It could be a gender-aspect to a key policy (e.g. data on access to land in the context of poverty reduction) or a specific gender issue such as gender based violence. Production of gender statistics To produce gender statistics for the measurement of an identified problem, new instruments can be developed (e.g. a specific survey on GBV), or existing collection systems can be enhanced. Extra training should be offered to data collectors. Marketing and dissemination of gender statistics It s important that the data reach policy makers, development agents as well as advocates and CSO s, so that they can put pressure on decision-makers. Gender and policy analysis While national statistical agencies are often solely responsible for the production of statistics, other actors are involved in the analysis of the data, studying the meaning and the implications of the collected data. Use of gender analysis for policy actions and development programmes Facts and figures strengthen the position of a policy proponent or a development program. From a gender-perspective, the hope is that every intervention always promotes a movement towards gender equality. In the context of a policy dialogue, data favours a sensible and informed debate among the development stakeholders (beneficiaries and donors). Identification of gaps and formulation of new questions Governments ideally monitor policy implementation in respect of both outputs and outcomes. This monitoring informs policymakers on possible areas where knowledge is lacking or on how a policy should be adapted. Gender statistics to inform the general public Researchers, analysts, NGO s and the media are all fundamental data users who contribute to informing the public about gender issues. Gender statistics to improve the national statistical systems Gender statistics push the statistical domain itself towards better definitions, categories and data collection methods, avoiding stereotypes and unwanted biases. What are gender indicators? Indicators, in general, are used to indicate how differently one group performs by comparison to a norm or a reference group. 3 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

4 Gender indicators should show how women perform by comparison to men, what is their status relative to men s status, in areas such as education, formal work, access to resources, health or decision-making (UNSD, 2013). Gender-sensitive indicators are useful because they uncover gender-related inequalities. Mainstream indicators such as GNP tend to obscure or undervalue women's contribution to society. A good example concerns the measurement of women s work which is subject to more underreporting and misrepresentation than the work of men (UNECE, 2010). The female to male ratio of average time devoted to household activities as an indicator of gender gaps in unpaid work. This indicator gives an overview of gender disparities in caring responsibilities. In particular it captures how much less time women have to engage in other activities, such as paid labour, learning, engaging in a business network or skills training. It also captures country-specific features, such as access to child-care facilities as well as water infrastructure. The female to male ratio of total workload (both paid and unpaid work). This indicator gives an overview of gender disparities in discretionary time that is the total amount of time available (24 hours) minus the time spent at work. Measuring this residual time is critical since it is devoted to activities providing wellbeing, such as leisure, personal care and sleeping, participating in cultural and social activities or learning. While the time resources are shared equally by everyone, disparities in total workload capture gender inequality. This indicator can be a useful proxy of gender inequality in terms of deficit in discretionary time, or time poverty. In this case, time-use indicators can be used to examine the unequal distribution of unpaid work between women and men. Types of indicators Quantitative and qualitative indicators Quantitative indicators measure total numbers, percentages and amounts. They are needed for showing the average outcome, or the degree to which a goal or objective is achieved. Sources needed to use these indicators are sex-disaggregated data. Qualitative indicators reflect the opinions, perceptions and judgments of men and women about a certain issue. They are useful to understand processes, and the different impact a project process might have on the lives of men and women. Sources for these indicators are divers, such as focus groups, public hearings, interviews, opinion polls, or participatory appraisals. Why do we need gender-sensitive indicators? Gender-sensitive indicators are essential tools for monitoring and evaluation. Despite long-standing international commitments and the demonstrated benefits of addressing gender inequalities, incorporating gender perspectives into development work remains a significant challenge. One of the most important lessons is that actions to address gender inequalities must be explicit throughout development planning and programming if consistent progress is to be made towards gender equality. Without explicit objectives, strategies, targets, and actions to ensure women s equal participation and outcomes, the needs of women and girls continue to be overlooked. Identifying clear 4 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

