Appropriate off-label drug use

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1 OPINION pissn / eissn 바람직한의약품허가초과사용 이상무 건강보험심사평가원 Appropriate off-label drug use Sang Moo Lee, MD Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Korea After new drugs are introduced into an area of medical practice through the regulatory approval process, clinicians gain further experience using the drugs and amass real-world evidence regarding their efficacy. For these reasons, drugs can be prescribed in contexts extending beyond their labeled indication, dosage, or route because of unmet needs or additional benefits, such as cost-effectiveness. Off-label drug use (OLDU) is widespread in various clinical fields, especially in pediatrics, obstetrics, psychiatry, and oncology; however, the small amount of supporting evidence associated with increased adverse drug events has emerged as an important issue regarding OLDU. Nonetheless, OLDU has officially been allowed in South Korea by an announcement of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, a public announcement of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for cancer drugs, and through submissions to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service by hospitals after receiving institutional review board approval. Despite these systems, the proper scope of OLDU has been a topic of debate. In order to improve the appropriateness of OLDU, a transparent system for evidence-based recommendations, conditional decision-making, and monitoring of adverse drug events should be established and organized in collaboration with existing systems to promote consistent decision-making. Key Words: Off-label use; Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions; Evidence-based medicine; Patient safety 서론 의약품의안전한사용을위해세계각나라들은국가주도 의인허가및관리체계를갖고있다. 탈리도마이드사건과같 Received: January 14, 2018 Accepted: January 28, 2018 Corresponding author: Sang Moo Lee lsmlight@hira.or.kr This article is not the official position of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Services, but the author s opinion. Korean Medical Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 은의약품과관련된비극적사례들을포함한다양한의약품의효능과안전성과관련된역사가이러한국가적규제시스템의정당성을말해주고있다 [1]. 미국의학원 (Institute of Medicine) 의 1999년보고서에따르면의료의과오로인하여미국에서 1년에 10만명정도의환자들이피할수있는죽음에이르렀는데이러한원인중하나가약물의부작용인것을감안해보면, 허가단계뿐만아니라의료에도입된이후사용에있어서도단순한주의가아닌시스템적접근이필요해줌을말해주고있다 [2]. 의약품의의료시장진입과시판후안전관리를담당하는식약처는시중에판매하는의약품의라벨에효능 효과, 용 140 대한의사협회지

