Nuts and health outcomes: new epidemiologic evidence 1 3
|
|
- Matthew Hensley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Nuts and health outcomes: new epidemiologic evidence 1 3 Joan Sabaté and Yen Ang ABSTRACT This article reviews recent epidemiologic evidence on nut intake and health outcomes. It focuses on studies in which nut consumption is directly assessed or when nuts are included in a dietary score or pattern. Epidemiologic studies have been remarkably consistent in showing an association between nut consumption and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Some evidence has emerged recently to suggest health-protective benefits of nuts other than CHD. Frequent nut intake probably reduces risk of diabetes mellitus among women, but its effects on men are unknown. Evidence on the anticarcinogenic effects of nuts is somewhat limited because studies in the past 2 decades have examined only 3 tumor sites, and the benefits appear to be manifested only in women. However, the protective benefits of frequent nut consumption on gallstone diseases are observed in both sexes. Long-term nut consumption is linked with lower body weight and lower risk of obesity and weight gain. A dietary pattern or score that includes nuts is consistently related with beneficial health outcomes, and this provides an indirect evidence of the salutary benefits of nut consumption. More longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the possible effects of nuts on diseases other than CHD. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1643S 8S. INTRODUCTION When a landmark epidemiologic study reported that a higher frequency of nut consumption was associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (1), nuts were brought from obscurity to prominence as an important health food. In the 15 y since this first epidemiologic observation, scientific evidence on the health effects of nuts has not only accumulated in the area of CHD and its risk factors but also extended to other areas of health. Scores of human dietary intervention studies were conducted that investigated the effect of nuts on blood lipids and other biological markers of heart disease. Much less research has been conducted on other health outcomes, and only a few of those studies were epidemiologic in nature. The purpose of this article is to review epidemiologic studies on nut intake and any health outcome, focusing on the research performed since the previous edition of the International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition 6 y ago (2). One of the challenges in interpreting epidemiologic data about nut consumption and health outcome lies in the fact that nuts, seeds, and legumes are frequently presented together. Such groupings make independent analyses difficult. In epidemiologic studies, nut exposure has been assessed and analyzed in 3 ways: 1) nut intake is directly measured, 2) a food group (eg, the plant group) or a dietary pattern (eg, the Mediterranean diet) is assessed when nuts are included, and 3) a nutrient in nuts is measured (eg, fiber) instead of nuts themselves, making the nutrient a surrogate of nut consumption. This review primarily covers epidemiologic studies that used the first 2 measures of nut exposures. NUTS, CHD, AND RISK FACTORS Epidemiologic studies have been remarkably consistent in showing a cardioprotective effect associated with increased nut intake. The 4 major cohort studies Adventist Health Study (1), the Iowa Women s Health Study (3), the Nurses Health Study (4), and the Physicians Health Study (5) all show a clear doseresponse gradient between nut consumption and reduced CHD risk. Taken together, these 4 epidemiologic studies exhibited an average risk reduction of CHD death by 37% [relative risk (RR): 0.63; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.83] or an average of 8.3% reduction in risk of CHD death for each weekly serving of nuts (6). The beneficial effects of nut consumption are observed to be similar for different clinical outcomes: nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, and sudden cardiac death. The effects are evident across sex, age, different locations, and subjects occupations (6). The risk of CHD death by frequency of nut consumption from 4 prospective epidemiologic studies is depicted in Figure 1. Collectively, these findings provide strong and compelling evidence of the cardioprotective benefit of nut consumption. Many clinical studies have consistently shown a hypocholesterolemic effect of regular nut intake, which explains in part the lower cardiovascular risk (7). Besides the lipid hypothesis of atherosclerosis, firm evidence suggests that inflammatory processes are implicated in the cause or pathophysiology or both of cerebral ischemia or CHD (8 10). These findings have led to the investigation of several novel risk factors for CHD, beyond blood lipids, such as markers of inflammation and endothelial function and the effects of nut consumption. Nonetheless, few of those studies are epidemiologic in nature (11). The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is the only large-scale cohort study in the past 6 y that examines the direct health effects of nut consumption on 1 From the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA. 2 Presented at the symposium, Fifth International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition, held in Loma Linda, CA, March 4 6, Reprints not available. Address correspondence to J Sabaté, Loma Linda University, Department of Nutrition, NH 1102, Loma Linda, CA jsabate@llu.edu. First published online March 25, 2009; doi: /ajcn Q. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1643S 8S. Printed in USA. Ó 2009 American Society for Nutrition 1643S
2 1644S SABATÉ AND ANG FIGURE 1. Frequency of nut consumption and coronary heart disease risk reduction in a dose-response manner. P for trend: crude odds ratio ¼ 0.058; adjusted odds ratio ¼ Results are from 4 epidemiologic studies adapted from Kelly and Sabaté (6). inflammatory markers relating to atherosclerosis (12). The results showed a significant inverse association between selected inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, and frequent total nut and seed consumption among 6000 men and women aged y. When nuts, seeds, peanuts, and peanut butter were examined individually, the inverse associations with inflammatory markers persisted, although they were not always significant (12). A cohort study in France reported an inverserelation between the intake of fiber from nuts and seeds and several CHD risk factors (13). That cross-sectional study examined the dietary fiber intake of a cohort of 2532 men and 3429 women and reported that fiber from nuts and seeds was associated with decreased body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) [odds ratio (OR): 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.95; P ¼ 0.01], decreased waist-to-hip ratio (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88; P ¼ 0.001), decreased apolipoprotein B (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.99; P ¼ 0.03), and decreased fasting glucose (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.90; P ¼ 0.002). NUTS AND DIABETES The association of nut consumption and diabetes is not as consistent as with CHD. Only 3 major epidemiologic studies have evaluated nut consumption and its effect on incidence of diabetes the Nurses Health Study (14), the Iowa Women s Health Study (15), and the Shanghai Women s Health Study (16) and they were all studies in women. The Nurses Health Study (14) was the first large-scale cohort study (n ¼ 83,818) that directly assessed the effects of nut consumption and risk of diabetes. That prospective study with 16 y of follow-up provided strong evidence that consumption of both nuts (which included peanuts) and peanut butter were inversely associated with risk of diabetes, independent of several known risk factors for type 2 diabetes. However, in the Iowa Women s Health Study (15), the association with the risk of diabetes was less clear. In the 11 y of follow-up, the postmenopausal women who ate nuts often had no reduced risk of diabetes compared with those who ate nuts occasionally after adjusting for multiple factors, including diet. However, a significant reduction in risk (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.90; P ¼ 0.002) was observed between the highest (5 times/wk) and lowest (,1 time/wk) frequency of consuming peanut butter when the analysis was adjusted for age only. It could be argued that the lack of effect in the separate analysis of the Iowa Women s Health study is in part due to dietary overadjustment. Nutrients such as fiber, magnesium, monounsaturated fat, or polyunsaturated fat are considered to be the bioactive compounds responsible, at least to some degree, for the health benefits conferred by nuts. In addition, the null findings in the Iowa Women s Study could be due to a smaller sample size (n ¼ 1800). A recent population-based study was performed among a Chinese cohort in Shanghai (16). Approximately 64,000 women were followed for an average of 4.6 y. The study showed an inverse association between peanut consumption and risk of diabetes in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Similar to the Nurses Health Study, the association with diabetes risk among the Chinese women remained significant after controlling for BMI or waist-to-hip ratio. A strong and significant risk reduction of 20% was observed between the first quintile (0.1 g/d) and upper quintile (3.1 g/d) of peanut consumption (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.95) even after multiple adjustment for dietary and nondietary variables. The results of the Shanghai Women s Health Study relating peanut consumption to risk of developing type 2 diabetes are summarized in Table 1. In summary, epidemiologic evidence on the effects of nuts on the risk of diabetes is limited to women. Two studies reported a protective effect against risk of diabetes with consumption of nuts, whereas one reported either no or a weak association. It is not known whether nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes in men. NUTS AND BODY WEIGHT Obesity is now considered a major public health problem of epidemic proportion that threatens millions of lives in the United States (17) and worldwide (18). Obesity is linked to a number of chronic diseases (19). Because nuts are high-fat, energy-dense foods, it is a reasonable concern that frequent ingestion of nuts may lead to weight gain and, consequently, increase the risk of many chronic degenerative diseases. A recent review on nut intervention trials in both controlled and free-living conditions did not show any adverse effect of nut consumption on energy balance or body weight (20). Those types of studies provide strong evidence in the causal link between nut consumption and body weight. Findings from past epidemiologic studies similarly TABLE 1 Association between type 2 diabetes and quintile (Q) of intake of peanuts in the Shanghai Women s Health Study 1 Peanut intake Relative Risk 95% CI g/d Q (reference) Q , 0.94 Q , 1.11 Q , 0.92 Q , Data from Villegas et al (16). Analysis adjusted for age, energy intake, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, alcohol consumption, vegetable intake, fiber intake, physical activity, income level, education level, occupation, and hypertension. P for trend not available.
3 NUTS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 1645S disputed the concern that frequent nut consumption would lead to weight gain (1, 4, 5). Recently, the prospective Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) study (21), with extended follow-up of a Mediterranean cohort, continued to support the observation that frequent nut intake is not associated with weight gain. The SUN Study is the only epidemiologic study that has examined the direct effect of nut consumption on body weight in a prospective fashion. That study, involving 8800 adult men and women, found that those who ate nuts frequently (2 times/wk) had a 40% reduced risk of weight gain (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.79; P for trend, 0.001); even after adjusting for baseline BMI, which was the strongest confounder, the OR was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.90; P for trend: 0.006). Specifically, those frequent nut consumers gained 350 g less weight than did those who never ate nuts during a follow-up period of 28 mo (Figure 2). In that cohort, those who consumed nuts 2 times/wk reduced their odds of becoming overweight or obese by 43% (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.83; P for trend: 0.007), after age and sex were adjusted, compared with those not consuming nuts. The inverse association was attenuated and became nonsignificant (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.10; P for trend: 0.206) after adjustment for body weight and physical activity. The SUN Study provides evidence that frequent nut consumption is not associated with increase in body weight, change in body weight, or incidence of overweight or obesity over time. NUTS AND CANCER Nuts are rich in compounds that are believed to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, or anticarcinogenic properties such as tocopherols, folic acids, selenium, magnesium, and several phytochemicals (22 24). The relation between nut intake and cancer has been previously reviewed (25). Notably, past epidemiologic evidence on the role of cancer prevention and nut consumption was insufficient and inconclusive (26 28). In the past 6 y, 3 prospective studies from different population groups were published (29 31), and collective findings suggested that protective effects of nuts on colorectal and endometrial cancers were possible. A summary of those 3 studies in terms of foods evaluated, tumor sites, and findings is presented in Table 2. Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort suggest a sex difference in the protective effects of nuts on colon cancer (29). No significant association was observed between higher intake of nuts and seeds and risk of colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers in combined analysis for men and women. However, when the subgroup of women was analyzed separately, a significant inverse association was detected between the highest quintile (.6.2 g/d) compared with the lowest quintile (nonconsumers; OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.95). Remarkably, a significant sex discrepancy was also reported in the risk of colorectal cancer associated with peanut consumption in a different ethnic group in Asia (30). That population-based cohort study of 24,000 people in Taiwan reported an anticarcinogenic effect from peanuts a relatively common nut in the Asian population. In the 10-y follow-up period, women consuming peanuts had a remarkable risk reduction of 58% compared with nonconsumers (RR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.84; P ¼ 0.01). However, the protective effect was not observed in men. That epidemiologic study provided a rare examination of the independent health effects of peanuts on the risk of cancer. A Mediterranean study in Greek women appears to support the role of a diet rich in nuts in reducing the risk of endometrial cancer (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.88) (31). Interpretation of results in that case-control study, however, needs to be made with caution because that study involved a small sample group (84 cases and 84 controls) in a population that is known for low risk of endometrial cancer. Furthermore, seeds and legumes were grouped with nuts as one category in the analysis. The relation between nuts and cancer warrants further study because research in this area is insufficient. However, there are some challenges, opportunities, and limitations. First, the issue of sex difference should be considered in future studies on the cause of colorectal cancer. The anticarcinogenic benefits appear to be evident only in women and not men. Notably, only 3 cancer types (colorectal, prostate, and endometrial) have been studied in relation to the effects of nut intake in epidemiologic studies in the past 2 decades. Hence, there are no data to draw conclusions about nut effects on other tumor sites. In addition, some of the analyses did not separate the effects of nuts from seeds or legumes. The bioactive ingredients responsible for the postulated anticarcinogenic effects of nuts remain to be further defined because some of the health-conferring phytonutrients found in nuts are also present in fruit, vegetables, and legumes. Finally, more epidemiologic studies are required to clarify the possible effects of nuts on different types of cancer. FIGURE 2. Estimated weight gain in 2 y according to frequency of nut intake (50 g serving) in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. *Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, snacking, and watching television. Crude odds ratio P for trend, 0.068; adjusted OR P for trend, Adapted from Bes-Rastrollo et al (21). OTHER HEALTH OUTCOMES: GALLSTONE DISEASE Because nuts are rich in unsaturated fat and fiber, the protective effects against the development of gallstones are plausible. Two separate reports by the same investigators, on 2 different populations, provide some insight into the relation of frequent nut intake and risk of gallstone formation. After following 80,718 women for 20 y ( ), data from the Nurses Health Study (32) showed that frequent nut consumers (5 times/wk) had a 25% reduced risk of needing cholecystectomy (RR: 0.75; P, ). Similar findings were also observed among 43,000 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (33). During 457,305 person-years of follow-up, men who consumed 5 servings/wk of nuts (the frequent nut consumers) showed a risk of developing gallstone disease that was 30% lower than for
4 1646S SABATÉ AND ANG TABLE 2 Cohort and case-control studies on nuts and cancer in the past 6 y: information on tumor sites, foods evaluated, and results 1 Study Country Study type Tumor sites Foods evaluated Results Jenab et al, 2004 (29) Yeh et al, 2006 (30) Petridou et al, 2002 (31) 1 OR, odds ratio. 10 European countries Taiwan Greece European cohort Chinese cohort Case-control (women only) Colorectal Nuts and seeds OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.95; significant only in colon cancer and in women; no association in men Colorectal Peanut products 2 Times/wk: (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.84); significant only in women; no association in men Endometrial Nuts, seeds, OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.86 and legumes those who did not eat nuts at all (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.86; P, 0.001). Thus, it appears that the frequency of nut consumption is equally protective of gallstone disease in both sexes. NUTS IN DIETARY SCORES AND PATTERNS An increasing body of literature in recent years has related dietary patterns rather than individual nutrients to health outcomes. Certain dietary patterns are associated with positive health outcomes more so than others. Nuts are commonly found in those dietary patterns linked with health benefits. Nuts are now recognized by nutritionists not just as a food item with many TABLE 3 Summary of studies in the past 6 y in which nuts were included as a component of dietary scores or pattern 1 Study Country Population Mitrou et al, 2007 (34) Schroder et al, 2004 (35) Salas-Salvado et al, 2008 (36) Estruch et al, 2006 (37) Nettleton et al, 2006 (39) Steffen et al, 2005 (40) United States Spain Spain Spain United States United States Elderly men (n ¼ 214,284) and women (n ¼ 166,012), aged y Spanish men (n ¼ 1547) and women (n ¼ 1615), aged y Elderly men (n ¼ 339) and women (n ¼ 433), aged y Elderly men (n ¼ 339) and women (n ¼ 433), aged y 5089 Men and women, aged 45 84y; multiethinic groups: whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians Young adults: black and white men and women (n ¼ 4304), aged y Study type Prospective 10-y follow-up Crosssectional Crosssectional analysis of a 3-mo clinical trial 3-mo clinical trial Cross sectional Prospective 15-y follow-up different bioactive constituents but also as a food item that can make an important contribution to a healthy dietary pattern. As such, a number of recent nutrition epidemiologic studies included nuts in the dietary scores or as a component of a dietary pattern (34 40). Relating these nut-containing dietary scores or patterns to health outcomes provides an opportunity to indirectly assess the health effects of nuts. Several health outcomes from 6 studies that included nuts as a component of a dietary score or pattern are summarized in Table 3. Three observational studies featured nuts as a prominent food group in a Mediterranean diet (34 36). Overall, those 3 studies in 2 continents, Europe and North America, presented Scores or pattern Nuts along with vegetables, fruit, legumes, grains, and fish were considered as healthy components in the Mediterranean diet. Nuts were given same weight as cereals, vegetables, fruit, legumes, and fish in Mediterranean diet. Nuts were part of a component in the beneficial food group of the Mediterranean diet. Nuts were part of enriched Mediterranean diet. Nuts were grouped in the dietary pattern that included whole grains, fruit, green leafy vegetables. Nuts were grouped as part of plant-food group that included fruit, vegetables, legumes, and whole and refined grain. 1 ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6. Health outcome All-cause mortality BMI Inflammation markers Cardiovascular risk factors Inflammation markers Blood pressure Results Conformity with decreased mortality. Increased adherence to decreased prevalence of obesity. Conformity with decreased concentration of ICAM-1. Conformity with nut-enriched decreased blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and total-to-hdl-cholesterol ratio. Consumption of dietary pattern that included nuts inversely associated with CRP, IL-6, homocysteine, and ICAM-1. Consumption of plant foods inversely associated with incidence of blood pressure in black and white men and women.
5 NUTS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 1647S consistent evidence that the closer the diet conforms to the Mediterranean pattern in which nuts are a key food item, the better are the ensuing health outcomes. The US study included a large cohort of 380,000 men and women and offered a longitudinal perspective of a nut-rich diet on all-cause mortality: among those elderly men and women who consumed a nut-rich, Mediterranean-style diet, a reduced risk of all-cause mortality was observed over a 10-y follow-up period (34). The other 2 studies supported the evidence of health benefits of nut consumption from a cross-sectional perspective (35, 36). In a study of 3000 Spanish men and women, those who showed good adherence to the Mediterranean diet experienced a lower prevalence of obesity (35). A study in Spain (36), a cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) nutrition intervention trial, found that among the 772 elderly men and women enrolled in the study, those with the highest consumption of nuts and virgin olive oil had the lowest concentration of selected inflammatory markers. Even when nuts were analyzed independently, the inverse association of frequency of nut intake and one inflammatory marker (ie, intercellular adhesion molecule-1) persisted. In the same PREDIMED trial, in a separate published report of the same study population, more cardiovascular benefits of nut consumption were observed (37). The subgroup of individuals on a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts, as opposed to those on a low-fat diet, experienced significant reductions in blood pressure, plasma glucose concentrations, insulin resistance, the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, and several inflammatory biomarkers over a 3-mo dietary intervention (37). A recent report of the PREDIMED study with intervention for 1 y in 1224 participants showed that participants assigned a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts experienced a 14% reduction in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, compared with a 2% reduction in the group assigned a low-fat diet (38). Of note, the beneficial effect of the nut diet on metabolic syndrome status was mainly due to increased rates of reversion of central obesity despite the lack of weight changes (38). Dietary patterns other than the Mediterranean diet have also been examined. A whole-grain and fruit diet pattern in which nuts were a part was associated with a reduced CHD risk through its favorable effects on selected biomarkers (39). This cross-sectional study examined 4 dietary patterns in a multiethnic group in North America, and the dietary pattern that exerted a reduction in several inflammatory biomarkers, endothelial function, and homocysteine was one that included nuts. Finally, one cohort study provided further evidence of a longterm health effects of a plant food group pattern that includes nuts. Approximately 4300 young men and women aged between 18 and 30 y showed improved blood pressure over a 15-y period with increased consumption of a plant food group in which nuts were a major component (40). The long-term protective benefits were evident in both white and black cohorts in that study. In summary, dietary patterns that include nuts have been consistently associated with beneficial health outcomes in cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiologic evidence is compelling for the protective effects of nuts on risk of CHD. Nuts improve serum lipids and perhaps other indexes of CHD risk. Nuts probably lower the risk of diabetes in women, but the effect remains unknown in men. Although nuts are high in fat, the fear about nut consumption leading to weight gain may be assuaged because epidemiologic and clinical evidence so far showed that frequent nut consumption is not related to