5 indicators to measure gender equality results is essential to measure and improve performance. Indicators show how much progress has been made, but also how much still remains to be done (Asian Development Bank, 2013; BRIDGE, 2007). Indicators allow for better development planning and monitoring. Based upon the information given by the indicators, policies and development interventions can be adjusted to better achieve gender equality goals, or to reduce the adverse impacts. This way, governments and development agencies can be held accountable for their programming actions. By showing show the gaps between commitment and implementation and impact, gender sensitive indicators reveal if gender equality is merely a matter of rhetoric or instead a concrete goal for an organization or institutio (BRIDGE, 2007). What is a good gender sensitive indicator? The following criteria are features of a good indicator. Valid: measuring what the indicator is intended to measure. Specific: measuring only the particular aspect of the initiative it is intended to measure. Reliable: minimizing random error; and producing the same result consistently, given the same set of circumstances, including the same observer or respondent. Comparable: enabling comparisons of results or effectiveness over time, and in different contexts. Nondirectional: enabling a measurement of change in any direction. Precise: using clear, well-specified definitions. Feasible: able to be measured using available tools, methods, resources, and skills. Relevant: clearly linked to an input, output, or outcome of the policy, strategy, program, project, or initiative being measured. Verifiable: able to be proven or tested empirically. 5 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

6 Gender sensitive indicators at different levels for development programming Type of information Example of indicators Source Macro Changes in legislation/policy frameworks affecting gender equality Changes in national/sector budget allocation towards gender equality issues Changes in institutional performance regarding women s/gender issues, for example by creating or strengthening National Women s Machinery or institutionalizing gender mainstreaming in Ministries Changes in political participation by women and men at different levels, as reflected in voting patterns or representation of women in parliament Trends affecting gender roles and relations such as economic reform, migration of men to urban areas, introduction of new employment opportunities through trade liberalization, new technology, financial crisis, climate change, reconstruction, etc. Meso Changes in quantity/quality of gender-competent staff in partner government, NGOs, EU and other donors Changes in creation and use of tools and procedures to mainstream gender equality New initiatives/partnerships to create synergies for cooperation on gender issues Rates of employment/unemployment (female and male) in different sectors and at different levels Access to and control over productive assets (land, credit, vocational training) by men and women Access to basic services (education, health, water) by women/men, girls/boys Changes in budget allocation towards gender equality targets at this level. % of female representatives in national parliament % Labour force participation rates, female and male. Female employment rate in the agricultural sector % of agricultural land owned by women Primary completion rates, male and female. World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics: org/gender/thematic-data FAO Gender and Land Rights Database: 68 World Bank, Gender Equality Data and Statistics: org/gender/thematic-data 6 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

7 Type of information Example of indicators Source Micro Participation of women and men in project activities at community level Access to decision-making, project resources and services by women and men Changes in recruitment practices towards equal opportunities at the level of individual enterprises and/or organisations participating in the project Expected/unexpected project outcomes for women/men (compared with project objectives) Met/unmet practical and strategic needs of women and men (compared with expressed needs) Changes in project budget allocation towards gender equality targets at this level Changes in capacity for gender mainstreaming by project staff Emergence of new gender issues in the project or as a result of the project. Female and male participation rates to trainings, e.g. on financial and banking services, taxation, and business laws and regulations Number and percentage of micro, small, or mediumsized enterprises established or expanded by women and men; and number operational and profitable at project completion Percentage of women and men who received information on family planning and reproductive health issues Asian Development Bank, 2013, Tool Kit on Gender Equality Results and Indicators. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

8 International measurements International and regional gender indices are valuable because they allow a cross-national comparisons of gender equality, and condense complex data into clear messages about the achievements and gaps in gender equality. An index captures the bigger picture, and is thus a great advocacy tool to communicate the status and trends in gender (in)equality to a variety of stakeholders, decision-makers, donors and the general public. However, it is important to be aware that the aggregation of individual indicators into a composite index produces a summary statistic that loses specificity and may mask important information about individual indicators. GII Gender Inequality Index (UNDP): This is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: 1. Reproductive health, measuring maternal mortality and adolescent fertility 2. Empowerment, measuring parliamentary representation and educational attainment (secondary level and above 3. Labour market, measuring labour force participation For more information: SIGI - Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI): The SIGI is an interesting innovative measure especially in the dialogue on Good Governance, Human Rights and the Rule of Law. It measures the underlying drivers of gender inequality for countries. Instead of measuring gender gaps in outcomes such as employment and education, the SIGI instead captures discriminatory social institutions, such as early marriage, discriminatory inheritance practices, violence against women, son preference, restricted access to public space and restricted access to land and credit. (OECD, 2012). This index was launched in 2009 by the OECD Development Centre. For more information: World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) The Global Gender Gap Index was introduced by the World Economic Forum in It ranks countries on their gender gaps (not on their development level) by measuring gender-based disparities and tracking their progress. Regardless of the level of income and development, the Gender Gap Index reveals the differences in access to available resources and opportunities among women and men. Therefore the GGI is independent from countries level of development. It can be used as a benchmark of national gender gaps on economic, political, education- and health-based criteria. Moreover it provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups, and over time. For more information: Social Watch Gender Equity Index (GEI) 8 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