2 Lee SM Appropriate off-label drug use 법 용량및안전성에관한주의사항을고지하도록하고있다. 이러한규제절차를통해의료현장에도입된후의사들은약물의기전과추가적으로입증된효능과사용경험을토대로허가사항범위밖의환자들에게도사용하게된다. 즉약학의영역에서의학의영역으로전이가일어나게된다. 의약품이의료의영역으로진입한이후식약처는안전에관한사항은주도적으로관리하지만외국의유사한규제기관과마찬가지로효능의확대나실재의료현장에서입증되는효과에대해서는제약사가그적응증을확대해달라고요청하기전에는그어떠한일도할수없다. 그런데건강보험은의약품급여의원칙에있어서허가사항범위내에사용할것을규정하고있어허가초과사용에관한행정적문제가발생하게된다. 심지어인정되지않은허가초과사용은불법적인진료로여겨져꼭사용하여야할환자들에게필요한약을처방할수없게되는일도발생해지난십여년간이문제로많은논란이있었다. 이에국가적으로바람직한허가사항초과의약품사용을어떻게인정하며관리할지에대하여논하고자한다. 의약품허가초과사용의정의 의약품의규제정책이도입된이후로의약품인허가관점에서 비승인의약품 이란용어가생겼고시장사용이허가된의약품중허가된사항이외로사용되는경우를지칭하는 의약품허가초과사용 이라는용어가사용되고있다 [3]. 의약품허가초과사용은규제기관이승인하여해당의약품의제품에고지하는효능 효과, 용법 용량및사용상주의사항이외의사용으로정의되는데, 즉, 허가된사용적응증, 용량, 요법, 투약경로, 금기사항을벗어난모든사용을말한다 [4]. 의약품허가초과사용이발생하는이유 규제기관의인허가를위한임상연구를계획할때, 일반적으로신약이해당환자군에유효한작용을할수있을지를알아보기위해효과를가장잘나타내보일수있고위해 는가장적게나타날수있는환자군을대상으로이상적환경하에임상시험을하도록설계하게된다. 이를위해서임상시험에포함할군과배제할군을명시하며임상연구과정또한엄격하게관리하여진행하게되고이러한이상적환경하에얻어진결과를효능이라고부른다. 일반적으로는중증의환자나동반질환이있는환자들, 소아, 임산부, 고연령층등의경우배제대상에들어가게되고제한된포함기준에있는환자들에대해서만사용가능하도록라벨에구체적으로명시될경우그외의경우는허가초과대상이되게되는것이다. 미국에서보고된연구에서는소아과의경우퇴원환자의 79% 가량이한가지이상의허가초과의약품을처방받았고 [5], 프랑스의연구에서는소아과외래에서한가지이상허가초과의약품을처방받은예는 56% 에달한다는보고가있었다 [6]. 영국에서연구된보고에따르면산부인과영역에서는약제종류로볼때산모에게처방된약제중 83% 의약제들이허가초과나임산부에사용주의또는금기인약제들이었고 1% 에서는허가되지않은약제의사용되었다 [7]. 미국의경우에대한보고이긴하지만전체약물처방의 21% 정도가허가초과사용인것에비해 [8] 소아과영역과산과영역의환자에허가초과사용률이높은것은일반적으로임상연구당시배제대상이되는것을고려해보면당연한결과일것이다. 또한대상질환에있어서도임상시험에들어간질병군에서만허가되는것이대부분이므로그외질환들에사용하게될경우에는허가초과사용이되게된다. 여포형림프종치료목적으로도입된항암제맙테라 ( 성분명 rituximab) 의경우를보면 B림파구에대한항체로개발된키메라생쥐단클론항체이다. B세포소실효과로인해시장진입후에도처음에는허가초과이었지만류마티스성관절염같은자가면역질환에임상시험을거쳐세계각국의규제기관에추가적으로허가를받아정식으로임상에사용하게되었다. 이에반하여특발성막성신증, 시신경척수염, 눈간대성근경련및중증근무력증환자같은경우약물작용기전을고려해기존치료에반응하지않는환자들에대해사용을시도해보았고반응을보인일부사례들을학회나학술지를통해발표하면서동료의사들에게의학적으로그사용에대해점차인정을받기시 바람직한의약품허가초과사용 141

3 작하였으며때로는전향적인추가적인임상연구를통해, 때로는사용한사례들에대한후향적결과분석을통해그사용의정당성이확보되어심지어는임상진료지침이나교과서에서치료법으로권고되게되었다. 하지만이들은흔한질환이아니므로제약회사입장에서규제기관의정해진절차에따른임상시험을추가시행하여허가사항내적응증을확대할동기를갖지못하고, 여전히해당질환에관해서는허가초과사용의범주로남아있게된다. 연령관련황반변성의치료에사용되는혈관내피세포성장저해제가또다른좋은예이다. 아바스틴 (avastin) 은진행성고형암의치료에사용되도록고안된항암제이나혈관형성저해작용기전으로인해시력손실을가져올수있는연령관련황반변성환자한명에사용하게되었고매우효과적인결과를관찰하여이를보고하게된다. 이후많은안과의사들이이약제를사용하게되면서그효과가점차입증되어 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 에적응증을받은루센티스 (lucentis) 라는약제가시장에진입하였지만여전히안과의사들이선호하는약제는아바스틴이었다. 아바스틴과루센티스는동일한제약회사에서판매하는약이지만루센티스의가격이훨씬비싸므로제약회사는동상병에대한아바스틴의인허가임상시험을추가로진행하지않았다. 