All about Osteoporosis symptoms, diagnosis, treatment
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1 Health & Fitness Published : 07 Sep 2017, 14:41 All about Osteoporosis symptoms, diagnosis, treatment By : BD Post Desk Osteoporosis is a bone disease. Its name comes from the Latin for porous bones. The inside of a healthy bone has small spaces, like a honeycomb. Osteoporosis increases the size of these spaces, such that the bone loses strength and density. At the same time, the outside of the bone grows weaker and thinner. People with osteoporosis are at a high risk of experiencing fractures while engaged in routine activities like standing or walking. The most commonly affected bones are the wrists, hips, spine, and ribs. What are the symptoms of osteoporosis? There are no symptoms or warning signs of the early stages of osteoporosis. In most cases, people with osteoporosis are unaware that they have the condition until they experience a fracture. Some spinal fractures may occur without initial pain. In these cases, the chief symptoms that a fracture has occurred may be loss of height or a bent spine. Signs or symptoms of later-stage osteoporosis When the bone has deteriorated significantly more, you may start to experience more obvious symptoms, such as: Loss of height: Compression fractures in the spine can cause a loss of height. This is one of the most noticeable symptoms of osteoporosis.
2 Fracture from a fall: A fracture is one of the most common signs of fragile bones. Fractures can occur with a fall or a minor movement such as stepping off a curb. Some osteoporosis fractures can even be triggered by a strong sneeze or cough. Back or neck pain: Osteoporosis can cause compression fractures of the spine. These fractures can be very painful because the collapsed vertebrae may pinch the nerves that radiate out from the spinal cord. The pain symptoms can range from minor tenderness to debilitating pain. Stooped posture or compression fracture: The compression of the vertebrae may also cause a slight curving of the upper back. A stooped back is known as kyphosis, or more commonly, widow s hump. Kyphosis can cause back and neck pain and even affect breathing due to extra pressure on the airway and limited expansion of your lungs. Can you detect osteoporosis in the early stages? Early, detectable signs of bone loss are rare. Often people don t know they have weak bones until they ve broken their hip, spine, or wrist. Some signs and symptoms can point toward bone loss, however: Receding gums: Your gums can recede if your jaw is losing bone. You can ask your dentist to screen for bone loss in the jaw. Weaker grip strength: In a study of postmenopausal women and overall bone mineral density, researchers found that handgrip strength was the most important physical factor. Stronger grip strength can also decrease your risk for falls. Weak and brittle fingernails: Nail strength can signal bone health. But you should also take into consideration outside factors such as swimming, gardening, and other exercises that may affect your nails. Other than changes in bone density, osteoporosis doesn t usually cause a lot of initial symptoms. Your best bet for detecting it in the early stages is going to the doctor, especially if you have a family history. What causes osteoporosis? The biggest risk factor for osteoporosis is age. As people grow older, the body goes through the process of breaking down old bone and growing new bone in its place. Around the age of 30, however, the body starts losing bone faster than it s able to replace it. Menopause can cause a woman s body to lose bone even more quickly. Men continue to lose bone during this time, but at a slower rate. Between the ages of 65 and 70, women and men are usually losing bone at the same rate. Other risk factors include: being female being an older adult being Caucasian or Asian family history/genetics poor nutrition physical inactivity smoking taking certain medications low body weight small-boned frame How is osteoporosis diagnosed? Osteoporosis is diagnosed with a painless bone density scan called a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). It s used to measure the density of the wrist, hips, and spine. These are the three areas most likely to experience osteoporosis. A doctor may choose to run a DXA on people who are at high risk for developing osteoporosis. The doctor may also prescribe a DXA to see if a fracture was caused by osteoporosis.
3 How is osteoporosis treated? The most common drugs used to treat osteoporosis are called bisphosphonates. They include alendronate (Fosamax), Ibandronate (Boniva), and zoledronic acid (Reclast). Bisphosphonates are used to prevent the loss of bone mass. They may be taken orally or by injection. What are the complications of osteoporosis? The chief complications of osteoporosis are fractures and the pain and disability that accompany them. Medication and lifestyle changes, such as fall prevention measures, can help you avoid fractures. Pain management and an appropriate plan for rehabilitation can ease the impact of fractures. Having certain medical conditions can also increase a man or woman s risk for osteoporosis. These include: kidney failure malabsorption multiple sclerosis leukemia diabetes hyperthyroidism hyperparathyroidism rheumatoid arthritis Taking immunosuppressive medications and steroids, like prednisone, can also increase your risk for osteoporosis. Seizure and thyroid replacements can increase this risk as well. What happens during a diagnosis? Your doctor may detect osteoporosis by measuring your bone density. A machine called a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DXA machine, can scan your hip and spine to determine how dense your bones are compared to other people of your gender and age. The DXA scan is the primary diagnostic method, and it takes anywhere from 10 to 15 minutes. Other imaging studies that doctors use to diagnose or confirm a diagnosis include: ultrasound, usually of a person s heel quantitative CT of the lower spine lateral radiographs, which are conventional X-rays A doctor can interpret the results, letting you know if your bone density is low, normal, or below normal. Sometimes a doctor will give a diagnosis for osteopenia, or low bone mass. This isn t osteoporosis yet. It means that your bones aren t as dense as they should be. How is osteoporosis prevented? There are many risk factors for osteoporosis that you cannot control. These include sex, being older, and having a family history of osteoporosis. There are some factors, however, that do fall within your control. Some of the best ways to prevent osteoporosis include: getting plenty of calcium and vitamin D engaging in weight-bearing exercises, such as walking or lifting weights stopping cigarette use for women, weighing the pros and cons of hormone therapy A natural part of aging While osteoporosis and resulting fractures are more likely to occur as you get older, they re not inevitable. There are a lot of things you can do to prevent fractures. The top three health choices you can make to prevent breaks are: getting enough calcium
4 getting enough vitamin D exercising regularl Only women get it Yes and no. While it is certainly true that more women than men develop osteoporosis, men still can be affected. While black men and women are at a lower risk of osteoporosis, those who do have osteoporosis have a similar rate of fracture. And, younger men are more likely to fracture bones than women. No need to worry until you re older About 90 percent of bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys. This is not a time when everyone s thinking about their post-menopausal fracture risk, says Sellmeyer. But it s never too early to build bone density and develop the best possible bones for the rest of your life. Thinking about bone health when you re young, and developing good nutritional habits early, can help prevent issues later in life. Broken bones are the only danger Osteoporosis is a serious and sometimes fatal condition. Osteoporosis leads to hip fractures and, according to Sellmeyer, around 25 percent of people die within the first six to 12 months after a hip fracture. Why? Hip replacement surgery can lead to problems like: arrhythmias anesthesia complications pneumonia heart attacks infections in older adults You can feel your bones get weaker Unfortunately, you can t really see or feel oncoming osteoporosis. You may not know you ve got it until you ve broken a bone. You don t feel your bones get weaker as you lose bone density, nor do you really start to suffer any specific adverse lifestyle consequences. It s a silent disease. There s no way to tell if you have it other than to get a bone density test. Can you prevent osteoporosis? It s important to take action to prevent bone loss and maintain bone density. Examples of bone-building steps you can take include: Engaging in exercise: Regular weight-bearing exercises help to build bone mass. Examples include weightlifting, dancing, jogging, or racquet sports like tennis. Low-impact exercises like walking or using an elliptical machine are important to an overall healthy exercise program, but they don t provide enough resistance to build stronger bones. Eating enough calcium: On a daily basis, an adult needs about 1,000 milligrams (mg) of calcium per day until they re 65 years old. After that, calcium needs often increase to between 1,200 and 1,500 mg. Foods that are rich in calcium include: low-fat dairy products canned sardines and salmon (with bones) broccoli beans or legumes collard greens kale bok choy fortified foods, such as bread, cereal, and almond milk Getting enough vitamin D: Get vitamin D on a daily basis. Vitamin D is vital to helping the body absorb
5 calcium. Most people need 400 international units (IU) of vitamin D each day. About 15 minutes of daily sun exposure can stimulate vitamin D production. Foods such as fortified milk, egg yolks, and salmon also have vitamin D. Avoiding unhealthy substances: Smoking or drinking excessive amounts of alcohol increases risk for osteoporosis. Editor-in-Chief : Sharif Shahab Uddin Published by Rick Haque Sikder from 242 Tejgaon Link Road (2nd Floor), Dhaka Telephone : , Fax : All Rights Reserved Any reproduction of our content from this site is a flagrant copyright infringement liable to legal action.
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