in control group 7, , , ,
|
|
- Sharleen Thornton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Q1 Rotavirus is a major cause of severe gastroenteritis among young children. Each year, rotavirus causes >500,000 deaths worldwide among infants and very young children, with 90% of these deaths occurring in Africa and Asia. In low income countries, it is a major cause of under-5 year old mortality, accounting for up to 20% of all childhood deaths in countries with a high diarrhoeal disease burden. Infections in the first 6 months of life are associated with severe symptoms and therefore good vaccination coverage early in life is important. Rotavirus infection is primarily spread via the faecal-oral route. Recently two orally-administered, live, attenuated vaccines against rotavirus infection have been licensed and are now being implemented into routine immunization programmes in several countries. The 2 vaccines differ by the number of doses that are recommended to be given; the first vaccine should be administered in 2 doses and the second vaccine should be administered in 3 doses. Two large scale clinical trials have demonstrated that the vaccine is safe and highly efficacious. The first trial was carried out in several countries across Latin America. This trial used the 2 dose vaccine. The second trial was undertaken in several countries in Europe and the USA, and used the 3 dose vaccine. Below is a summary of results for each trial. Table 1: Hospitalisation cases of severe Rotavirus for the 2 Randomised Control Trials (RCT) RCT Latin America 2 doses of vaccine Europe & USA 3 doses of vaccine Total number in vaccine group Number of cases in vaccine group Total number in control group Number of cases in control group 7, , , , a. Explain the meaning of vaccine efficacy and calculate the VE for each study (please show all your workings) (25 marks) the standard measure of how well a vaccine works, the % reduction in incidence in vaccinated individuals attributable to vaccination (5 marks) 10 marks for each VE calculated Latin America study: 1- (22/7205)/(127/7081) /0.0179= = 82.98%
2 Europe & USA 1-(6/28646)/(144/28488) / = = 95.9% b. State four reasons for being cautious when comparing the results from these vaccine trials. (20 marks) 5 marks for each valid reason up to maximum 20 marks - Inclusion criteria, age at vaccination, may differ, so the results may not be comparable - The duration of follow-up is not stated, may differ, this matters if efficacy may wane - The timing of the doses is not stated, infections in the first 6 months are important, different regimens may give different protection at early age - Need more information on how both studies were carried out were they blinded, how the randomisation was carried out, and the case definition and diagnostic criteria - Limited information provided on the results e.g. no confidence intervals, so difficult to compare results - Different regions the observed differences may reflect differences between the vaccines, or differences in site specific factors that affect vaccine efficacy (e.g. age distribution of cases) You are responsible for selecting a rotavirus vaccine for your country as currently no vaccine for rotavirus is being used. Your country is a low income country in sub-saharan Africa with very high under-5 mortality. Diarrhoea is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity. d. State four additional pieces of information you would want in order to make a more informed decision about which rotavirus vaccine to introduce in your country (20 marks) 5 marks for each valid point up to maximum 20 points: - incidence of vaccine-related serious adverse events - age specific rotavirus incidence, in relation to the timings of doses in the 2-dose and 3-dose schedule - confidence intervals for VE for each vaccine to confirm if there is a difference in efficacy - efficacy after 2 doses for the 3-dose vaccine - effect of co-administration with other EPI vaccines on responses to both vaccines - vaccine uptake data in your country to determine whether good coverage of 3 doses could be achieved - a cost effectiveness analysis - logistical requirements such as cold chain
3 - the VE for each vaccine in your country (important because of variable efficacy of live oral vaccines) - duration of protection for both vaccines - evidence of herd effect You have limited funds for health care and hospitals resources for proper management of severe diarrhoea are scarce in many regions in your country. The cost of the vaccine is $10 (USD) per dose (regardless of which vaccine is used). The current recommendation from the vaccine developers is to administer the first dose of rotavirus vaccine between 6 and 12 weeks of age. Previous studies have shown that an older vaccine for rotavirus had an increased risk of serious adverse events (risk of bowel obstruction estimated to be 1 case per 10,000) when the first dose was administered AFTER 12 weeks of age. Based on this risk, the vaccine was withdrawn from public use. e. Based on the information provided in this question (including your VE estimates), which vaccine would you select for introduction into your country s immunization programme? Justify your answer (15 marks) Either vaccine can be chosen as long as appropriate justification is given: 3 dose vaccine: - higher VE for 3 doses versus 2 doses and thus preventing more deaths - can be incorporated into existing EPI schedule - appropriate choice if good coverage of 3 doses could be achieved - low risk of doses being administered after 12 weeks 2 dose vaccine: - 2 dose is cheaper than 3 doses - easier for a better coverage of 2 doses versus 3 doses - the 2-dose schedule reduces the potential for late administration of doses beyond 12 weeks. - less risk of adverse events for 2 doses than 3 doses f. Briefly describe what studies you would conduct after the vaccine was introduced in order to monitor its impact (20 marks) 5 marks for each of the following: - Disease surveillance to monitor impact - Case control study to measure vaccine efficacy - Adverse event surveillance - Vaccination coverage surveys to measure coverage and timing of doses