제약회사에는아무런이득이없기때문이었다. 하지만공익적연구비로진행한연구자주도임상연구인단일맹검비열등성임상시험에서아바스틴은루센티스와동등한효과가입증되었고 [9], 미국안과학회에서는신생혈관생성형의연령관련황반변성의첫치료로루센티스와함께허가초과사용으로아바스틴도사용할수있는약물로권고하였고 [10], 2006년루센티스가허가되었지만 2015년에도훨씬저렴한아바스틴이삼출성연령관련황반변성치료에미국에서가장많이사용하는약제임을교과서에서도언급하고있다 [11]. 신약개발이활발하고기존의치료가불완전한암질환에서도허가초과사용이빈번하게일어나고있다 % 의암환자가적어도한가지이상의허가초과의약품으로치료받게되는데 [12] 어떤특정암종에허가가국한된경우다른암환자가기존의치료에반응하지않았을때, 즉, 미충족필요가있는경우, 사용하지못할이유가없지않는한임상의사 들은일반화하여약물을사용하게된다. 또한암치료의특성상병용요법을시도하게되는데이과정에서도허가초과사용이발생하게된다 [13]. 만약의약품을허가이외에는사용하지못하게할경우, 수많은교과서적치료방법들이환자들에게적용되지못하게될것이다. 실제임상의사들은의약품을사용할때규제기관의허가사항을참조하기보다는교과서나임상논문및학술대회발표등을참고로하여진료에임하기때문에, 대다수의경우허가초과사용여부에대한인식이없을수있다. 미국에서진행된설문조사에의하면 22개의약과그사용목록을놓고 FDA 허가여부에대하여물었을때평균점수가 55% 로허가사항에대한인지정도가낮은것을볼수있었으며이상황은우리나라도크게다르지않을것이다 [14]. 의약품안전과허가초과사용 다양한임상분야에서의약품의허가초과사용이필요하고환자들에게도움을주는것은틀림없지만과학적근거에의해지지되는사용은 30% 정도에불과하며, 근거가부족한상태에서사용되는비율은특히정신과, 감염병, 고혈압및알레르기질환에서높다는보고가있다 [8]. 캐나다에서이루어진 4만6천21명의환자에서처방된 151,305개약제들에대한분석을보면 11.8% 인 17,847건의허가초과사용이있었고허가초과건중에 19% 정도가강한과학적근거를바탕으로처방된경우였다. 이연구에서총 3,484건의약물이상사례가발생하였는데허가사항내사용의경우보다근거가부족한허가초과사용의경우 1.7배정도약물이상사례발생이높았으나과학적근거가있이사용한의약품허가외사용의경우는허가내사용과차이가없었다 [15]. 이연구에서사용된 강한근거 는허가초과사용에효과가있고, 허가초과사용의적응증이되는환자들대부분에게권고되며, 최소한하나이상의무작위대조군임상시험에서효능이있는경우로정의하였다. 이연구결과를통하여볼때의학적근거가일정수준이상인경우는허가내사용과안전성측면에서차 142 대한의사협회지

4 Lee SM Appropriate off-label drug use 이가없음으로해당의약품이주는이득이크다면다른제한없이의료현장에서사용될수있도록하는것이바람직하겠다는생각을할수있다. 외국의사례 의약품의규제정책의국제적표준을제시하는미국의사례를보면의약품의허가초과사용은불법적이지않으며, FDA는임상연구목적으로사용시피시험자보호측면에서엄격한평가를요구하나일상적인임상에서허가초과사용에대해규제하지않고있다. 즉허가초과사용이의학적판단의문제라는관점을갖고있다. 다만제약회사가허가초과사용에대해홍보할수없도록규제하고있다. 메이요클리닉의 Wittich 등 [4] 은의약품허가초과사용이의학적표준에맞는것인지점검을위해해당의약품자체는규제기관의허가는통과한것인지, 허가초과사용이동료심사를거친것인지, 치료에의학적으로필요한것인지, 그리고실험적인것은아닌지에대한질문을던져볼것을권하고있다. 메디케어는암질환에사용되는약제의경우 1993년미의회는법에명시된약품전중하나에명시된경우나두편이상의동료심사학술지에서사용을지지하는경우에급여할수있도록법제화하였다. 법에명시된약품전은 American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 를포함한세가지였는데메디케어가적절한의약품전목록을승인하도록권한을부여받아최근세가지가더추가되었다. 상기약품전에없는경우는 2008년기준으로 26개의동료심사가이루어지는학술지에게재된경우급여를고려할수있도록하였다 [16]. 유럽의경우각나라마다상황은다르나일반적으로는사보험에서는허가초과의약품사용이비교적수월한편이며공적보험에서는다소까다로워중증혹은생명을위협받는질환에서다른대안이없을때, 치료결과를기대할만한합리성이있는경우에한하여제한적사용을허용하고있다 [6]. 영국의경우약물인허가책임을지닌정부규제기관인 Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency와의료법상환자보호및의사교육관리감독기관인 General Medical Council은공히환자의특별한필요에따라서의학적인이유로허가초과사용을할수있다고공식적으로명시하였고허가범위내사용으로환자의필요가충족되지못할경우필요할수있다고지적하면서그사용의책임은처방권자와약사가공히지도록하며병원의경우다학제팀으로구성된처방집위원회를통해그책임이수행될수있다고지적하고있다. 이모든책임있는자들은약물부작용에대해면밀히추적관찰할것을요구하고있다 [3]. 