Sorghum stem yield and soluble carbohydrates under different salinity levels

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Sorghum stem yield and soluble carbohydrates under different salinity levels"

Claire Lambert
5 years ago
Views:

1 Afrian Journal of Biotehnology Vol. 7 (22), pp , 19 November, 2008 Available online at ISSN Aademi Journals Full Length Researh Paper Sorghum stem yield and soluble arbohydrates under different salinity levels A. Almodares 1 *, M. R. Hadi 2 and H. Ahmadpour 1 1 Department of Biology, Faulty of Siene, University of Isfahan-Iran. 2 Researh Department of Potato Biotehnology, University of Isfahan-Iran. Aepted 25 August, 2008 The aim of this study was to selet the most suitable ultivar for salty land in this geographial area. Two sweet sorghum ultivars (Keller and Sofra) and one grain sorghum ultivar (Kimia) were grown in greenhouse benhes under four salinity levels of 2, 4, 8 and 12 dsm -1 to evaluate the effets of salinity on stem yield and soluble arbohydrate (surose, gluose and frutose). The results showed that in all ultivars as salinity inreased, the amount of stem yield and soluble arbohydrate dereased. In all salt onentrations, Keller and Kimia had the highest and the lowest stem yield and surose, respetively. At the highest salt onentration (12 dsm -1 ), Keller had the lowest stem yield redution (less than 1%) and the highest surose ontent while Kimia had the highest stem yield redution (more than 18%) and the lowest surose ontent. Therefore, Keller and Kimia an be onsidered as salt tolerane and salt sensitive ultivars, respetively. As salinity inreased, the amount of gluose and frutose in Keller dereased while they inreased in Sofra. Inreasing gluose and frutose in Sofra is not an indiation of its salt tolerane. At the physiologial maturity stage, the plant has the highest stem yield and surose ontent while it has the lowest gluose and frutose ontent than flowering stage. Base on the results, Keller is reommended to be planted under soil salinity onditions and harvested at physiologial maturity stage. Key words: Sweet sorghum, grain sorghum, salinity, stem yield, surose, gluose, frutose. INTRODUCTION Soil salinity is one of the main problems for agriulture, espeially in ountries where irrigation is an essential aid to agriulture (Ahloowalia et al., 2004). Saline soils are estimated about 5 10% of the world s arable land (Szabols, 1994), and the area affeted by salinity is inreasing steadily (Ghassemi et al., 1995). There are vast areas in Iran with salinity-affeted soils and as Kehl (2006) reported, moderate saline soils oupy approximately 25.5 million ha and strong saline soils over about 8.5 million ha. Soil salinity redues yield prodution of most rops (Munns et al., 2002). Therefore, there is a need to improve salinity tolerane of important rops. Sorghum [Sorghum biolor (L.) Moenh] is a potential rop for moderately saline areas (Almodares and Sharif, 2007) and shown to ontain intraspeifi variability for salinity (Igartua et al., 1995). However, Salinity redued sorghum growth and biomass prodution (Ibrahim, 2004). Nevertheless, the development of high-yielding salinitytolerant sorghums is the best option to inrease the produtivity in suh soils (Igartua et al. 1994). Krishnamurthy et al. (2007) reported that there are large genotypi variations for tolerane to salinity in sorghum. Ibrahim (2004) reported that in sorghum, total soluble sugar inreased with inreasing salinity level. Surose ontent of sorghum ould be an indiator for its salt tolerane (Juan et al., 2005). In sorghum, the frutose level was always higher than that of the gluose in response to various salinity treatments (Gill et al., 2001). The present study was onduted to determine how salinity affets stem yield, surose and invert sugars (gluose and frutose) of two sweet and one grain sorghum ultivars. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental loation, plant material and experimental design *Corresponding author. aalmodares@yahoo.om. This experiment was onduted in the Isfahan University green

4052 Afr. J. Biotehnol. house benhes (3 m long, 1.2 m length and 0.5 m depth) in 2006. Seed of two popular sweet sorghum and one grain sorghum [Sorghum biolor (L.

Four levels of salinity (2, 4, 8 and 12 dsm -1 ) were assigned to the main plots. Two sweet sorghum (Keller and Sofra) and grain sorghum (Kimia) ultivars were assigned to the subplots.