9 The Gender Equity Index (GEI) measures the gap between women and men in education, the economy and political empowerment. Social Watch computes a value for the gender gap in each of the three areas in a scale from 0 (when for example no women is educated at all and all men are) to 100 (perfect equality). The GEI, in turn, is the simple average of the three dimensions. In Education, GEI looks at the gender gap in enrolment at all levels and in literacy; economic participation computes the gaps in income and employment and empowerment measures the gaps in highly qualified jobs, parliament and senior executive positions 1. For more information: UNSD s minimum set of indicators The UN Statistics Division has developed a minimum set of 52 quantitative and 11 qualitative gender indicators. These are meant to address key policy concerns as identified in the Beijing Platform for Action and more recent international commitments. The 52 quantitative indicators are grouped over five thematic areas. Find a sample of the indicators in the table below: Area Economic participation in productive activities, access to resources Education Health and related services Human rights of women and girl children Public life and decision making Sample indicators Average number of hours spent on unpaid domestic work by sex; Note: Separate housework and childcare if possible Proportion of employed who are contributing family workers, by sex Proportion of adult population owning land, by sex Gender gap in Youth literacy rate of persons (15-24 years), by sex Proportion of females among tertiary education teachers or professors Effective transition rate from primary to secondary education (general programmes), by sex Educational attainment (primary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex Educational attainment (tertiary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex Contraceptive prevalence among women who are married or in a union, aged Maternal mortality ratio Proportion of births attended by skilled health professional Access to anti-retroviral drug, by sex Adult mortality years by cause Proportion of women aged subjected to physical or sexual violence in the last 12 months by an intimate partner Proportion of women aged subjected to physical or sexual violence in the last 12 months by persons other than intimate partner Prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (for relevant countries only) Percentage of women aged years old who were married or in a union before age 18 Women s share of government ministerial positions Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Women s share of managerial positions Share of female judges Share of female police officers 1 Quote from : 9 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

10 The 11 qualitative indicators are related to national norms. For example, in the area of Economic structures, participation in productive activities and access to resources they indicate to what extent a country is committed to gender equality in employment by verifying if it has ratified ILO s Convention n. 100 on equal remuneration for women and men, or ILO Convention n. 156 on workers with family responsibilities. In the area of Human Rights of Women and Girl Children it verifies if the country has expressed a reservation to article 16 of CEDAW. The full minimum set of quantitative and qualitative indicators is available at: The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda: gender equality targets and indicators Gender equality is an important SDG priority with a dedicated goal, but also cuts across most of the other SDG s. Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls includes a rich range of of targets and related indicators, which are illustrated in the following Table). A whole range of indicators associated with other goals also track dimensions of gender equality, for example: Contraceptive prevalence rate (SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages) Primary completion rates for girls and boys (SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all. Ratification and implementation of fundamental ILO labor standards and compliance in law and practice (SDG 8: Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All) Percentage of children under age 5 whose birth is registered with a civil authority (SDG 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.) To the maximum extent as possible, SDG indicators will be disaggregated by sex (Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2015). The indicators of the new SDGs are the backbone of the monitoring progress towards the SDGs at local, national, regional, and global levels. Lessons were learned from the MDG monitoring process, where some issues came up. For example, data came with too much of a time lag, and was often of poor quality. Too little investment had been done in developing strong statistical capacity to ensure effective real-time monitoring of the MDGs and to establish statistical standards and quality requirements. For the SDG indicators, the plan is to invest much more into independent and impartial national statistical capacities and strengthening the quality and standards (Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2015). 10 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