4 Rate per population Q2 During the first wave of the H1N1 influenza pandemic from April to September 2009 in England it is estimated that 320,000 people reported with clinical illness. However, this varied considerably by age group and region. Outbreaks in schools occurred, following the introduction of infection by school-age children who had acquired infection through travel or through contact with other cases in the household or elsewhere. Figure 1: Estimated rate, per 100,000 population of clinical cases of pandemic H1N by age group and strategic health authority, England to September 2009 (East Midlands (EM), East of England (EE), London (LN), North East (NE), North West (NW), South Central (SC), South East Coast (SE), South West (SW), West Midlands (WM), Yorks & Humber (YH) Age Group <1 yr 1-4 yr 5-14 yr yr yr a. Describe the age pattern of infection (5) People aged 5-24 years were more likely (2-3 times incidence) to become infected than older adults (3 marks). Low incidence in >65yrs (2 marks). b. Give two reasons why in contrast to seasonal influenza, people 65 years and older might be least affected. (10) This age pattern likely reflects past exposures to other strains of H1N1 and some level of cross-protecting antibodies among older age groups. (5) Less contact with other people, many of the outbreaks were in schools and workplaces (5)
5 Give one reason that might explain the heterogeneous geographical distribution (5) 5 marks for any valid answer for example: Outbreaks in some parts of the country and not others (5) Susceptibility of host population (eg more young people in London) (5) International linkage of populations (early introductions due to travel) (5) c. Why does seasonal influenza tend to peak in the temperate winter season? (5) The incidence of droplet- transmitted diseases such as influenza tends to peak in the temperate winter season for a number of reasons. In temperate climates, there tends to be more crowding and less ventilation in winter (2 marks). This leads to increased contact, re-circulation of air and dry nasal mucosa, providing a better environment for transmission (3 marks). The size and relative impact of influenza epidemics and pandemics depend upon several factors including natural or vaccine-induced levels of protective immunity in the population, strain virulence and the extent of antigenic variation of new viruses. This H1N1 pandemic strain is not thought to be as virulent as previous pandemic strains. Most cases appear to have experienced a typical influenza-like illness. d. What does virulence mean? (5) Virulence is the amount of pathogenicity that an infectious agent causes, that is, the severity of the disease that may result from an infection. Intensive epidemiological and laboratory investigation of the first few hundred cases and their household contacts were used to estimate key transmission parameters for the pandemic virus. The secondary attack rate was 7%; however, the rate was approximately four times higher in children (<16 years) than adults. Early findings from the pandemic estimated that the basic reproductive number (Ro) ranged from 1.4 to 1.6. Asymptomatic infection is a well-recognised feature of seasonal influenza. However, the proportion of those infected with the pandemic (H1N1) virus that had a mild illness or are asymptomatic has not been well-characterised. e. Explain what a secondary attack rate of 7% means? (5) SAR of 7% means that 7 out of 100 susceptible persons exposed to a primary case developed the disease as a consequence of contact with this primary case(5) f. What information do you need to calculate the secondary attack rate (SAR)? (15) Exact time of onset of each case (serial interval between cases) (5) Number of susceptible exposed to the primary case (5) Estimate of the maximum infectious period and the minimum and maximum incubation periods of the disease (5) Comment [E1]: This should be the minimum and maximum serial interval I think Andy
