Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal pain, enteral therapy in acute pancreatitis and, 812 Abscess(es), pancreatic, nutritional support for, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, in severity of acute pancreatitis determination, 806 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), immunonutrition for, clinical evidence of use of, Adjustable gastric banding, overview of, 840 Albumin, as surrogate serum nutritional marker, 788 Aluminum, contamination with, in HPN for intestinal failure, Anastomosis(es), ileal pouch anal, after surgery in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, APACHE II score. See Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Arginine, immune system effects of, Ascites, pancreatic, nutritional support for, 815 B Bacteria defenses against, under normal conditions, acquired immunity, 756 physical barriers, 756 intestinal, effects on nutrition and metabolism, in critically ill patients, Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes mellitus, overview of, types of, Bedside for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP), 806 Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPDDS), in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, BISAP. See Bedside for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP). Bowel, inflammation of, in IBD patients, reduction of, 799 BPDDS. See Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPDDS). Butyric acid, in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, 763 C Cachexia, cardiac heart failure and, nutritional support for, Surg Clin N Am 91 (2011) doi: /s (11) surgical.theclinics.com /11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 966 Calcium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 845 Caloric needs in acute pancreatitis, 809 in chronic pancreatitis, 816 Cancer immunosuppressive effects of, 739 TPN and, history of, Carbohydrate(s), microbiota and, Cardiac cachexia heart failure and, nutritional support for, Cardiac surgery, nutritional status of patients undergoing, Cardiothoracic surgical patients, adult, nutritional considerations in, challenges related to, chylothorax, hyperglycemia, 867 infectious complications, 867 pulmonary surgery related, 868 ventricular assistance, described, rationale for, Central venous access, in critically ill obese patients, 850 Chemotherapy, gut immunity effects of, 763 Chronic heart failure, nutritional support for, Chylothorax, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, Computed tomography (CT) severity index, in severity of acute pancreatitis determination, 807 Critical illness immunonutrition for, clinical evidence of use of, in obese persons, nutritional support for, See also Obesity, in critically ill patients, nutritional support for. metabolism during, intestinal bacteria effects on, microbiome during, 778 nutrition during, microbes and, Critically ill patients, nutrition during, intestinal bacteria effects on, CT. See Computed tomography (CT). D Daily values (DVs), defined, 935 Dehydration, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Dextrose, in critically ill patients, hazards related to, 848 Diabetes mellitus type 1, vs. type 2, 822 type 2 as silent epidemic, 823 as system-wide disease, 823 current treatment of, failure of, remission of, mechanism of, surgical treatment of, bariatric surgery, ,

3 967 BPDDS, costs of, 833 indications for, laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, 830 recommendations for, 833 RYGB, safety of, 832 sleeve gastrectomy, 831 vs. type 1, 822 Diet effects on innate immune responses to injury, 761 gut immunity impairment related to, exogenous support of, Dietary intake, insufficient, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 789 Dietary supplements, terminology related to, 935 E Elderly. See also Geriatric patients. frailty syndrome in, malnutrition in, mini nutritional assessment in, nutritional requirements of, osteoporosis in, perioperative nutritional support of, postoperative considerations in, sarcopenia in, undergoing surgery, nutritional management of, See also Geriatric surgery patients, nutritional management of. Endoscopy, in enteral access for nutritional therapy, complications of, indications for, jejunal access, 902 technique, Energy delivery, in enteral therapy development, Energy requirements, in critically ill obese patients, nutritional support for, 847 Enteral feeding solutions, in enteral therapy development, Enteral therapy access techniques contraindications to, endoscopic approach, indications for, overview of, temporary access, 899 development of, historical highlights of, at turn of millenium, early optimal feeding in ICU, energy delivery, enteral feeding solutions, glycemic control, immunonutrition, phases, 946 for critically ill obese patients, 850

4 968 Enteral (continued) future challenges and opportunities related to, 956 immunosuppressive effects of, 740 in acute pancreatitis, 809 abdominal pain related to, 812 gastric residuals, in preoperative nutritional therapy, in surgical patients with IBD, solutions for, classification of, 948 F Fasting, studies of, lessons learned from, Fat(s), in acute pancreatitis, estimating and meeting needs for, 811 Fatty acids, immune system effects of, 738 Fish oils, for surgical patients with IBD, 799 Fistula(ae), intestinal, nutritional deficiencies in patients with, preoperative correction of, Fluid management, in critically ill obese patients, 847 Folate deficiency, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, Frailty syndrome, in the elderly, G GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Gastrectomy, sleeve in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 831 overview of, 840 Gastric banding, adjustable, overview of, 840 Gastric bypass, overview of, Gastrostomy, surgical, in nutritional therapy, complications of, 906 indications for, technique, Geriatric patients frail, operative risk assessment in, frailty syndrome in, malnutrition in, factors contributing to, 880 nutritional assessment of, osteoporosis in, sarcopenia in, Geriatric surgery patients. See also Geriatric patients. nutritional management of, described, perioperative, postoperative considerations in, Glucose, in acute pancreatitis, estimating and meeting needs for, 810 Glutamine immune system effects of, 738 in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity,

5 969 Glycemic control, in enteral therapy development, Gut immunity chemotherapy insults on, influences of, 763 diet-related impairment of, exogenous support of, nutrition and, See also Nutrition, gut immunity and. Gut microbiota in ICU, selective manipulation of, decontamination, 779 modulation of local gut microenvironment, 781 probiotics, metabolic effects of, carbohydrates and, lipid metabolism and, protein metabolism and, 774 vitamins and, Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), systemic mucosal immunity and, 757 H Head and neck cancers, TPN and, history of, Heart, failing, nutritional support of, Heart failure cardiac cachexia and, chronic, nutritional support for, Hepatic immunity, nutrition and, 765 Herbal products, in surgical patients, Home parenteral nutrition (HPN), for intestinal failure, aluminum contamination related to, catheter complications related to, infectious-related, mechanical-related, 923 obstructive-related, complications of, hepatobiliary, MBD, 925 failure of, surgical options for, home care services related to, evaluation of, indications for, 914 infusion rates, cycling, and tapers for, initiation of, 913 insurance coverage for, evaluation of, patient education for, 915 patient monitoring for, 922 psychosocial evaluation for, 915 solutions for, specialized products, transitioning off, VAD for, HPN. See Home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Hyperglycemia, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, 867 Hypocaloric feeding, in critically ill obese patients,

6 970 I IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU). Ileal pouch anal anastomosis, after surgery in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, Ileostomy, in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, Immune defense, innate, nutritional routes and types effects on, 760 Immune response, innate, diet effects on, 761 Immune system, nutrient effects on, Immunity acquired, 756 gut. See Gut immunity. hepatic, nutrition and, 765 systemic mucosal, GALT and, 757 Immunonutrition clinical evidence of use of, critical illness related, in ARDS, in sepsis, 747 meta-analyses of, 748 perioperative administration, postoperative administration, preoperative administration, trauma-related, development of, in surgical patients with IBD, 799 Immunosuppression, diseases and, cancer, 739 routes of delivery effects on, trauma, Infection(s) HPN for intestinal failure and, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, 867 Inflammation bowel, in IBD patients, reduction of, 799 systemic, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) malnutrition in, defined, nutritional deficiencies in, causes of, PCM among patients with, prevalence of, 789 postoperative recurrence of, nutrition and, surgical patients with, nutritional support of, current trends in, early feeding, 797 enteral therapy, fish oils, 799 for bowel inflammation reduction, 799 for short bowel syndrome, 798 future research in, 800

7 971 immunonutrition, 799 intestinal fistula related, postoperative, preoperative, TPN, 792 treatment of, pharmacologic, side effects of, 790 Injury(ies), responses to innate immune, diet effects on, 761 nutrition effects of, systemic inflammation, Innate immune defense, nutritional routes and types effects on, 760 Innate immune response to injury, diet effects on, 761 Intensive care unit (ICU) early optimal feeding in, in enteral therapy development, selective manipulation of gut microbiota in, Interleukin(s), IL-7, in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, 763 Intestinal bacteria, effects on nutrition and metabolism, in critically ill patients, Intestinal failure, HPN for, See also Home parenteral nutrition (HPN), for intestinal failure. Intestinal fistulae, nutritional deficiencies in patients with, preoperative correction of, Iron deficiency, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, J Jejunal access, for nutritional therapy, 902 L Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 830 Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), overview of, 840 Lipid(s) in critically ill patients, hazards related to, 848 metabolism of, microbiota and, LSG. See Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Lymphoid tissue, gut-associated, systemic mucosal immunity and, 757 M Magnesium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Malnutrition chronic pancreatitis and, 815 in geriatric patients, factors contributing to, 880 in IBD, defined, in surgical patients, prevalence of, protein-calorie

8 972 Malnutrition (continued) among inpatients with and without IBD, prevalence of, 789 in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, MBD. See Metabolic bone disease (MBD). Medication(s), adverse effects of, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, 790 Metabolic bone disease (MBD), HPN and, 925 Metabolism gut microbiota effects on, intestinal bacteria effects on, in critically ill patients, Microbe(s), nutrition during critical illness effects of, Microbiome during critical illness, 778 human, revolutionary advances in understanding, Microbiota, gut. See Gut microbiota. Mineral(s), deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, N Neuropeptide(s), in exogenous support of diet-related impairment of gut immunity, Nitrogen in acute pancreatitis, 810 in chronic pancreatitis, Nutrient(s) deprivation of, studies of, lessons learned from, excess of, studies of, lessons learned from, immune system effects of, arginine, fatty acids, 738 glutamine, 738 malabsorption of, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, Nutrition gut immunity and, clinical correlates of, 757 peritoneal defenses, hepatic immunity and, 765 in adult cardiothoracic surgical patients, See also Cardiothoracic surgical patients, adult, nutritional considerations in. intestinal bacteria effects on, in critically ill patients, response to injury effects of, routes of delivery of efficacy of, 741 immunosuppressive effects of enteral nutrition, 740 TPN, 740 innate immune defense effects of, 760 organ systems effects of, specialized, mucosal immune changes with, types of, innate immune defense effects of, 760 Nutritional assessment, in the elderly,

9 973 mini assessment, Nutritional deficiencies in IBD, causes of, in patients with intestinal fistulae, preoperative correction of, Nutritional supplements, in surgical patients, herbal products, malnutrition and, requirements for, safety issues related to, 940 terminology related to, 935 types of, 935 Nutritional support for geriatric surgery patients, See also Geriatric surgery patients, nutritional management of. in acute pancreatitis, See also Pancreatitis, acute, nutritional support in. in chronic pancreatitis, See also Pancreatitis, chronic. in mild pancreatitis, 813 in moderate pancreatitis, 813 in resolving pancreatitis, 814 in severe pancreatitis, 814 of cardiac cachexia, of chronic heart failure, of obese and critically ill obese patients, See also Obesity. of surgical patients with IBD, See also Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), surgical patients with, nutritional support of. oral, primer of, O Obesity bariatric surgery for patients with, nutritional support for, for dehydration, 846 for protein-calorie malnutrition, for vitamin/mineral deficiencies, long-term, perioperative, 841 classification of, 838 in critically ill patients, nutritional support for, central venous access in, 850 enteral therapy, 850 estimating energy requirements, 847 fluid management, 847 hazards related to, 848 hypocaloric feeding, nutritional support for, prevalence of, 837 studies of, lessons learned from, Osteoporosis, in the elderly, Overweight, defined, 837

10 974 P Pain, abdominal, enteral therapy in acute pancreatitis and, 812 Pancreatic ascites, nutritional support for, 815 Pancreatic necrosis/abscess, nutritional support for, Pancreatic pseudocyst, nutritional support for, 815 Pancreatitis acute, clinical management of, 808 nutritional support in, enteral therapy, 809, estimating and meeting metabolic needs, caloric, 809 fat, 811 glucose, 810 nitrogen, 810 optimal feeding formulations, 809 pancreatic ascites and, 815 pancreatic necrosis/abscess and, pancreatic pseudocyst and, 815 parenteral nutrition, 809, severe, mechanisms leading to, severity of, determination of, APACHE II score in, 806 BISAP in, 806 CT severity index in, 807 Ranson score in, 806 chronic clinical management of, malnutrition of, 815 nutritional support in, caloric, 816 nitrogen, mild, nutritional support in, 813 moderate, nutritional support in, 813 resolving, nutritional support in, 814 severe, nutritional support in, 814 Parenteral nutrition access techniques, complications of, indications for, 906 overview of, technique, home. See Home parenteral nutrition (HPN). in acute pancreatitis, 809, PCM. See Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM). Peritoneal defenses, gut immunity and, Potassium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Pouchitis, after surgery in IBD patients, postoperative nutrition related to, Prealbumin, as surrogate serum nutritional marker, 788 Probiotics, in selective manipulation of gut microbiota, in ICU, 781

11 975 Protein(s), metabolism of, microbiota and, 774 Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) among inpatients with and without IBD, prevalence of, 789 in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, Pseudocyst(s), pancreatic, nutritional support for, 815 Pulmonary surgery, nutritional status of patients undergoing, challenges related to, 868 R Ranson score, in severity of acute pancreatitis determination, 806 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), in type 2 diabetes management, RYGB. See Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). S Sarcopenia, in the elderly, Selenium, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846 Sepsis, immunonutrition for, immunosuppressive effects of, 747 Short bowel syndrome, postoperative nutrition for, 798 Sleeve gastrectomy in type 2 diabetes mellitus management, 831 overview of, 840 Surrogate serum nutritional markers, 788 Systemic inflammation injury and, nutritional deficiencies in IBD due to, Systemic mucosal immunity, GALT and, 757 T Thiamine, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) immunosuppressive effects of, 740 in cancer patients, history of, postoperative, in IBD patients, preoperative, in surgical patients with IBD, 792 TPN. See Total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Transferrin, as surrogate serum nutritional marker, 788 Trauma immunonutrition after, clinical evidence of use of, immunosuppressive effects of, surgery-related, immunosuppressive effects of, V VAD. See Vascular access device (VAD). Vascular access device (VAD), for HPN for intestinal failure, care of, 916

12 976 Vascular access device (VAD) lock solutions, 917 Ventricular assistance, nutritional support in cardiothoracic surgical patients and, Vitamin(s), microbiota and, Vitamin deficiencies, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, A, 846 B 1, B 12, 845 D, 845 E, 846 K, 846 Z Zinc, deficiency of, in bariatric patients, long-term nutritional management of, 846