11 5.1 SDG 5 TARGETS End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere SDG 5 INDICATORS Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate 5.5 Ensure women s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence Proportion of women aged years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age Proportion of girls and women aged years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments and local governments Proportion of women in managerial positions 11 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

12 5.6 SDG 5 TARGETS Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences 5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws 5.B Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.C Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels SDG 5 INDICATORS Proportion of women aged years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee women aged years access to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education 5.A.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure 5.A.2 Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women s equal rights to land ownership and/or control 5.B.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex 5.C.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women s empowerment 12 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

13 The EU Gender Action Plan II Monitoring Framework The EU GAP II (Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: Transforming the Lives of Girls and Women through EU External Relations ) proposes a set of indicators to monitor the achievement of its goals: PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR A. Institutional cultural shift A.01. Increased coherence and coordination amongst EU institutions and with Member States. A. Institutional cultural shift A.02.Dedicated leadership on gender equality and girls and women s empowerment established in EU institutions and Member States Annually, N# of EU positions for key international agendas that included a focus on gender equality, and the rights of girls and women N# of political/ policy dialogues between EU actors and partners in the country that raise gender equality issues per year and at country level Status of the European Strategy for Equal Opportunities between Women and Men (Milestone 1 Strategy adopted; Milestone 2 Strategy implemented) N# of Member States programmes that support the achievement of the priorities identified in the SWD N# of partner countries where EUDs and EUMS have agreed on context specific measures from the SWD N# of partner countries with gender donor coordination mechanisms led by the EU on donor side N# of Human Rights country strategies that include gender equality as an objective N# of senior gender champions appointed at HQ and country level Whether a mechanism is established to consult external senior expertise on strategic and ad-hoc issues in relation to gender equality (e.g. advisory board) Ratio of women as EU Heads of Missions (Baseline 2014: 24%) N# of good practices highlighted in Institutional Annual Reports N# of corrective actions taken per year to improve performance on gender equality Perception by EU staff of management performance on gender (Source: annual survey) N# of rewards or equivalents handed out to management / programme staff as per agreed criteria Findings of final independent evaluation of EU leadership on gender equality Whether corporate reporting systems include a clear assessment of performance on the SWD objectives as a requirement N# of spot checks evaluating performance on gender equality per year Findings of independent evaluation of quality and reach of EU results for women and girls N# of SWD objectives EUDs and MSs select to report against at country level 13 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

14 PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR A. Institutional cultural shift A.03. Sufficient resources allocated by EU institutions and Member States to deliver on EU gender policy commitments. A. Institutional cultural shift A.04. Robust gender evidence used to inform all EU external spending, programming and policy making Change (increase or decrease) in dedicated funding to improving results for girls and women after reviews and 2017 MTR or equivalent N# of staff, disaggregated by level, trained on gender equality per year, and reporting changes in the way they work No. of gender focal persons trained per year Gender mainstreamed into all training provided No of Gender focal persons (or equivalent) who have 3 years of gender expertise and/or more than 5 years of technical experience in the field N# of job descriptions that contain gender equality as an area of responsibility, by seniority Gender point included in performance assessment systems for relevant staff (Management, Heads of Mission, Gender Focal Points etc.) EU gender resource package (i.e. research, capacity development and knowledge building material) on-line (by April 2016) Capacity4dev.eu user statistics on use of gender resources N# of queries responded to, disaggregated by thematic area N# of thematic, bilateral and regional programmes per year using gender analysis to inform design (EUD only) N# of thematic, bilateral and regional programmes per year using gender analysis to inform design (EUMS only) N# of programme evaluations per year that include an assessment of impact on women and girls Whether internal processes of methodological review are carried out to mainstream gender in quality assurance mechanisms (e.g. for the EC: Quality Support Group, etc.) N# of new Action Documents (or equivalent) commented and subsequently revised including for poor gender consideration N# of programmes using findings of consultations with National Gender Equality Mechanisms, CSOs, women's organisations, to inform action design (EUD) b N# of programmes using findings of consultations with National Gender Equality Mechanisms, CSOs, women's organisations, to inform action design (EU MS only) 14 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