Stem yield (ton/ha) 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 a b d 2 4 8 12 Salt onentration (ds/m) Plant growth and salt treatment Seeds of the above ultivars were planted in the benhes.

The plants were irrigated with NaCl solution based on the experimental design one a week. Plants were grown under stress onditions until physiologial maturity stage.

After the leaves and panile were removed, stalk was weighed and immediately plaed into 100 o C oven. They were kept at that temperature for 1.5 h, and then dried at 70 o C.

Surose and invert sugar were extrated with 80% ethanol from 100 mg of sample by AOAC method (1975).

2 4052 Afr. J. Biotehnol. house benhes (3 m long, 1.2 m length and 0.5 m depth) in Seed of two popular sweet sorghum and one grain sorghum [Sorghum biolor (L.) Moenh] ultivars were provided from Isfahan University Researh Station in Iran. The experimental design was splitsplit plot in omplete randomize blok with three repliations. Four levels of salinity (2, 4, 8 and 12 dsm -1 ) were assigned to the main plots. Two sweet sorghum (Keller and Sofra) and grain sorghum (Kimia) ultivars were assigned to the subplots. Two harvesting dates (flowering and physiologial maturity) were assigned to the sub-subplots. Eah sub-subplot onsisted of 3 rows 3 m long and 0.4 m apart. The interrow spae was 0.1 m. Stem yield (ton/ha) a b d Salt onentration (ds/m) Plant growth and salt treatment Seeds of the above ultivars were planted in the benhes. Salt treatments were started six weeks after germination following plant establishment (Almodares et al., 2008). The plants were irrigated with NaCl solution based on the experimental design one a week. Plants were grown under stress onditions until physiologial maturity stage. Plants were harvested at flowering and physiologial maturity. Measurement of stem yield and arbohydrate ontent Three plants samples were taken at flowering and physiologial maturity. After the leaves and panile were removed, stalk was weighed and immediately plaed into 100 o C oven. They were kept at that temperature for 1.5 h, and then dried at 70 o C. After oven drying, the samples were ground and passed through 0.05 mm sreen, mixed and stored for arbohydrates analysis. Surose and invert sugar were extrated with 80% ethanol from 100 mg of sample by AOAC method (1975). Surose ontent was determined aording to Varma (1988) and invert sugar aording Lane-Eynon method (1970). The amount of gluose was determined by Pearson (1970) method. Frutose ontent was determined by subtrating gluose from invert sugar (total of gluose and frutose). Statistial analysis Statistial analysis was performed using Statistial Analysis System (SAS) omputer program. The means were ompared aording to Dunan multiple rang test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effet of salinity on the stem yield and surose was signifiant at 1% level and on gluose and frutose at 5% level. As salt onentration inreased, the stem yield dereased (Figure 1). It was t h -1 at 2 dsm -1 and t h -1 at 12 dsm -1. El-Sayed et al. (1994) reported that sorghum growth was signifiantly redued from 50 to 150 mm NaCl. Also, Almodares and Sharif (2007) indiated the salinity of water has an adverse effet on sweet sorghum biomass. They reported that sweet sorghum ultivar SSV108 and Rio had the lowest and the highest biomass under water qualities of 2, 5, and 8 ds m -1. In addition, Silva et al. (2003) showed that salt stress redued root and shoot dry matter. Therefore, it seems that as Netondo et al. (2004) mentioned, sorghum grown in salt affeted soils may suffer from drought stress, ion toxiity, and mineral defiieny leading to redued growth and produtivity. As salt onentration inreased, the Figure 1. Mean omparisons * among salt onentrations for stem yield in sweet sorghum ultivars. Values within eah olumn followed by the same letter are not signifiantly different at 5% level, using Dunan multiple rang test. Carbohydrates (%) a b d a a b a ab b Surose Gluose Frutose 2dS/m 4dS/m 8dS/m 12dS/m Figure 2. Mean omparisons * among salt onentrations for perent arbohydrates in sweet sorghum ultivars. Values within eah arbohydrate olumn followed by the same letter are not signifiantly different at 5% level, using Dunan multiple rang test. amount of surose, gluose and frutose dereased (Figure 2). The amount of surose was 17.4% at 2 dsm -1 and 12.8% at 12 dsm -1. The amount of gluose and frutose was not signifiantly different at 2 dsm -1 and 4 dsm -1. However, they deeased signifiantly at 8 dsm -1 and 12dSm -1. Almodares et al. (2008) reported that in sweet sorghum, as salinity inreased, the amount of surose and gluose in Sofra ultivar dereased. Also, Anjum (2008) reported that onentrations of sugars i.e. surose, gluose and frutose in the leaves of Cleopatra mandarin and both leaves and roots of Troyer itrange in seedling stage dereased with inrease in salinity level in the irrigation water ontaining 0, 40 or 80 mm NaCl for 12 weeks. On the ontrary, Serraj and Sinlair (2002) reported that salt-stressed sorghum plants additionally aumulate sugars but its aumulation an be due to a redued utilization during salt stress period. However, redution in arbohydrates onentrations has been related to tissue re-hydration during stress reovery by some authors (Laerda et al., 2005). Therefore, the inreases of arbohydrate ontent under salt stress have not been deteted here under the experimental onditions used. It seems that arbohydrates redution

