Impact of Cypermethrin and Ekalux on respiratory and some biochemical activities of a fresh water fish Tilapia mossambica

Transcription

1 Impact of Cypermethrin and Ekalux on respiratory and some biochemical activities of a fresh water fish Tilapia mossambica S. Logaswamy and K. M. Remia* P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu. India * remiabalan@gmail.com ABSTRACT The effects of pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin and Ekalux on the rate of oxygen consumption and some biochemical parameters of the fish, Tilapia mossambica were investigated under sublethal toxicity. Median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of cypermethrin and Ekalux to the fish for 24 hour exposure was determined during bioassay study. The rate of oxygen consumption of the fish was studied under sulethal concentration of Cypermetrin and Ekalux. It showed significantly decreased oxygen uptake. Biochemical parameters protein, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride were analysed in the blood of fish and all the parameters showed significant changes. The protein contents were found to be declined in all the samples analysed during all the exposure periods. Hyperglycemic condition recorded may be due to the stress induced by pesticide as physiology of organism with the help of corticosteroids. Hypocholesteremia level noted in the study may be due to utilization of fatty deposits instead of glucose for energy purpose. The declining trend observed in triglycerides level may be due to the increase in the breakdown of lipids. The experimental results depict that both cypermethrin and Ekalux are toxic to the fish Tilapia mossambica. KEYWORDS: Biochemical parameters, oxygen consumption, Tilapia mossambica, water pollution 65

2 INTRODUCTION With rapid industrialization and increase in human population, the pollution of water bodies has become a universal phenomenon in the present day world (Bela Zutshi and Raghu Prasad, 2008). The important sources of water pollution are industrial effluent, domestic, sewage, drainage and pesticides which pollute the river and major water sources (Maruthanayagam and Sharmila, 2004). Most of the insecticides are nonbiodegradable and tend to persist for years together in soil and water. The residues of insecticides from soil and water may concentrate into bodies of plants, micro organisms, invertebrates, arthropods and from these they may get transported into bodies of higher organisms through the food chain (Devi, 1981). Studies on oxygen consumption form a useful tool in the assessment of toxicant stress on the aquatic organisms and give an index of energy expenditure mechanisms for environmental variation (Sornaraj et al., 2005). In aquatic toxicology the traditional LC 50 test is often used to measure the potential risk of a chemical (Jach de Bruijin et al., 1991). Biochemical changes induced by pesticidal stress lead to disturb the metabolism, inhibition of important enzymes, retardation of growth and reduction of fecundity and longevity of organisms (Murthy, 1986). Based on the literature cited above, the present study has been taken up to investigate the effect of both pyrethroid and organophosphorous insecticide on the rate of oxygen consumption and biochemical changes in tissues of the fish, Tilapia mossambica MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, fish Tilapia mossambica were exposed to different concentrations of an insecticide and the biochemical constituents of the fish were studied. Technical grade insecticide, cypermethrin and ekalux manufactured and supplied by 66

3 TUCAS limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, was taken for the present study. The analysis of all the parameters was done at Zoology Research lab at Kongunadu arts and Science College, Coimbatore during the study period between 2008 and The bulk sample of the freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (ranging in weight 14gm to 17 gm and in length from 7 cm to 10 cm) was procured from the Periyakulam pond at Ukkadam and transported to the laboratory in well aerated polythene bag and acclimated to the ambient laboratory temperature (28 ± 0.2) in large glass aquarium. During the period of acclimation, they were fed every day with oil cake mixed with rice flour. The period of acclimation lasted for 2 weeks. After acclimation healthy fish were selected from stock and transferred to another glass tank. Feeding was stopped one day before the commencement of the experiment. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of cypermethrin and ekalux (procured from TUCAS Ltd, Tamil Nadu, India) to the freshwater fish Tilapia mossambica for 24 hr. exposure was determined. The rate of oxygen consumption of the fish was studied under sublethal concentration of Cypermethrin and Ekalux at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours intervals. Biochemical constituents like protein, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were analysed in the blood of the fish under sublethal toxicity of cypermethrin and ekalux at 24 hr LC 50 by the following standard procedures. The biochemical studies were made under sublethal concentration of 24 hr LC 50 as it was more conducive for toxic study. Oxygen consumption was measured by Winkler s method. The experiments were conducted for 30 days with 15 days sampling frequency. The total Protein concentration was estimated by the method of Lowry et al. (1951), and glucose level in the blood was estimated by the method described by Trinder (1969). The cholesterol and triglyceride levels were estimated based on enzymatic method using cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase (Richmond, 1973). Statistical analyses were done according to Gupta (1995). 67

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The oxygen consumption and the biochemical constituents of the fish T. mossambica exposed to sublethal concentration of ekalux at different exposure periods were observed in the present study. The physical and chemical characteristics of the water used for the study showed the permissible values which were always within the admissible limit of APHA (1998) and it showed the important nature of water. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of cypermethrin and ekalux for 24 hr exposure of the fish T. mossambica were 1ppm and 4 ppm, respectively. The mortality of the fish T. mossambica exposed to different concentrations of ekalux was observed and it showed that cypermethrin is more toxic to fish even at very low concentration. Maheswari et al. (2001) have observed the median lethal concentration of Triazophos to the fish, Clarias batrachus and reported that organophosphate was more toxic among other insecticides. In the present study, rate of oxygen consumption declined during all the exposure periods of 24hr, 48hr, 76hr and 96hr (Table 1) as observed by Deshpande et al. (2007). The changes in the biochemical constituents are represented in the Table 2. Proteins are important biomolecules involved in a wide spectrum of cellular functions (Prasanth, 2006). Dalela et al. (1981) observed a decrease in protein content in Mystus vittatus under pesticide exposure and reported that the depletion of protein may be due to the excretion of proteins by kidney due to kidney failure or impaired protein synthesis as a result of liver disorders. Patel and Parmar (1993) observed maximum decrease in protein contents in the liver of Channa orientalis and Baleopthalmus dussumieri. The glucose level was found to be increased in the present investigation as observed by Srivastava and Srivastava (1995) in liver and muscle tissue of Heteropneustes fossilis and Barcus ticto exposed to Chlordecone. Srivastava and Singh (1981) reported that sublethal concentration of certain organophosphate pesticides caused glycogenolysis which produced hyperglycemia in the African food fish Tilapia 68

5 mossambica and the Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Elevated carbohydrate level in the liver of the fish Heteropneustes fossilis was observed by Narendra Singh and Anil Srivastava (1982) during the exposure of formathion toxicity. The cholesterol level was found to be decreased in the exposure periods. Such a trend has also been reported by Palanichamy et al. (1986) in Oreochromis mossambicus on exposure to 3 different periods. The reduced cholesterol level may be due to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver or due to reduced absorption of dietry cholesterol as reported by Kanagaraj et al. (1993). Shakoori et al. (1996) reported that the cholesterol decrease may be due to utilization of fatty deposits instead of glucose for energy purpose. Significant decrease in the triglyceride level was observed in the fish Tilapia mossambica exposed to phosolone by Leela Sivaparvathi et al. (2000). The decrease in triglyceride content may be extra energy demand. Capuzzo et al. (1984) also reported decreased triglyceride due to increase catabolism of endogenous energy results in the American lobster hydrocarbon stress. The observations of the above authors are in conformity with the present findings. CONCLUSION A toxicant induce its effect at cellular or even at molecular level, but ultimately cause physiological, pathological and biochemical alterations. It is therefore necessary to focus attention on changes in biochemical composition of marine organisms, which are under pollutant threat. The study depicts that the synthetic pesticides cypermethrin and ekalux are highly toxic to the fish Tilapia mossambica and the stress responses showed by fish are dependent on concentration and duration of exposure. It is also suggested that these type of toxicological studies are highly required to monitor the aquatic system and assess the toxic effect of xenobiotics on aquatic organisms particularly fish. 69

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8 Trinder, P Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with alterative oxygen acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 6: Table 1: The oxygen consumption (ml/gm/hr) of the fish T. mossambica exposed to varying periods of Cypermethrin and Ekalux toxicity Exposure periods Pesticide used Experiment 24 hr 48hr 72 hr 96hr Cypermethrin Control a b b b Treated b a a a Ekalux Control b b b b Treated a a a a In column, the mean followed by a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT 72

9 Table 2: The protein, carbohydrate, cholesterol and triglycerides level (gm/dl) of blood of T. mossambica exposed to varying periods of sublethal Cypermethrin and Ekalux toxicity Exposure Periods (Days) Protein Glucose Cholesterol Triglycerides Pesticide used C T C T C T C T a 1.52 a a b b a b a Cypermethrin b 1.20 a b b b a b a b 1.54 b a b a b b a Ekalux a 1.51 a a b a b b a In column, the mean followed by a common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT C = Control; T = Treated DMRT = Duncan s Multiple Range Test Disclaimer: Statements, information, scientific names, spellings, inferences, products, style, etc. mentioned in Current Biotica are attributed to the authors and do in no way imply endorsement/concurrence by Current Biotica. Queries related to articles should be directed to authors and not to editorial board. 73