15 PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR A. Institutional cultural shift A.05. Results for women and girls measured and resources allocated to systematically track progress Status of results monitoring on gender sensitive indicators % of results disaggregated where relevant by sex in Results Framework(s) Status of SWD indicators as compared to the SDGs N# of justifications for OECD Marker G0 scores % of new programmes that score G1 or G2 (Target: 85% of new programmes score G1 or G2 by 2020) A. Institutional cultural shift A.06. Partnerships fostered between EU and stakeholders to build national capacity for gender equality. B. Physical and Psychological Integrity B. Physical and Psychological Integrity B.07. Girls and women free from all forms of violence against them (VAWG) both in the public and in the private sphere. B.08. Trafficking of girls and women for all forms of exploitation eliminated N# of research projects co-financed by EU (EUD/MS) on gender related issues N# of programmes reporting improvement in quality and availability of sex-disaggregated/gender specific statistics through EU support N# of partner countries with gender coordination mechanisms that include (international) actors working locally N# of programmes for NGEM supported by EU N# of sector programmes working with the NGEM N# of projects building awareness of local and national media on gender issues in partner countries and supported by EU % of women aged who were married or in a union by age 15 (SDG 5.40) Mutilation and Cutting (SDG 5.41) Prevalence of girls and women who have experienced physical or sexual violence (by an intimate partner) in the last 12 months (SDG 5.38) % of referred cases of gender and sexual based violence against women and children % of girls and women aged years who have undergone Female Genital Mutilation and Cutting (SDG 5.41) N# of individuals directly benefiting from Justice, Rule of Law and Security Sector Reform programmes funded by by EU (EU RF) Measure of sex ratios and comparison of child mortality according to the gender N# countries that comply with recommendations from the Universal Periodic Review and UN Treaties (ref. CEDAW, CRC, UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Palermo Protocol) (adaptation of SDG 16.2) N# of individuals directly benefiting from trafficking programmes funded by EU 15 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

16 PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR B. Physical and Psychological Integrity B. Physical and Psychological Integrity B.09. Protection for all women and men of all ages from sexual and gender based violence in crisis situations; through EU supported operations B.10. Equal access to quality preventive, curative and rehabilitative physical and mental health care services for girls and women N# of EU Partner countries reporting a decrease in the incidence of sexual violence as a weapon of war 9.2. N# countries that comply with recommendations from the Universal Periodic Review and UN Treaties (SDG 16.2) 9.3. Number of violent deaths per 100,000 disaggregated by sex (EURF Level 1) 9.4. N# of refugees (SDG 16.89) 9.5. Losses from natural disasters by climate and non-climate related events (in US$ and lives lost) (SDG 11.6 cross reference) 9.6. N# of individuals directly benefiting from EU supported programmes that specifically aim to support civilian post-conflict peace building and/ or conflict prevention (EURF) 9.7. N# of EU funded humanitarian targeted actions that respond to GBV 9.8. % of peace keeping and peace building missions with specific provisions to improve the security and status of girls and women of all ages 9.9. N# of EU funded humanitarian programs marked 2 by the ECHO gender/age marker and/or Inter- Agency Standing Committee (IASC) marker N# of EU MS and partner country sign up to the global initiative Call to Action on Protection from GBV in emergencies % of people in malaria-endemic areas sleeping under insecticide-treated ben nets (SDG 3.11) Proportion of persons with a severe mental disorder (psychosis, bipolar affective disorder, or moderate severe de % of beneficiaries using hospitals, health centres, and clinics providing basic drinking water, adequate sanitation and adequate hygiene (SDG 6.5) N# of people with advance HIV infection receiving antiretroviral drugs with EU support (EURF) N# of 1-year olds immunised with EU support (EURF) B. Physical and Psychological Integrity B.11. Promoted, protected and fulfilled right of every individual to have full control over, and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality and sexual and reproductive Maternal mortality ratio Antenatal care services coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) (SDG3.2) % of women with cervical cancer screening (SDG 3.17) Met demand for family planning (SDG 5.44) % of young people receiving comprehensive sexuality education (SDG 5.5) N# of births attended by skilled personnel with EU support (EURF) 16 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