6 g. State three criteria that should be considered when deciding which clinical manifestation to use to identify the exact time of onset of each case when calculating the SAR? (15) Constancy of presence (asymptomatic cases, mild illness) Extraneous variability ie variability not attributable to the biology of the disease eg variability in memory, reporting, observation Stability in the cycle of the disease (no clear manifestation) h. If you count as susceptible some individuals who are actually immune to the disease, what effect would this have on the calculated SAR? Briefly explain your answer. (5) The calculated SAR would be an underestimate of the true transmission probability (2 marks) as including those who are not actually susceptible to the disease would artificially raise the denominator (3 marks). i. If a large number of secondary cases were asymptomatic what effect would this have on the calculated SAR? Briefly explain your answer. (5) The calculated SAR would be an underestimate (2 marks) as asymptomatic cases not included in the numerator (3 marks). j. What does a basic reproductive number, Ro of 1.4 mean? (5 marks) Each single primary case is expected to produce 1.4 secondary cases in a totally susceptible population (average number of secondary cases arising from a primary case in a susceptible population).(5) k. Define net reproduction number, R ( 5 marks) R: The average number of secondary infective cases produced by each primary case in a population where not all the individuals are susceptible. l. Explain in words the relationship between the Ro and R (5 marks) R is the product of Ro times the proportion of the population that are susceptible (x). m. A report on the H1N1 epidemic stated that if a second wave of infection were to occur, the basic reproduction number would be expected to be lower than in the first epidemic. State two reasons why the basic reproduction rate would be expected to be lower in the second outbreak. (You do not need to do a calculation) (10 marks) any two of the following: Public health interventions eg closure of schools, that reduce the contact rate (5 marks) Vaccination (5 marks) Behaviour change through public education (5 marks)
7 The virus could mutate and become more or less transmissible or persist more or less time in the host (5 marks)
Emerging Infections: Pandemic Influenza. W. Paul Glezen
Emerging Infections: Pandemic Influenza W. Paul Glezen Challenges The trends of modern society tend to facilitate spread and increase morbidity Travel, urbanization morbidity vs. mortality The cost of
More informationTraining in Infectious Diseases Modeling. A reflection on vaccination as a disease control measure
Training in Infectious Diseases Modeling A reflection on vaccination as a disease control measure -Example of Rotavirus disease- Participant s Guide Adapted by Nathalie Elomeiri; Camelia Savulescu; Fernando
More informationConflict of Interest and Disclosures. Research funding from GSK, Biofire
Pandemic Influenza Suchitra Rao, MBBS, Assistant Professor, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Medicine and Epidemiology Global Health and Disasters Course, 2018 Conflict of Interest and Disclosures
More informationNational Immunisation Programme changes Michael Baker. Wessex Public Health England Centre
National Immunisation Programme changes 2013-14 Michael Baker Wessex Public Health England Centre Changes to the Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MenC) vaccine schedule in 2013 2 Immunisation Programme
More informationPUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE SEASONAL INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA SWINE INFLUENZA
INFLUENZA DEFINITION Influenza is an acute highly infectious viral disease characterized by fever, general and respiratory tract catarrhal manifestations. Influenza has 3 Types Seasonal Influenza Avian
More informationROTAVIRUS VACCINES. Virology
ROTAVIRUS VACCINES Virology Rotavirus is a triple-layers viral particle belonging to the Reoviridae family. It contains 11 segments of double-stranded RNA, of which 6 are structural and 5 are non-structural
More informationViral Agents of Paediatric Gastroenteritis
Viral Agents of Paediatric Gastroenteritis Dr Carl Kirkwood -------------------- Enteric Virus Research Group Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Royal Children s Hospital Victoria. WHO Collaborating
More informationabcdefghijklmnopqrstu
abcdefghijklmnopqrstu Swine Flu UK Planning Assumptions Issued 3 September 2009 Planning Assumptions for the current A(H1N1) Influenza Pandemic 3 September 2009 Purpose These planning assumptions relate
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS. Peterborough County-City Health Unit Pandemic Influenza Plan Section 1: Introduction
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction...1-2 1.1 Background...1-2 1.2 Why Does Peterborough County and City Need a Plan for Influenza Pandemic?...1-2 1.3 About Influenza...1-3 1.4 When Does Influenza Become
More informationAOHS Global Health. Unit 1, Lesson 3. Communicable Disease
AOHS Global Health Unit 1, Lesson 3 Communicable Disease Copyright 2012 2016 NAF. All rights reserved. A communicable disease is passed from one infected person to another The range of communicable diseases
More informationWhat do epidemiologists expect with containment, mitigation, business-as-usual strategies for swine-origin human influenza A?
What do epidemiologists expect with containment, mitigation, business-as-usual strategies for swine-origin human influenza A? Dr Thomas TSANG Controller, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health
More informationSurveillance of influenza in Northern Ireland
Surveillance of influenza in Northern Ireland 2011-2012 Summary: The influenza season started later than normal, clinical indices began to increase marginally in mid-february, much later than previous
More informationMedia centre. WHO Hepatitis B. Key facts. 1 of :12 AM.