프랑스는 2012년 잠정사용권고 (temporary recommendations for use)' 로불리는허가된이외로처방되는약제사용에대한경과적규제정책을만들었는데한시적으로사용하도록허락함으로써추후이득과위해에대한평가를할수있도록정보를수집하며최대 3년간기간을정하고제약회사에게허가초과처방에대한컨트롤책임을부과하였다. 이러한잠정사용권고는모든약에대해한번의기회가주어지며그적응증으로보험급여될권리를가질수있다 [17]. 호주의경우미국과마찬가지로허가범위내사용이환자의필요를충족시켜주지못할때허가초과외의약품사용은불법적이지않으며, 이러한사용이호주의의약품규제기관인 Therapeutic Goods Administration의규제하에도있지않으나, 제약회사는허가초과외사용에대하여판촉활동을할수없도록규정하고있다. 처방의는전문가로서각환자의개인의상황에맞게적절성을판단하여사용할것이요구된다. 그적절성판단에대한공식적인규정은없으나주정부지원독립단체인 New South Wales Therapeutic Group은전문가합의권고문을발표한바있는데허가초과사용으로인한해로움을능가하는이득이있다는것에대한높은수준의양질의근거가있다면일반적인허가초과사용이정당화될수있고, 그렇지않아낮은수준의근거밖에없으나중증또는드문질환이거나, 대체할다른치료법이없거나허가내의약품이품절등의이유로사용할수없는경우예외적으로그개인에한한사용이정당화될수있으며, 그외합의된사전계획서에따른근거창출조건부로사용할수있고이외사용은정당화되지못한다고권고하고있다 [18]. 바람직한의약품허가초과사용 143

5 Table 1. Recent off-label drug use allowance system in South Korea Category of allowance Available organization Coverage status Notice of MOHW All hospitals Coverage in most cases, some 100% OOP Severe disease (cancer) Other drugs Public notice of HIRA Pre-request regimen 우리나라에서허가초과의약품사용 국민건강보험요양급여의기준에관한규칙중요양급여 의적용기준및방법에따르면의약품은식약처허가사항 범위내에서사용해야하고 진료상반드시필요한 경우보 건복지부장관의고시에의해허가초과사용을할수있고, 중증환자에게처방 투여하는약제의경우는건강보험심 사평가원장의공고로허가초과사용이가능하다. 현재중증 환자의경우암질환분야에서만활발하게활용되고있다. 그외일반약제들의허가사항외사용의경우비급여사용 은복건복지부고시제 호에의거하여대체가능한 약제가없거나사용할수없는경우혹은대체가능한약제 에비해비용효과적이거나부작용이적고효과가더높을 것이기대될경우해당요양기관의장이임상시험심사위 원회 (institutional review board, IRB) 의심사를거쳐건 강보험심사평가원장에승인을신청하도록하고있으나해 당요양기관은의약품임상시험실시기관으로한정되어있 다. 심사평가원이사용을승인한경우식품의약품안전처에 통보하도록되어있고식품의약품안전처에서는안전성, 유 효성이인정되지않을경우심사평가원에사용중지요청 을할수있게돼있다. All hospitals Requesting hospitals only (multidisciplinary team approval required) Requesting hospitals only (IRB approval required) 우리나라의현행허가초과사용의종류를정리하면 Table 1 과같다. 다소복잡하게다양한제도가운영되고있으나 업무범위외의사안이 IRB 에부과된것과 IRB 가없는기관 에서는적용대상이되지못한다는점등으로허가초과사용 에대한임상현장의필요가충분히반영되지못하고있다 Coverage in almost all 100% OOP Uncovered MOHW, Ministry of Health and Welfare; OOP, out of pocket; HIRA, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service; IRB, institutional review board. 는임상의사들의요구가있다. 반면국 회등을통하여허가초과사용을엄격히 규제하라는요구도상존하고있고환자 단체들은사용허가요구의목소리를높 이고있어좀더합리적인허가초과사 용의기전이필요며시장에진입한의 약품의허가외사용에대한결정은건강 보험권내에서이루어지는것이절차적 으로타당하다. 그러나이러한결정이 제약사들의추가임상연구를통한기존 의규제기관을통한적응증확대기전에영향을주는것은 바람직하지않고, 근거가적은경우의약품이상사례발생이 높은점, 결과의일관성을보기위해서는적어도두편이상 이별개의임상연구의뒷받침이필요한점, 이해관계에따 라결과에영향을줄개연성존재하는점 [19,20] 등을감안 하여허가초과의약품사용의이득과해로움을고려하여다 음과같은근거에기반한급여인정의일반원칙을다음첫 째와둘째항을모두만족하는경우로제안한다. 첫째로, 효능, 효과를입증할의학적근거가있어야한다 ( 다음중한가지이상만족할경우 ). 