17 PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR health, free from discrimination, coercion and violence N# of women using any method of contraception with EU support (EURF) B. Physical and Psychological Integrity C. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Economic and Social Empowerment (where no specific objective selected) C. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Economic and Social Empowerment (where no specific objective selected) B.12. Healthy nutrition levels for girls and women and throughout their life cycle. C.13. Equal access for girls and women to all levels of quality education and vocational education and training (VET) free from discrimination C.14. Access to decent work for women of all ages % of children born with low birth weight (SDG 2.3) Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (SDG 2.8) % of women of reproductive age with anaemia (SDG 2.9) % of eligible population covered by national social protection programmes (SDG 1.4) N# of women of all ages, but especially at reproductive age, and children under 5 benefiting from nutrition related programmes with EU support (EURF) N# of food insecure people receiving assistance through social transfers supported by the EU (EURF) 13.1 Primary completion rate for girls and boys (SDG 4.33) 13.2 Secondary completion rate for girls and boys (SDG 4.35) 13.3 Tertiary enrolment rates for women and men (SDG 4.37) 13.4 Literacy rate of year-olds, women and men (SDG 4.5) 13.5 % of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary schools providing drinking water, adequate sanitation, and adequate hygiene services (SDG 6.4) 13.6 Personnel in Research and Development (per million inhabitants) (SDG 9.63) 13.7 N# of children enrolled in primary education with EU support (EURF) 13.8 N# of children enrolled in secondary education with EU support (EURF) 13.9 N# of teachers trained with EU support (EURF) Ratio of female to male who have benefitted from Vocational Education and Training / Skills development and other active labour market programmes with EU support (EURF) In EU partner countries, income share held by women in the lowest 40% of income distribution (EURF Level 1) Average number of hours spent on paid and unpaid work combined (total work burden) by sex (SDG 5.42) Share of women among the working poor: employed people living below $1.25 (PPP) per day (EURF Level 1) Employment to population ratio (EPR) by gender and age group (15-64) (SDG 8.5) 17 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

18 PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR C. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Economic and Social Empowerment (where no specific objective selected) C. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Economic and Social Empowerment (where no specific objective selected) C.15. Equal access by women to financial services, productive resources including land, trade and entrepreneurship. C.16. Equal access and control over clean water, energy, transport infrastructure, and equitable engagement in their management, enjoyed by girls and women Number of countries that have ratified and implemented fundamental ILO labour standards and complied in law and practice (SDG 8.57) Informal employment as a percentage of total non-agricultural employment, by sex (ECOSOC Minimum set of gender indicators, by domain I.9; measured by ILO) % women, men, indigenous peoples, and local communities with documented or recognised evidence of tenure (SDG 1.5) % women, men, indigenous peoples, and local communities who perceive the rights recognised and protected (SDG 1.5) Gender gap in wages, by sector in economic activity (SDG 5.1) GNI per capita (PPP, current US$ Atlas method) (SDG 8.54) Mobile broadband subscription per 100 inhabitants, by urban/ rural (SDG 9.59) N# of women receiving rural advisory services with EU support (EURF) N# of women and men who have secure tenure of land with EU support (EURF) N# of women accessing EU supported community level, (micro-) financial services (EURF) Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source (EURF Level 1) Road traffic deaths per 100,000 population (SDG 3.25) % of population using safely managed water services, by urban/ rural (SDG 6.45) % of population using safely managed sanitation services, by urban/ rural (SDG 6.46) Share of population using modern cooking solutions by urban/ rural (SDG 7.50) Share of population using reliable electricity by urban/ rural (SDG 7.51) N# of people with access to all season roads with EU support (EURF) N# of women of all ages provided with access to sustainable energy services with EU support (EURF) D.Thematic Priority D: Political and civil rights - Voice and Participation D.17. Equal rights and ability for women to participate in policy and governance processes at all levels Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (EURF Level 1) in EU Partner Countries Share of women on corporate boards of national/ multi-national corporations (SDG 5.2) Percentage of seats held by women and minorities in national parliament and or sub-national elected office according to their respectiv Representation of women among mediators, negotiators and technical experts in form N# of women benefiting from legal aid programmes supported by the EU (EURF) % of women candidates in national elections with EU support 18 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