1 of 5 2013-08-02 7:12 AM Media centre Hepatitis B Share Print Fact sheet N 204 Updated July 2013 Key facts Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic
More informationInfluenza Update N 157
Influenza Update N 157 13 April 2012 Summary In most areas of the northern hemisphere temperate regions, influenza activity appears to have peaked and is declining. In North America, influenza indicators
More informationبسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
- 1 - - - 1 P a g e بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم This sheet was made from record section 1 all information are included - Introduction Our respiratory tract is divided anatomically to upper (URT),middle and
More informationInfluenza: The Threat of a Pandemic
April, 2009 Definitions Epidemic: An increase in disease above what you what would normally expect. Pandemic: A worldwide epidemic 2 What is Influenza? Also called Flu, it is a contagious respiratory illness
More informationRunning head: INFLUENZA VIRUS SEASON PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE 1
Running head: INFLUENZA VIRUS SEASON PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE 1 Electron micrograph of H1N1 Virus (CDC, 2009) Influenza Virus Season Preparedness and Response Patricia Bolivar Walden University Epidemiology
More informationHealth care workers and infectious diseases
Introduction Health care workers and infectious diseases Objectives 1. What is an infectious disease?? 2. What is an infection and disease?? 3. Causes of re-emerging of the problem of the infectious diseases
More informationMalik Sallam. Ola AL-juneidi. Ammar Ramadan. 0 P a g e
1 Malik Sallam Ola AL-juneidi Ammar Ramadan 0 P a g e Today's lecture will be about viral upper respiratory tract infections. Those include: common cold, sinusitis, otitis, etc. Infections in the upper
More informationVaccine Preventable Diseases in San Francisco. Susan Fernyak, MD MPH CDCP Section Director and Deputy Health Officer August 17, 2010
Vaccine Preventable Diseases in San Francisco Susan Fernyak, MD MPH CDCP Section Director and Deputy Health Officer August 17, 2010 Section Responsibilities Communicable Disease Control Unit (CDCU): Communicable
More informationWHO Technical Consultation on the severity of disease caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) virus infections
WHO Technical Consultation on the severity of disease caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) virus infections Original short summary posted 6 May 2009. Revised full report posted May 9 2009. On 5 May 2009
More informationAvian Influenza (Bird Flu) Fact Sheet
What is an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus? Influenza A (H5N1) virus also called H5N1 virus is an influenza A virus subtype that occurs mainly in birds. It was first isolated from birds (terns) in South
More informationPublic Health Resources: Core Capacities to Address the Threat of Communicable Diseases
Public Health Resources: Core Capacities to Address the Threat of Communicable Diseases Anne M Johnson Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Ljubljana, 30 th Nov 2018 Drivers of infection transmission
More informationInfluenza Pandemic: Overview of Ops Response. Ministry of Health SINGAPORE
Influenza Pandemic: Overview of Ops Response Ministry of Health SINGAPORE Photos from CBC News Recent Human infections caused by avian influenza Jan 2004 Aug 05 (H5N1) Thailand - 17 cases (12 deaths) Vietnam
More informationStrategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in South East Asia 1
Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in South East Asia 1 Modeling pandemic spread and possible control plans of avian flu H5N1 BBSI, Nicole Kennerly, Shlomo Ta asan 1 Nature. 2005
More informationIntroduction to Measles a Priority Vaccine Preventable Disease (VPD) in Africa
Introduction to Measles a Priority Vaccine Preventable Disease (VPD) in Africa Nigeria Center for Disease Control Federal Ministry of Health Abuja July 2015 Outline 1. Measles disease 2. Progress towards
More informationSituation Update Pandemic (H1N1) August 2009
Situation Update Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 31 August 2009 Timeline pandemic (H1N1) 2009 April 12: an outbreak of influenza-like illness in Veracruz, Mexico reported to WHO April 15-17: two cases of the new
More informationPandemic (H1N1) 2009 in England: an overview of initial epidemiological findings and implications for the second wave
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in England: an overview of initial epidemiological findings and implications for the second wave V3 24 November 2009 Contents Executive summary 2 Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in England: an
More informationInfluenza. Gwen Clutario, Terry Chhour, Karen Lee
Influenza Gwen Clutario, Terry Chhour, Karen Lee Overview Commonly referred to as the flu Defined as a highly contagious viral infection where it starts at the upper respiratory tract and attacks the nose,
More informationInfluenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin
Influenza ly Surveillance Bulletin Northern Ireland, 14 (1 7 April 213) Summary GP consultation rates remain below the Northern Ireland threshold of 7 per, population. GP consultation rates decreased from
More informationDirector of Public Health Board Paper No. 13/13
Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS Board Director of Public Health Board Paper No. 13/13 Report of the Director of Public Health : Major Development to Immunisation Programmes in Scotland Implications for NHSGGC
More informationPrioritisation of Faecal-Oral Disease Transmission Pathways in Secondary Schools. MELERUCHI WAMI
Prioritisation of Faecal-Oral Disease Transmission Pathways in Secondary Schools MELERUCHI WAMI m.wami@lboro.ac.uk OUTLINE Problem Statement Approach to solution Progress so far What s next? WASH needs
More informationEvaluating the Economic Consequences of Avian Influenza (1) Andrew Burns, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, Hans Timmer (2)
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 47417 Evaluating the Economic Consequences of Avian Influenza (1) Andrew Burns, Dominique
More information4.0 Prevention of Infection Vaccines
4.0 Prevention of Infection Vaccines National Curriculum Link Key Stage 3 Sc1:1a - 1c. 2a 2p Sc2: 2n, 5c, 5d Unit of Study Unit 8: Microbes and Disease Unit 9B: Fit and Healthy Unit 20: 20 th Century Medicine
More informationGlobal Challenges of Pandemic and Avian Influenza. 19 December 2006 Keiji Fukuda Global influenza Programme
Global Challenges of Pandemic and Avian Influenza 19 December 2006 Keiji Fukuda Global influenza Programme Summary of Current H5N1 Situation 1997 First known outbreak infecting humans 18 people hospitalized
More informationOIE Situation Report for Avian Influenza
OIE Situation Report for Avian Influenza Latest update: 25/01/2018 The epidemiology of avian influenza is complex. The virus constantly evolves and the behavior of each new subtype (and strains within
More informationRotavirus. Factsheet for parents. Immunisation for babies up to a year old
Rotavirus Factsheet for parents This factsheet describes the rotavirus infection and the vaccine that protects against it. It also provides the background to the development and introduction of the vaccination
More informationInfluenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin
Influenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin Northern Ireland, Week 1 (2 January 217 8 January 217) Summary At this point in the 216/17 influenza season, activity has increased in week 1 (week commencing 9 th
More informationPeterborough County-City Health Unit Pandemic Influenza Plan Section 1: Background
1. Background Every expert on influenza agrees that the ability of the influenza virus to re-assort genes means that another influenza pandemic not only can happen, it almost certainly will happen Influenza
More informationInfluenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week (1 st 7 th October 2018)
Influenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week 40 2018 (1 st 7 th October 2018) Summary This is the first influenza surveillance report of the 2018/2019 influenza season. All indicators
More informationOIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
OIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Latest update: 30/06/2018 The epidemiology of avian influenza (AI) is complex. The AI virus constantly evolves by mutation and re-assortment with
More informationOIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
OIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Latest update: 28/02/2018 The epidemiology of avian influenza is complex. The virus constantly evolves and the behavior of each new subtype (and
More informationVIRAL GASTRO-ENTERITIS
VIRAL GASTRO-ENTERITIS Dr Esam Ibraheem Azhar (BSc, MSc, Ph.D Molecular Medical Virology) Asst. Prof. Medical Laboratory Technology Department ١ Gastroenteritis Introduction (1) Paediatric diarrhoea remains
More informationRotavirus: WHO Global Recommendations, Policy, and Surveillance
Rotavirus: WHO Global Recommendations, Policy, and Surveillance 9 th International Rotavirus Symposium 2 August 2010 Mary Agócs, MD, MSc Department of Immunization, Vaccines & Biologicals From 1999 2009:
More informationNCCID RAPID REVIEW. 1. What are the case definitions and guidelines for surveillance and reporting purposes?
NCCID RAPID REVIEW 1. What are the case definitions and guidelines for surveillance and reporting purposes? Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Ten Questions and Answers for Canadian Public Health
More informationVIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE AFRICAN REGION. Report of the Secretariat. CONTENTS Paragraphs BACKGROUND...
8 April 2014 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH PROGRAMME SUBCOMMITTEE Sixty-fourth session Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, 9 11 June 2014 Provisional agenda item 6 VIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION
More informationInfluenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Weeks 13 & (26 th March 8 th April 2018)
Influenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Weeks 13 & 14 218 (26 th March 8 th April 218) Summary All indicators of influenza activity continued to decrease during weeks 13 and 14 218 (week
More informationA. No. There are no current reports of avian influenza (bird flu) in birds in the U.S.
Bird Flu FAQ 2 Frequently Asked Avian Influenza Questions Avian influenza in birds Q. What is avian influenza? A. Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza
More informationGlobal updates on avian influenza and tools to assess pandemic potential. Julia Fitnzer Global Influenza Programme WHO Geneva
Global updates on avian influenza and tools to assess pandemic potential Julia Fitnzer Global Influenza Programme WHO Geneva Pandemic Influenza Risk Management Advance planning and preparedness are critical
More informationVIROLOGY OF INFLUENZA. Subtypes: A - Causes outbreak B - Causes outbreaks C - Does not cause outbreaks
INFLUENZA VIROLOGY OF INFLUENZA Subtypes: A - Causes outbreak B - Causes outbreaks C - Does not cause outbreaks PATHOGENICITY High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) Causes severe disease in poultry
More informationVIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE AFRICAN REGION. Report of the Secretariat. CONTENTS Paragraphs BACKGROUND...
5 November 2014 REGIONAL COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Sixty-fourth session Cotonou, Republic of Benin, 3 7 November 2014 Provisional agenda item 11 VIRAL HEPATITIS: SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PERSPECTIVES
More informationInfluenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin
Influenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin Northern Ireland, Weeks 17-18 (25 April 216 8 May 216) Summary In Northern Ireland, as of weeks 17-18 216, the 215/16 influenza season has seen low community influenza
More informationInfluenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week (12 th 18 th March 2018)
Influenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week 11 218 (12 th 18 th March 218) Summary Overall, during week 11 218 (week ending 18 th March 218), all indicators of influenza activity have
More informationSEA/CD/154 Distribution : General. Avian Influenza in South-East Asia Region: Priority Areas for Research
SEA/CD/154 Distribution : General Avian Influenza in South-East Asia Region: Priority Areas for Research World Health Organization Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection
More informationNHS public health functions agreement Service specification No.5 Rotavirus immunisation programme
NHS public health functions agreement 2018-19 Service specification No.5 Rotavirus immunisation programme Classification: official 1 NHS public health functions agreement 2018-19 Service specification
More informationBetter Training for Safer Food BTSF
Better Training for Safer Food BTSF Importation of vector-borne infectious diseases Tanguy Marcotty Institute of Tropical Medicine Importation routes Trade Infected live animals (e.g. H5N1 avian influenza)
More informationU.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Rotavirus 1. Name of the Organism: Rotavirus Rotaviruses are classified
More informationChildhood flu vaccination: experiences of a new programme in England
Childhood flu vaccination: experiences of a new programme in England Richard Pebody PHE Respiratory Diseases Department, London 28 èmes Rencontres sur la grippe et sa prévention, Lyons, November 2015 UK
More informationNew vaccines. Nigel Crawford
New vaccines Nigel Crawford CVU 2015 New (ish) Influenza Vaccines QIV LAIV Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine [QIV] 2015 Available for the 1 st time in Australia Private market only Who should have it? Why?
More informationViral Hepatitis B and C in North African Countries
Viral Hepatitis B and C in North African Countries Prevalence, Risk factors and How to prevent Prof. Ossama Rasslan President, ESIC ICAN, Vice-Chair ICAN 2014, Harare, Zimbabwe, Nov 3rd 5th Overview Viral
More informationINFORMATION NOTE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA AND MIGRATORY BIRDS
INFORMATION NOTE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA AND MIGRATORY BIRDS THIS NOTE HAS BEEN COMPILED BY THE NATURE AND BIODIVERSITY UNIT OF DG ENVIRONMENT IN CONSULTATION WITH THE ORNIS SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP IT WILL
More informationInfluenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin
Influenza Weekly Surveillance Bulletin Northern Ireland, Week 14 (4 April 216 1 April 216) Summary In Northern Ireland, as of week 14 216, the 215/16 influenza season has seen low community influenza activity,
More informationPandemic Influenza: Hype or Reality?
Pandemic Influenza: Hype or Reality? Leta Finch Executive Director, Higher Education Practice 2003 Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. Objectives Review key characteristics of influenza, including differences between
More informationROTAVIRUS VACCINES FOR AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN: INFORMATION FOR GPS AND IMMUNISATION PROVIDERS
ROTAVIRUS VACCINES FOR AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN: INFORMATION FOR GPS AND IMMUNISATION PROVIDERS Summary Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children, accounting
More informationMISMS: International influenza research activities at the Fogarty International Center, NIH
MISMS: International influenza research activities at the Fogarty International Center, NIH Stacey Knobler and Gerardo Chowell For the Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study Group (MISMS) Division
More informationOIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
OIE Situation Report for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Latest update: 31/05/2018 The epidemiology of avian influenza (AI) is complex. The AI virus constantly evolves by mutation and re-assortment with
More informationCurrent Swine Influenza Situation Updated frequently on CDC website 109 cases in US with 1 death 57 confirmed cases aroun
Swine Flu Olga Emgushov, MD, MPH Director Epidemiology/Public Health Preparedness Brevard County Health Department April 30, 2009 Current Swine Influenza Situation Updated frequently on CDC website http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/
More informationThe impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of infectious diseases
The impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of infectious diseases Roy Anderson Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London Annecy, France May 2010 1 Contents Changing world. Basic epidemiological principles.
More informationInfluenza. Influenza vaccines (WHO position paper) Weekly Epid. Record (2005, 80: ) 287
Program Management 82_19 SAGE encouraged all countries to consider their preparedness for a potential influenza pandemic, recognizing that it would occur before strain-specific vaccine can be made in significant
More informationInfluenza Infection In Human. Dr. Zuhaida A. Jalil Surveillance Sector Disease Control Division, MOH Malaysia 3 May 2018
Influenza Infection In Human Dr. Zuhaida A. Jalil Surveillance Sector Disease Control Division, MOH Malaysia 3 May 2018 Objective of the session: After completing this session, you will be able to: Understand
More informationAcute respiratory illness This is a disease that typically affects the airways in the nose and throat (the upper respiratory tract).
Influenza glossary Adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US https://www.cdc.gov/flu/glossary/index.htm and the World Health Organization http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/glossary_rev_sept28.pdf?ua=1
More informationInfluenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be further broken down into different strains.
Influenza General Information Influenza (the flu) is a highly transmissible respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness, and may lead to death. Older people, young
More informationINFLUENZA WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ARE YOU SURE YOU USE THE RIGHT MEASURES TO PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST THE FLU?
INFLUENZA WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ARE YOU SURE YOU USE THE RIGHT MEASURES TO PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST THE FLU? GET INFORMED! GET VACCINATED! GET PROTECTED! FLU VACCINE WHAT IS INFLUENZA? Seasonal influenza
More informationInfluenza vaccines. Cheryl Cohen
Influenza vaccines Cheryl Cohen cherylc@nicd.ac.za Overview Burden of influenza and risk groups Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment Influenza the virus Currently available influenza vaccines
More informationPandemic Planning Update. Anita L. Barkin, DrPH, MSN, CRNP ACHA Annual Meeting Orlando, Florida 2008
Pandemic Planning Update Anita L. Barkin, DrPH, MSN, CRNP ACHA Annual Meeting Orlando, Florida 2008 Current Status of H5N1 383 human cases (5/29/08) 62% fatality rate Median age 18-20 previously healthy
More informationNovel H1N1 Influenza. It s the flu after all! William Muth M.D. Samaritan Health Services 9 November 2009
Novel H1N1 Influenza It s the flu after all! William Muth M.D. Samaritan Health Services 9 November 2009 Influenza A Primer.. What is the flu? How do you get it? What s a virus anyhow? Can the flu be prevented,
More informationUniversity of Colorado Denver. Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan. April 30, 2009
University of Colorado Denver Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan April 30, 2009 UCD Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan Executive Summary The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for
More informationDiagnosing and managing
www.bpac.org.nz keyword: influenza influenza Diagnosing and managing Key reviewers: Associate Professor Mark Thomas, Infectious Disease Specialist, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland Dr
More informationMI Flu Focus. Influenza Surveillance Updates Bureaus of Epidemiology and Laboratories
MI Flu Focus Influenza Surveillance Updates Bureaus of Epidemiology and Laboratories Editor: Susan Peters, DVM PetersS1@michigan.gov January 3, 2013 Surveillance and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Vol.
More informationInfluenza. Dr Bhakti Vasant Public Health Physician Metro South Public Health Unit. Metro South Public Health Unit
Metro South Public Health Unit Influenza Dr Bhakti Vasant Public Health Physician Metro South Public Health Unit Source of image: CDC. Influenza images. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/images/h1
More informationPandemic Influenza Preparedness
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Of the many health threats that we are preparing for, this is the one that we know will happen. Bruce G. Gellin, MD, MPH Director, National Vaccine Program Office Department
More informationInfluenza Update N 159
Influenza Update N 159 10 May 2012 Summary The seasonal peak for influenza has passed in most countries in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Different viruses have predominated in different
More informationModule 1 : Influenza - what is it and how do you get it?
Module 1 : Influenza - what is it and how do you get it? Responsible/facilitators General Objective Specific Objectives Methodology Agency medical coordinator Understand the mechanism how influenza is
More informationWhat is Influenza? Patricia Daly MD, FRCPC Medical Health Officer and Medical Director of Communicable Disease Control
Vancouver Coastal Health & The Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute presents: On Call with VGH Experts Lecture Series The Flu and You What is Influenza? Patricia Daly MD, FRCPC Medical Health Officer
More informationSurveillance, Reporting and Control of Influenza and Pertussis. Steve Fleming, EdM Hillary Johnson, MHS Epidemiologists Immunization Program, MDPH
Surveillance, Reporting and Control of Influenza and Pertussis Steve Fleming, EdM Hillary Johnson, MHS Epidemiologists Immunization Program, MDPH Disclosures The speaker has no financial interest or conflict
More informationInfluenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week (22 nd 28 th January 2018)
Influenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week 4 218 (22 nd 28 th January 218) Summary Overall, influenza activity in Ireland remained widespread and at high levels during week 4 218 (week
More informationEpidemiological impact of recent influenza viruses in various countries
Postgraduate Medical Journal (June 1976), 52, 327-331. Epidemiological impact of recent influenza viruses in various countries P. J. DELON M.D. F. ASSAAD* M.D. Epidemiological Surveillance of Communicable
More informationSeasonal influenza vaccination Recommendations & Reality
Seasonal influenza vaccination Recommendations & Reality World Vaccine Congress, 16-18 October 2012, Lyon, France Caroline Brown Influenza and other Respiratory Pathogens WHO Regional Office for Europe
More informationSurveillance of influenza in Northern Ireland
Surveillance of influenza in Northern Ireland 2012 2013 Contents Summary... 1 Introduction... 2 Sources of data... 2 Sentinel GP surveillance... 2 Out-of-Hours Centres... 2 Virological surveillance...
More informationInfluenza Virus: Evolution of a Deadly Virus in our World
Influenza Virus: Evolution of a Deadly Virus in our World Cathy M. St. Pierre, PhD, APRN, FNP-BC, FAANP ENRM. VA HOSPITAL Bedford, Massachusetts, USA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THIS AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO GRATEFULLY
More informationDetailed Parameters of the BARDA Interactive Flu Model
Detailed Parameters of the BARDA Interactive Flu Model Regional Vaccine Distribution Rates for Influenza No data were available to quantify the typical and maximum possible flu vaccination rates in either
More informationOverview of human cases of AI H5N1 since 1997
Overview of human cases of AI H5N1 since 1997 Dr Sylvie Briand WHO Global Influenza Programme 7 October 2008 1 FAO-OIE- WHO Joint Technical Consultation on AI at the Human-Animal Interface Review of the
More informationInfluenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week (11 th 17 th December 2017)
Influenza Surveillance in Ireland Weekly Report Influenza Week 5 217 (11 th 17 th December 217) Summary Most indicators of influenza activity in Ireland have continued to increase during week 5 217 (week
More informationPandemic Influenza Planning Assumptions U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a a t C h a p e l H i l l August Revised September 2008
Pandemic Influenza Planning Assumptions U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a a t C h a p e l H i l l August 2006 - Revised September 2008 UNC is taking steps to prepare and plan for the possibility
More informationCase Studies in Ecology and Evolution. 10 The population biology of infectious disease
10 The population biology of infectious disease In 1918 and 1919 a pandemic strain of influenza swept around the globe. It is estimated that 500 million people became infected with this strain of the flu
More informationDevon Community Resilience. Influenza Pandemics. Richard Clarke Emergency Preparedness Manager Public Health England South West Centre
Devon Community Resilience Influenza Pandemics Richard Clarke Emergency Preparedness Manager Public Health England South West Centre What is a pandemic? 2 Devon Community Resilience - Influenza Pandemics
More informationAvian influenza Avian influenza ("bird flu") and the significance of its transmission to humans
15 January 2004 Avian influenza Avian influenza ("bird flu") and the significance of its transmission to humans The disease in birds: impact and control measures Avian influenza is an infectious disease
More informationPandemic Preparedness: Pigs, Poultry, and People versus Plans, Products, and Practice
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Pandemic Preparedness: Pigs, Poultry, and People versus Plans, Products, and Practice Julie L. Gerberding Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Influenza pandemic
More informationHow flu vaccines work. Universal Influenza Vaccination of Children - the UK experience. 2 parts to an infection.. Direct effects.
Bristol Children s Vaccine Centre Universal Influenza Vaccination of Children - the UK experience @adamhfinn DIPS, Korsør 9 th November 018 How flu vaccines work Specific (on target) direct effects indirect
More informationEmerging global health threats of animal origin
Emerging global health threats of animal origin Ahmed El Idrissi Senior Officer Transboundary Animal Diseases and zoonoses Animal Production and Health Division FAO - Rome 9 th meeting of the REMESA JPC
More information