CREDIBILITY ASSESSMENT: PITFALLS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Dr Lucy Akehurst University of Portsmouth Psychology Department
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1 CREDIBILITY ASSESSMENT: PITFALLS AND OPPORTUNITIES Dr Lucy Akehurst University of Portsmouth Psychology Department
2 CUES TO DECEIT What are nonverbal cues? Based on the research literature nonverbal cues include: 1. Behavioural cues e.g. hand and foot movements eye contact blinking as well as 2. Speech characteristics e.g. pitch of voice speech errors pauses
3 What are verbal cues? The content of what the interviewee is saying See: Statement Validity Assessment Reality Monitoring
4 Believed cues (subjective) Vs Actual cues (objective) Research methodologies: Questionnaires, Observation Laboratory vs Field
5 PEOPLE S BELIEFS ABOUT CUES TO DECEPTION See Vrij (2008) for review When psychologists have pooled together the data from over 50 experiments there are some believed cues to deception that stand out. NB: Remember, these are not necessarily actual cues to deception just what others believe are useful.
6 BELIEVED CUES TO DECEPTION Pitch of voice Pauses Increase Increase Speech errors Increase when lying compared Gaze aversion Increase to truthtelling Blinking Gesticulation Other hand movemts. Foot movements Position shift Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase
7 GLOBAL RESEARCH PROJECT BOND & RAO (2005) 45 countries (3 Africa, 11 Asia, 21 Europe, 3 N America, 5 S America and 2 Australasia) 1,800 participants, 35 different languages How can you tell when people are lying? Resulted in 8,543 beliefs... Liars show a lack of eye contact = most common belief worldwide (referred to more than 5% of the time in all countries) Other pancultural beliefs included liars making more speech errors, showing signs of nervousness and showing forms of inconsistency
8 ACTUAL CUES TO DECEPTION Pitch of voice Increase Pauses Frequency, no change (but duration ) Speech errors Increase Gaze aversion No change -- Blinking Decrease Gesticulation Decrease Other hand movemts. Decrease Foot movements Decrease Position shift No change --
9 SUMMARY SO FAR Behaviour Belief Actual Correct? Pitch Pauses Errors Gaze aversion -- Blinking Gesticulation Other hand moves Foot moves Posture shifts --
10 IN SHORT: PROBLEM: We form global impressions based on many cues (which are often unhelpful) and translate these into truth/lie decisions. SOLUTION: Concentrate on individual cues that have been shown to be valid indicators of deception IGNORE THE REST!
11 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING Three processes may underpin the actual cues to deception as cited in the psychological literature. 1. EMOTION 2. ATTEMPTED CONTROL 3. COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY
12 EMOTION Fear Guilt Duping Delight = AROUSAL
13 PROBLEM Strength of emotion/arousal depends on: Personality of liar Context of lie As these are so variable this model does not offer the most predictive cues.
14 ATTEMPTED CONTROL In an attempt to look truthful liars try to control their behaviours. Research has found that we are well practiced at controlling our face but less adept at controlling body movements and speech. There is a tendency for liars to appear too rigid and for their speech to sound rehearsed and unnatural. Signs of attempted control= eye contact regulated fewer hand movements fewer foot movements fewer gesticulations
15 COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY It is difficult to lie. Must remain consistent, remember what saying, make sure fits with other evidence. Brain working overtime, body shuts down. Signs of cognitive complexity = more pauses more speech errors less blinking fewer movements
16 ACCURACY RATES/HIT RATES - NVCS Over 30 years of psychological research has shown that most people (with a few exceptions but not many!) achieve hit rates when judging others credibility (using NVCs) of 45% - 60%. 50% hit rates could be achieved by tossing a coin! TRUE FOR: STUDENTS, GENERAL POPULATION, POLICE OFFICERS, CUSTOMS OFFICIALS, SOCIAL WORKERS, PRISON WARDENS
17 PEOPLE S ABILITY TO DETECT DECEIT truth lie Laypersons 67% 44% Professionals 55% 55% Professionals accuracy range: 40% (Porter et al., 2000) 72% (Mann et al., 2004)
18 REASONS FOR POOR LIE DETECTION Detecting lies is a difficult task No Pinocchio s nose! Subtle differences between truthtellers and liars Liars deliberately attempt to fool lie detectors Lie detectors make errors Use of the wrong cues/overemphasis on NVCs Individual differences not accounted for Cultural differences not accounted for Poor interview styles are used
19 REASONS FOR POOR LIE DETECTION Detecting lies is a difficult task No Pinocchio s nose! Subtle differences between truthtellers and liars Liars deliberately attempt to fool lie detectors Lie detectors make errors Use of the wrong cues/overemphasis on NVCs Individual differences not accounted for Cultural differences not accounted for Poor interview styles are used
20 CULTURAL DIMENSIONS THAT BEAR ON NVCS Immediacy High contact cultures (e.g. most in Arabic world) make more eye contact, stand closer, more touching than low contact cultures (e.g. most in Asian) Power Vertical cultures (e.g. India) status based norms constrain non-verbal interactions with superiors inc downcast eyes more so than horizontal cultures (e.g. Sweden) Context High context cultures (e.g. Japan) means inferred from surroundings and relationships more so than for low context culture (e.g. Germany) where meaning conveyed more so by content of verbal utterances
21 DETECTING DECEPTION IN SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS Da Silva & Leach (2011) 10 truthtellers and 5 liars native English speakers (NE) 10 truthtellers and 5 liars English second language (ESL) All 30 interviews shown to observers who were asked to make a truth/lie judgement and indicate their confidence Results: ESL ppts who were lying were more likely to indicate that they intentionally misunderstood questions than NE who were lying Observers better able to discriminate between NE liars and truthtellers compared to ESL ppts. Observers more likely to call NE ppts truthtellers than liars but opposite bias for ESL ppts. Significant positive correlation between accuracy and confidence for NE interviewees but no correlation for ESL interviewees.
22 DETECTING DECEPTION IN SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS Da Silva & Leach (2012) 10 truthtellers and 5 liars native English speakers (NE) 10 truthtellers and 5 liars English second language (ESL) 15 interviews (EITHER the NE OR ESL ppts) shown to observers (N = 60 students and 61 police officers) who were asked to make a truth/lie judgement and indicate their confidence Results: No difference in performance between students and police officers Ppts who viewed NE speakers more accurate overall than those who viewed ESL speakers As before: Observers better able to discriminate between NE liars and truthtellers compared to ESL ppts and truth bias for NE speakers/lie bias for ESL speakers When categorised observers into fluent and non-fluent English speakers (by self report) found no differences in performance
23 SUMMARY People are not generally very good at detecting lies using NVCs, even when to do so is important for their job. Reasons: Looking for the wrong cues Even for the actual cues differences are very small Every personality/culture is different The same person may behave in a different manner dependent on the situation, type of lie etc..
24 HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR ASSESSMENT OF CREDIBILITY? What makes lying difficult (regardless of culture/context/personality)? Story telling (Vrij, 2008) Self presentation (DePaulo et al., 2003) Monitoring (Buller & Burgoon, 1996) Inhibition of the truth (Spence et al., 2001)
25 HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR ASSESSMENT OF CREDIBILITY? Gathering evidence: Do not make up your mind too quickly or be misled by signs of nervousness (Othello error) Be suspicious but do not show it Use an information-gathering style Let the witness repeat himself Use comparable truths (baselines) Ask the witness to elaborate use unanticipated questions Ask the witness temporal questions
26 ALSO TURN FOCUS TO VERBAL CUES... Statement Validity Assessment Reproduction of conversation Unstructured production Unexpected details Reality Monitoring Sensory details Temporal details Spatial details
27 CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN DECEPTION RESEARCH AT PORTSMOUTH (PROFESSOR ALDERT VRIJ ET AL.) Increasing cognitive load during interviews Using unanticipated questions to detect deception Detecting deception regarding intentions Effects of having an interpreter present Detecting malingering (insurance claims)
28 STRATEGIC QUESTIONS APPROACH Liars prepare themselves for possible interviews (Granhag et al., 2005). This benefits them as prepared lies are more difficult to detect than spontaneous lies (DePaulo et al., 2003) Ask questions that liars (i) have not anticipated and (ii) cannot answer with I don t know
29 IMPOSING COGNITIVE LOAD APPROACH When lying is more difficult than truth telling: Increase cognitive load on interviewees. This increased demand should have a larger effect on liars than on truth tellers because liars already find the story telling task more mentally taxing than truth tellers...ask interviewees to recall in reverse order
30 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
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