19 PRIORITY OBJECTIVE INDICATOR D.Thematic Priority D: Political and civil rights - Voice and Participation D.18. Women's organisations and other CSOs and Human Rights Defenders working for gender equality and women s and girls empowerment and rights freely able to work and protected by law Number of countries carrying out gender-responsive budgeting at local and national level with EU support N# of women Human Rights Defenders who have received EU Support (EURF) N# of partner countries that guarantees the CSOs right to associate, secure funding, freedom of expression, access to information and participation in public life N# of Human Rights and Democracy Country Strategies that include gender equality objectives D.Thematic Priority D: Political and civil rights - Voice and Participation D.Thematic Priority D: Political and civil rights - Voice and Participation D.19. Challenged and changed discriminatory social norms and gender stereotypes. D.20. Equal rights enjoyed by women to participate in and influence decision-making processes on climate and environmental issues Number of countries that have a positive change in the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) rating % of women aged years who intend to cut their daughters (UNICEF data collection) N# of EU Partner Countries introducing quota systems to address discriminatory practices and improve women s representation in government institutions and decision making positions In EU Partner Countries, N# of communities that formally declare abandoning a practice that discriminates or harms girls and women of all ages Number of deaths per 100,000 from climate-related and natural disasters average over last ten years (disaggregated by sex) (EURF Level 1) 19 BUILDING BLOCK 4 GENDER STATISTICS AND INDICATORS

20 The limitations of gender-sensitive indicators and data As every type of indicator, also gender-sensitive indicators have their limitations. Acknowledging their limits is important for understanding what they can offer and what not, and to decide which tools or methods can fill the gaps (DANIDA Technical Advisory Service, 2006). It is difficult to find indicators that provide dyamic information on gender relations, on how they are shaped and can be changed. Indicator data is often based on census surveys, inclined to sex biases since they are collected by people that are unaware of gender issues, who apply imprecise definitions of key gender-related terms. Comparison among countries is not always possible. Statistical categories such as economic activity or literacy are defined in different ways in different countries. A benchmark issue exists: it is not always clear what changes should be measured against. For example: are the indicators measuring the status of women in a country vs. the status of men in that same country? Or are they measuring it against women in other countries? Or against a specific (national or international) target? Indicators tend not to be culturally sensitive and data collected in a non-participatory manner. Women and men from the target groups might measure changes against crucial cultural or local elements that are likely to be overseen by experts formulating the indicators on their behalf. In that case, important indications of changes in gender relations, or in the position of women in society, the household or the community might be neglected Indicators often show more the quantity of change rather than the quality. While achieving numerical equality is important, it is not enough. Men and women might achieve an equal employment rate, but nothing is said about the kind of employment women have. Boys and girls might achieve equal enrollment rates in primary school, but what do we know about their performance? In many developing countries, statistical data is outdated or imprecise, and the capacity to collect, analyse, disseminate and store the data is often inadequate. Introducing gender-disaggregated data collection can be a great burden to an already overloaded system. (DANIDA Technical Advisory Service, 2006). 20 EU RESOURCE PACKAGE ON GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION

21 Gender statistics databases World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics UNSD Statistics and Indicators on Men and women The UNECE Gender Statistics Database ILO SEGREGAT Database Sex disaggregated statistics on employment for over 80 countries. FAO Gender and Land Rights Database References and further reading UNECE. (2010). Developing Gender Statistics: a Practical Tool. UNSD. (2013, February 18). Gender Statistics Manual. Integrating a Gender Perspective into statistics. From Asian Development Bank. (2013). Tool Kit on Gender Equality Results and Indicators. BRIDGE. (2007). Gender and Indicators. Overview Report. EU Commission. (2011). Gender equality in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DANIDA Technical Advisory Service. (2006). Gender-Sensitive Monitoring And Indicators. Copenhagen. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (March 2015), Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals Launching a data revolution for the SDGs. A Report by the Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. European Commission. (2015). Joint Staff Working Document: "Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: Transforming the Lives of Girls and Women through EU External Relations EU RESOURCE PACKAGE ON GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION