Coding as an initial step of qualitative data analysis!
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1 Coding as an initial step of qualitative data analysis!
2 Coding! As Part of a Grounded Theory approach! Glaser & Strauss 1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory! As an independent analytical method! e.g.! - Miles & Huberman 1994,! - Patton 1990! Glaser 1978, 1992! Strauss/Corbin 1990! Different approaches to theory!
3 The problem:! Text contains raw data and irrelevant information! Identification and Processing of relevant information! by indexing raw data!
4 Coding! Procedure (initial step):! 1. We read a text sequence (e.g. a line, a paragraph)! 2. We interpret it! 3. We decide which code to assign (indexing a paragraph, line, word..)!
5 What is a code?! Codes are categories (keywords, phrases, mnemonics, numbers) which are assigned to a text segment! Where do the codes come from?! From the empirical data! From theoretical considerations! Battle field of Grounded Theorists!
6 Where do the codes come from?! From the empirical data! From theoretical considerations! Why is this an important question?! principle of Openness! principle of theoryguidedness! The empirical research process must be open for unexpected information! We must proceed from the existing theoretical knowledge; only this way we can contribute to it!
7 Where do the codes come from?! From the empirical data! From theoretical considerations! This is totally forbidden! (Glaser/Strauss 1967)! Open Coding, then Theoretical coding = codes arrived from epistemology, general theory are allowed (Glaser 1978)! Examples: limit, extent, goal, social norms! Open Coding, then Axial coding = relating of categories by using a general model of action (Strauss/Corbin 1990)! Axial coding is bad!, it forces categories on the data (Glaser 1992)!
8 Where do the codes come from?! From the empirical data! From theoretical considerations! Axial Coding! Intervening conditions! phenomena! context! Causal conditions! Action/ interaction! consequences!
9 Where do the codes come from?! From the empirical data! From theoretical considerations! Start with theory!! (Miles & Huberman 1994)! Our recommendation:! - Start with theory! - Use middle range theory! External Context EC: Demographics In county, school personnel Out county, nonschool personnel EC: Endorsement In county, school personnel Out county, nonschool personnel EC: Climate In county, school personnel Out county, nonschool personnel Internal Context IC: Characteristics IC: Norms and Authority IC: Innovation History IC: Organization Procedures IC: Innovation-Organization Congruence.. EC (PRE) (DUR) EC-DEM ECCO-DEM ECEXT-DEM EC-End ECCO-END ECEXT-END EC-CLIM ECCO-CLIM ECEXT-CLIM IC (PRE) (DUR) IC-CHAR IC-NORM IC-HIST IC-PROC IC-FIT
10 What is a good code?! 1. It should be sufficiently precise! 2. It should enable a large part of the data material to be subsumed under it! 3. It should be relevant for the research question! (Kelle/ Kluge 1999)!
11 Research Question: How does the performance based block funding of Australian universities affect the content of research? State! Funding rules of the university = all rules of the university and its units which prescribe the distribution of funding for research purposes! University! Performance indicators! (external grant income, PhD completions, publications)! faculty1! school1! school2! faculty2!
12 Coding! Steps! The qualitative methods literature still lacks a systematic explication, presentation and discussion of coding technologies. Usually, coding strategies are handed over from one researcher generation to the next orally as an instituteʼs tradition.! (Kelle/ Kluge 1999, translated by GL)! 1. Indexing of textual units! 2. Synopsis of all textual units which have certain categories and possibly other characteristics in common! 3. Identification of structures and patterns in the data material which can lead to new categories and subcategories! (Kelle/ Kluge 1999)!
13 Further Strategies after the initial coding:! a) collect all text segments that are tagged with the same code and compare these segments! b) co-occurrences of codes (collect all text segments that are tagged by the same two codes, three codes)! c) Reorganise the data by Axial coding or Selective coding (identifying core categories, find relations between codes)! Intervening conditions! phenomena! context! Causal condtions! Action/ interaction! consequences!
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