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1 Supplemental Figure 1. Quality control of CD4 + T-cell purification. CD4 + T cells were isolated from the freshly drawn blood of healthy donors and ACS patients using the RosetteSep CD4 + T Cell Enrichment Kit (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada). Purity of isolated cells was monitored by flow cytometry of isolated cells following staining with anti-cd3-fitc, anti-cd8 PE, and anti-cd4 APC monoclonal antibodies. Representative density plots from two different donors are shown. Contaminating CD8 T cells were distinctly infrequent.

2

3 Supplemental Figure 2. Assessment of the molecular components and organization of the synapses formed between CD4 T cells and VSMC membranes. CD3/TCR complexes were labeled with AlexaFluor 488-conjugated anti-cd3 antibodies (green); LFA-1 was identified by AlexaFluor 555-labeled antibodies (red). Relocation of these molecules on the surface of CD4 T cells and clustering in the immunologic synapse were assessed by a Zeiss confocal laser-scanning LSM 510 META inverted microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, NY.). (A) Confocal images representative of different arrangements of CD3/TCR complexes at the interface between T cells and VSMCs are shown (upper panels). White lines indicate the membrane contact zone and plane of interface z-axis reconstruction. Interface images (insets) depict the distribution of CD3/TCR complexes. Lower panels show the green fluorescence as a heat blot for better quantitative visualization. Left: No clustering of labeled TCR molecules. Middle: Multifocal clustering with green CD3 complexes in an extended region of the T-cell membrane. Right: Central clustering with accumulation of TCR complexes (green) in a central position (c-smac) surrounded by a ring of LFA-1 molecules (red) (p-smac). (B) To quantify the distribution of CD3 molecules in the T-cell membrane, the cell surface was manually marked, and the fluorescence intensity of labeled molecules was recorded around the cell perimeter. The cellular background level for CD3 was defined as the maximal intensity of AlexaFluor 488 in isolated, non-attached T cells (dashed lines). The upper panel shows a T cell which did not show any evidence of CD3 clustering. Multifocal clustering of CD3/TCR was defined as a multi-peak accumulation

4 of CD3 in the cell-cell contact area with fluorescence intensities less than twofold above the cellular background (middle panel). Central TCR accumulation was defined as the clustering of labeled CD3 within the central 25% of the interface area of the synapse and fluorescence intensities greater than twofold above the cellular background (lower panel). Only those contact zones that fulfilled the criteria of central clustering were considered to represent synapses. Central and, to some extent, multifocal clustering was associated with a compensatory decrease in CD3 fluorescence in depleted areas. (C) For correct placement of z-stack reconstructions of the synapse area, T cell-vsmc contact regions were marked (yellow lines), confocal xy-plane images were collected in z-slices (at 1 µm intervals) and displayed as a series of images showing the distribution of labeled CD3 complexes (upper panels). Accumulation of CD3 was quantified by plotting the intensity for AlexaFluor 488 across a vertical line (red line). A histogram of the fluorescence intensities at the respective z-value is shown in the lower panel. Central CD3 accumulation was defined as the slice with maximal CD3 fluorescence intensity, and intensity levels of greater than twofold above the cellular background were required to be considered synapse formations. This point was then used to identify the plane for optimal reconstruction of the contact area.

5 Supplemental Figure 3: Kinetics of CD4 T cell VSMC interaction. CD4 T cells from ACS patients and age-matched controls were incubated on VSMC monolayers. Video images of individual VSMCs with interacting T cells were obtained every 10 seconds over

6 a time period of 60 minutes using an intensified charge-coupled device Zeiss camera system (Attofluor Ratiovision, Zeiss, Thornwood, NY). Immediately after being placed on the VSMC monolayer, CD4 T cells started scanning the target cell surface. A subset of T cells established firm contact to the VSMCs and stopped scanning. A minimum of 200 T cell-vsmc conjugates were monitored by DIC and fluorescence images for 60 min. Time periods over which conjugates persisted were recorded for each T cell analyzed. Frequencies of CD4 T cells remaining arrested on the VSMC surface for the indicated contact period were compared in 16 patients and 19 controls and are given as means ± SD (A). About 50% of the CD4 T cells arrested on the VSMC and formed a conjugate. For about 25% of the T cells, the conjugate persisted for less than 10 minutes. A subpopulation of about 15% of T cells stayed in a fixed position for 20 to 30 minutes before detaching. Patients had increased frequencies of T cells that formed conjugates lasting for more than 40 minutes. CD4 T cells from 6 patients and 6 controls were labeled with anti-cd45ra (AlexaFluor 488) or anti-cd45ro (AlexaFluor 555), added to the VSMC monolayer, and continually monitored for the time period of attachment to the VSMCs. Percentages of naïve CD4 T cells (B) and memory CD4 T cells (C) forming stable conjugates for the indicated time interval are given as means ± SD. CD4 + CD45RA + T cells, irrespective of whether they were derived from healthy controls or patients, made contact for less than 10 minutes, with a small fraction attaching for an intermediate period of minutes. CD4 + CD45RO + T cells were prone to form more permanent contact with the VSMCs. CD4 T cells establishing long-term contact belonged to the memory T-cell subset, were rare in controls but frequent in patients. (D) To determine the contact time that is required for initiating VSMC apoptosis, T cells from ACS patients were cocultured with VSMC. After the indicated time span, conjugates were mechanically dissociated,

7 and T cells were removed. In all cultures, VSMC apoptosis was assessed after 60 minutes. Apoptosis rates in VSMCs cocultured with T cells for 10 and 30 min were not different from spontaneous apoptosis rates in the absence of VSMCs. Apoptosis rates increased abruptly, when T cells were present for 60 minutes, suggesting that the subset of memory T cells establishing long-term contact is responsible for apoptosis induction.

8 Supplemental Figure 4. Granule-mediated apoptosis of VSMCs. The granule exocytosis pathway of CD4 T cells was examined by depleting the granule components with strontium chloride. Freshly isolated CD4 T cells from the peripheral blood of 6 ACS patient and 6 age-matched controls were treated with 25 mm SrCl 2 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 18 h (1, 2). Pre-treated T cells were added to VSMC monolayers, and apoptosis rates were determined by DAPI staining after 1 h of T cells/vsmc cells co-culture. CD4 T cell cytotoxicity in patients was sensitive to granule depletion.

9 Supplemental Figure 5. VSMC-mediated T-cell activation depends on recognition of MHC class II molecules. CD4 T cells were loaded with fura-2/am and co-cultured with VSMCs in the presence of control IgG or anti-hla-dr mab (L243, 10 µg/ml). (A) Intracellular [Ca 2+ ] i signals were recorded in individual T cells forming stable conjugates for 30 minutes. Mean [Ca 2+ ] i traces of 20 CD4 T cells for each line are shown. Results are representative of five patients. Isotype-matched control antibodies did not affect the dynamics of [Ca 2+ ] i, with T cells receiving above-threshold signals. Addition of anti-hla-dr antibodies completely abrogated calcium signaling. (B) Frequencies of apoptotic VSMCs pretreated with either isotype-matched control Ig or anti-hla-dr mab were determined one hour after adding T cells. Results are shown as mean ± SD of five ACS patients and five healthy controls.

10 Supplemental Table 1 ACS SA Patients (n) 37 6 Age, years (mean ± SD) 63.9 ± ± 13 Sex (M/F) 23/14 6/0 Unstable angina (n) 19 Myocardial infarction (n) 18 Risk factors (% of patients) Hypercholesterolemia Diabetes Hypertension Smoking

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