양질의무작위대조군 임상시험결과 2 편이상에서위해를상회하는이득이증명 된경우, 두편이상의양질의전향적코호트연구들에서일 관적이며효과의크기가중등도이상이라고판단될경우, 여러편의양질의관찰적연구에서효과의크기가매우크 며일관성이있는경우 (1-3 항에서각항의해당연구문헌 이 2 편만존재할경우, 모두해당의약품과이해관계가없 는연구이어야하며연구문헌의질과효과의크기에대한 판단은임상진료지침제작의국제표준을제시하였으며의 학계에서보편적으로사용되고있는 GRADE [the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation] 의지침을따를수있다 [21]). 둘째로, 의학적표준으로인정되어야하며교과서, 임상진 료지침, 및동료심사학술지의종설에서일관성있게권고되 는경우를의학적표준으로간주할수있다. 상기기준이충족된다면일반적으로모든요양기관에서 해당의약품을사용할수있도록하고추후건강보험및제 144 대한의사협회지

6 Lee SM Appropriate off-label drug use 약사등의다양한재원으로부터임상연구기금을조성하여 불확실성이존재하는의약품에대한레지스트리를구축하여 근거창출조건부급여의형태로한시적으로사용하고일정기 간경과한후재평가하는기전을구축할것을제안한다 [22]. 결론 임상적으로환자의필요가충족되지못하거나허가초과의 약품사용이더비용효과적인경우의약품허가초과사용이 필요하게된다. 외국에서는이러한사용을불법으로간주하 지않고있으나실제로근거가불충분한채사용되는경우도 많고그런경우의약품이상사례발생률이더높은것도사실 이다. 따라서적절한관리체계를갖고허가초과의약품사용 이임상현장의필요에맞게이루어질수있도록사회가도 와야한다. 허가초과사용의문제는성격상규제기관이주도 적으로해결하기는힘들고의약품을허가범위내사용하도 록규정하는건강보험권내에서해결해야할문제이다. 근거 에기반한허가초과사용의사용적절성을위해명료한국가 적기준이마련되길바란다. 찾아보기말 : 허가초과사용 ; 의약품이상사례 ; 근거기반의학 ; 환자안전 ORCID Sang Moo Lee, REFERENCES 1. Park BJ. Policy for drug safety and its impact on the patient safety. J Korean Med Assoc 2012;55: Kohn LT, Corrigan J, Donaldson MS. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; Sutherland A, Waldek S. It is time to review how unlicensed medicines are used. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015;71: Wittich CM, Burkle CM, Lanier WL. Ten common questions (and their answers) about off-label drug use. Mayo Clin Proc 2012;87: Shah SS, Hall M, Goodman DM, Feuer P, Sharma V, Fargason C Jr, Hyman D, Jenkins K, White ML, Levy FH, Levin JE, Bertoch D, Slonim AD. Off-label drug use in hospitalized children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161: Lenk C, Duttge G. Ethical and legal framework and regulation for off-label use: European perspective. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014;10: Herring C, McManus A, Weeks A. Off-label prescribing during pregnancy in the UK: an analysis of 18,000 prescriptions in Liverpool Womenʼs Hospital. Int J Pharm Pract 2010;18: Radley DC, Finkelstein SN, Stafford RS. Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians. Arch Intern Med 2006;166: Rosenfeld PJ, Moshfeghi AA, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36: American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous PPP Panel. Age-related macular degeneration PPP: updated 2015 [Internet]. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2015 [cited 2017 Dec 15]. Available from: Leung LS, Zarbin MA, Rosenfeld PJ, Toy B, Martin DF, Blumenkranz MS. Pharmacotherapy of age-related macular degeneration. In: Schachat AP, Sadda SR, Hinton DR, Wilkinson CP, Weidemann P, editors. Ryan's retina. 6th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; p Saiyed MM, Ong PS, Chew L. Off-label drug use in oncology: a systematic review of literature. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017;42: Mellor JD, Van Koeverden P, Yip SW, Thakerar A, Kirsa SW, Michael M. Access to anticancer drugs: many evidence-based treatments are off-label and unfunded by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Intern Med J 2012;42: Chen DT, Wynia MK, Moloney RM, Alexander GC. US physician knowledge of the FDA-approved indications and evidence base for commonly prescribed drugs: results of a national survey. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009;18: Eguale T, Buckeridge DL, Verma A, Winslade NE, Benedetti A, Hanley JA, Tamblyn R. Association of off-label drug use and adverse drug events in an adult population. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176: Recent developments in medicare coverage of off-label cancer therapies. J Oncol Pract 2009;5: Emmerich J, Dumarcet N, Lorence A. Franceʼs new framework for regulating off-label drug use. N Engl J Med 2012;367: Gazarian M, Kelly M, McPhee JR, Graudins LV, Ward RL, Campbell TJ. Off-label use of medicines: consensus recommendations for evaluating appropriateness. Med J Aust 2006;185: Friedman LS, Richter ED. Relationship between conflicts of interest and research results. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19: Riaz H, Raza S, Khan MS, Riaz IB, Krasuski RA. Impact of funding 바람직한의약품허가초과사용 145

7 source on clinical trial results including cardiovascular outcome trials. Am J Cardiol 2015;116: Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Alonso- Coello P, Atkins D, Kunz R, Montori V, Jaeschke R, Rind D, Dahm P, Akl EA, Meerpohl J, Vist G, Berliner E, Norris S, Falck-Ytter Y, Schünemann HJ. GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 2013;66: Park S, Lee SM. Evidence-based healthcare and the need of conditional decision. J Korean Med Assoc 2011;54: 대한의사협회지

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