3 Almodares et al Table 1. Interation * between salt onentrations and ultivars for measured harateristis in sweet sorghum. Salt onentration (dsm -1 ) Cultivar Stem yield (t ha -1 ) Surose (%) Gluose (%) Frutose (%) Keller a d 6.50 b 3.06 b Sofra b e 5.70 e 3.66 a Kimia e i 4.56 f 2.16 e Keller a d 2.86 b Sofra b f 5.80 de 3.73 a Kimia f j 4.30 g 1.96 e Keller a b d Sofra g 6.40 b 3.73 a Kimia g 7.20 k 4.43 fg 1.96 e Keller a a 5.73 de 2.46 d Sofra d h 6.83 a 3.53 a Kimia h 2.46 l 2.73 h 1.43 f * Values within eah olumn followed by the same letter are not signifiantly different at P<0.05. ould be due to the long time exposure of plants under salinity and or high onentration of salt. Interation between salt onentrations and ultivars were signifiant at 1% level for stem yield and surose; and at 5% level for gluose and frutose. Keller and Kimia had the highest and lowest stem yield at all salt onentrations (Table 1). At 12 dsm -1, stem yield of Keller and Kimia was t ha -1 and t ha -1, respetively. De laerda et al. (2003) ompared seedlings of two forage sorghum genotypes (salt tolerane and salt sensitive) under salinity of 0 and 100 mm NaCl. They reported that biomass of salt sensitive plant was signifiantly redued as salt onentration inreased. Also, Sunseri et al. (1998) ompared four sweet surghum ultivars under soil salinity. They reported that salt tolerant lines did not show signifiant differenes in leaf dry weight and stem dry weight, with inreasing level of soil salt stress. While, the salt sensitive lines showed a different behaviour; signifiantly reduing yield performanes with inreasing level of soil salt stress. Thereby, it seems that Keller is more salt tolerant than Sofra and Kimia. Surose ontent of Keller was the highest at the12 dsm 1-. As the amount of salt onentration inreased, the surose ontent of Keller signifiantly inreased. Silva et al. (2003) reported that in sorghum under salt stress, the salt-tolerant ultivar showed greater enhanement in soluble arbohydrate ontent. They suggested that the aumulation of soluble arbohydrates were signifiantly related to salt tolerane in relation to leaf osmoti adjustment and soluble arbohydrate ontents of leaves were signifiantly orrelated with the alimatization to salt stress. Thus, these parameters may be used as physiologial markers of salt tolerane in sorghum. Also as Juan et al. (2005) reported that in tomato, surose ontent of plant parts is an indiator of salt tolerane. Therefore, it seems that Keller is more tolerant than both Sofra and Kimia. On the other hand, as salinity inreased, the amount of invert sugar in Keller dereased while the amounts of gluose and frutose of Sofra inreased. Sofra had the highest amount of gluose and frutose at 12 dsm 1- (6.83 and 3.53 %, respetively). Balibera et al. (1997) reported that in tomato as salinity inreased, plant aumulates more surose in its stalk, root and leaf whereas the amount of hexose suh as gluose and frutose dereased in salt tolerant ultivars. Therefore, it seems that inreasing gluose and frutose in Sofra is not an indiation of its salt tolerane but rather as salt sensitive ultivars. Also, invert sugar redution in Keller ould be due to hydrolysis inhibition of surose or as Barreto et al. (1995) showed that redution of hexose in sorghum ould be due to plant energeti ost for ative exlusion of Na + as mehanism salt tolerane. The effet of harvesting stage on stem yield and arbohydrates were signifiant at 1% level (data not shown) and their interations were signifiant at 1% for surose and at 5% for stem yield, gluose and frutose (Table 2). Stem yield and surose ontent of all ultivars were signifiantly higher at physiologial maturity than flowering. In all salt onentrations Keller had the highest stem yield and surose at both flowering and physiologial maturity. While, Kimia had the lowest stem yield and surose at both of the above stages. Almodares et al. (1994) reported that in sweet sorghum, biomass and arbohydrate ontent was higher at the physiologial maturity than flowering. Tarpley and Vietor (2007) reported that amount of surose in sorghum ulm is the highest at ripening stage (physiologial maturity) and surose an be radially transferred to the intraellular ompartment of mature ripening sorghum internode without being hydrolysed whih is in agreement with our results. However, Tew and Cobill (2006) reported that in sorghum, mean sugar yields of M81E, Theis and Topper were not signifiantly different from eah other at the eah harvest date in July, August or September. Therefore, it seems that at the physiologial

4 4054 Afr. J. Biotehnol. Table 2. Interation between harvesting stage and ultivars for measured harateristis in sweet sorghum. Harvesting stage Cultivar Stem yield (t ha -1 ) Surose (%) Gluose (%) Frutose (%) Keller b b 3.76 a Flowering Sofra d d 7.53 a 3.96 a Kimia f 7.10 f 5.13 d 2.73 Keller a a d Physiologial maturity Sofra b 4.83 e 3.36 b Kimia e 9.40 e 2.83 f 1.03 e * Values within eah olumn followed by the same letter are not signifiantly different at P<0.05. maturity stage the plant has the highest stem yield and surose ontent. In all ultivars, gluose and frutose at physiologial maturity were lower than at flowering. Lingle (1987) reported that in sorghum at physiologial maturity stage, surose ontent inreased while invert sugar dereased. The author indiated that at this stage, invert sugars (gluose and frutose) were onverted to surose, whih is in agreement with our results. Therefore, it seems that low surose ontent at flowering ould be due high invertase ativities whih invert surose to gluose and frutose. In ontrast, at physiologial maturity due to low invertase ativity, surose does not invert to gluose and frutose. Based on the above results, it seems than Keller is better adapted to salinity than others and it is reommended to plant Keller and harvest at physiologial maturity in salty land. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to tank Dr. A. Mostajeran of the Department of Biology, University of Isfahan for his valuable ooperation in this researh. REFERENCES Ahloowalia BS, Meluzynski M, Nihterlein K (2004). Global impat of mutation-derived varieties. Euphytia 135: Almodares A, Sharif ME (2007). Effets of irrigation water qualities on biomass and sugar ontents of sugar beet and sweet sorghum ultivars. J. Environ. Biol. 28(2): Almodares A, Hadi MR, Dosti B (2008). The effets of salt stress on growth parameters and arbohydrates ontents in sweet sorghum. Res. J. Environ. Si. 2(4): Almodares A, Sephai A, Dalilotojjary H, Ghvami R (1994). Effets of phenologial stages on biomass and arbohydrate ontents of sweet sorghum ultivars. Ann. Plant Physiol. 8: Anjum MA (2008). Effet of NaCl onentrations in irrigation water on growth and polyamine metabolism in two itrus rootstoks with different levels of salinity tolerane. Ata. Physiol. Plant. 30(1): Assoiation of Offiial Agriultural Chemist (AOAC) (1975). Offiial methods of analysis of the AOAC. 12 th ed. Washington DC. Balibera ME, Rus-Alvarez AM, Bolarin MC, Perez-Alfoea F (1997). Fast hanges in soluble arbohydrates and proline ontents in tomato seedlings in response to ioni and non-ioni iso-osmoti stresses. J. Plant Physiol. (Germany) 151(2): Barreto LP, Bezerra Neto E, Azevedo Neto AD, Tabosa JN, Santos PM, Mala JLT (1995 ). Seleção de materiais genétios de sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum biolor) om tolerânia ao estresse salino. In: Congresso Brasileiro De Cienia Do Solo, 25., Viçosa,. Resumos expandidos. Viçosa, Sbsufv, 4v. il. p De Laerda CF, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA, Priso JT (2003). Solute aumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress, Environ. Exp. Bot. 49(1): El-Sayed HM, El-Haddad, O'Leary JW (1994). Effet of salinity and K/Na ratio of irrigation water on growth and solute ontent of Atriplex amniola and Sorghum biolor. Irrig. Si. 14(3): Ghassemi F, Jakerman AJ, Nix HA (1995). Salinisation of land and water resoures: human auses, extent, management and ase studies. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, p Gill PK, Sharma AD, Singh P, Bhullar SS (2001). Effet of various abioti stresses on the growth, soluble sugars and water relations of sorghum seedlings grown in light and darkness. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. 27(1 2): Ibrahim AH (2004). Effiay of exogenous glyine betaine appliation on sorghum plants grown under salinity stress. Ata. Bot. Hungaria. 43(3-4): Igartua E, Graia MP, Lasa JM (1994). Charaterization and geneti ontrol of germination, emergene responses of grain sorghum to salinity. Euphytia 76(3): Igartua E, Graia MP, Lasa JM (1995). Field responses of grain sorghum to a salinity gradient. Field Crops Res. 42: Juan M, Rivero RM, Romero L, Ruiz JM (2005). Evaluation of some nutritional and biohemial indiators in seleting salt-resistant tomato ultivars. Environ. Exp. Bot. 54(3): Kehl M (2006). Saline soils of Iran with examples from the alluvial plan in of Korbal, Zagros Mountains, Proeedings of the International Conferene Soil and Desertifiation Integrated Researh for the Sustainable Management of Soils in Dry lands. 5-6 May, Hamburg, Germany. Krishnamurthy LR, Serraj CT, Hash AJ, Dakheel Reddy BVS (2007). Sreening sorghum genotypes for salinity tolerant biomass prodution. Euphytia 156(1-2): Laerda CF, Cambraia J, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA (2005). Changes in growth and in solute onentrations in sorghum leaves and roots during salt stress reovery. Environ. Exp. Bot. 54: Lane -Eynon (1970). Enylopedia of Industrial Chemial Analysis. 10: (New York). Lingle SE (1987). Surose metabolism in the primary ulm of sweet sorghum during development. Crop Si. 27: Munns R, Husain S, Rivelli AR, James RA, Condon AG, Lindsay MP, Lagudah ES, Shahtman DP, Hare RA (2002). Avenues for inreasing salt tolerane of rops, and the role of physiologially based seletion traits. Plant Soil 247: Netondo GW, Onyango JC, Bek E (2004). Sorghum and salinity. I. Response of growth, water relations, and ion aumulation to NaCl salinity. Crop Si. 44: Pearson D (1970). The hemial analysis of food (6th edition). 29: 132 (Now York). Serraj R, Sinlair TR (2002). Osmolyte aumulation: an it really help inrease rop under drought onditions? Plant Cell Environ. 25:

5 Almodares et al Silva JV, Laerda CF, de Azevedo Neto AD, Costa PHA, Priso JT, Enéas Filho J, Gomes Filho E (2003). Growth and osmoregulation in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress. Revista Ciênia Agron. 34(2): Sunseri F, Palazzo D, Montemurro N, Montemurro F (1998). Salinity Tolerane in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum biolor L. Moenh): Field Performane under Salt Stress Ital. J. Agron. 2(2): Szabols I (1994). Soils and salinization. In: Pessarakali M (ed) Handbook of plant and rop stress. Marel Dekker, New York, pp Tarpley L, Vietor DM (2007). Compartmentation of surose during radial transfer in mature sorghum ulm. BioMed. Central Plant Biol. 7(33): Tew TL, Cobill RM (2006). Evaluation of sweet sorghum as a omplementary bioenergy rop to sugarane in Louisiana. J. Am. So. Sugar Cane Teh. 26(1): Varma NC (1988). System of tehnial ontrol for ane sugar fatories in India. The sugar Tehnologist's Assoiations. India.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF PRESERVATION ON THE QUALITY OF CATTLE AND GOAT MEAT. Abstract

Bang. J. Anim. Si. 2009, 38(1&2) : 86 91 ISSN 0003-3588 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF PRESERVATION ON THE QUALITY OF CATTLE AND GOAT MEAT S. Bin. Faisal, S. Akhter 1 and M. M. Hossain Abstrat The study