obesity. The association between nut consumption and cancer risk is not adequately studied. Nuts are commonly included in dietary scores or patterns associated with positive health outcomes. More longitudinal population-based studies are needed to clarify the possible effects of nuts on diseases other than CHD. (Other articles in this supplement to the Journal include references 11 and ) The authors responsibilities were as follows JS: provided the scope of the research, oversight to the writing of the manuscript, and made the final edits; and YA: conducted the literary review and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JS is a member of the California Walnut Commission Scientific Advisory Board, although no funding was provided for preparation of this manuscript. YA had no conflict of interest to report. REFERENCES 1. Fraser GE, Sabaté J, Beeson WL, Strahan M. A possible protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1992;152: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(suppl):501S 668S. 3. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary hear disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1996;334: Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998;317: Albert CM, Gaziano J, Willett WC, Manson JE. Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians; Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162: Kelly JH, Sabaté J. Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective. Br J Nutr 2006;96:S Mukuddem-Petersen J, Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC. A systematic review of effects of nuts on blood lipid profiles in humans. J Nutr 2005;135: Cushman M, Arnold AM, Patsy BM, et al. C-reactive protein and the 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in older men and women: the cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2005;112: Lindsberg PJ, Grau AJ. Inflammation and infections as risk factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003;34: Miller M, Zhan M, Havas S. High attributable risk of elevated C-reactive protein level to conventional coronary heart disease risk factors: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2005;165: Ros E. Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1649S 56S. 12. Jiang R, Jacobs DR, Mayer-Davis E, et al. Nut and seed consumption and inflammatory markers in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163: Lairon D, Arnault N, Bertrais S, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: Jiang R, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Liu S, Willett WC, Hu FB. Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA 2002;288: Parker ED, Harnack LJ, Folsom AR. Nut consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2003;290: Villegas R, Gao Y-T, Yang G, et al. Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87: Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. US Obesity Trends Available from: (cited 9 May 2008).
6 1648S SABATÉ AND ANG 18. James WPT. The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med 2008;263: US Surgeon General. Overweight and obesity: health consequences. Available from: fact_consequences.htm (accessed 9 May 2008). 20. Rajaram S, Sabate J. Nuts, body weight and insulin resistance. Br J Nutr 2006;96:S Bes-Rastrollo M, Sabaté J, Gomez-Gracia E, Alonso A, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Nut consumption and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15: Blomhoff R, Carlsen MH, Andersen LF, Jacobs DR Jr. Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. Br J Nutr 2006;96(suppl):S Maguire LS, O Sullivan SM, Galvin K,, O Connor TP, O Brien NM. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2004;55: Kris-Etherton PM, Yu-Poth S, Sabate J, Ratcliffe HE, Zhao G, Etherton TD. Nuts and their bioactive constituents: effects on serum lipids and other factors that affect disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(suppl): S504 11S. 25. Gonzalez CA, Salas-Salvado J. The potential of nuts in the prevention of cancer. Br J Nutr 2006;96:S Heilbrun LK, Nomura A, Hankin JH, Stemmermann GN. Diet and colorectal cancer with special reference to fiber intake. Int J Cancer 1989; 44: Singh PN, Fraser GE. Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148: Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Cohort study of diet, lifestyle and prostate cancer in Adventist men. Cancer 1989;64: Jenab M, Ferrari P, Slimani N, et al. Association of nut and seed intake with colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13: Yeh C-C, You S-L, Chen C-J, Sung F-C. Peanut consumption and reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women: a prospective study in Taiwan. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12: Petridou E, Kedikoglou S, Koukoulomatis P, Dessypris N, Trichopoulos D. Diet in relation to endometrial cancer risk: a case control study in Greece. Nutr Cancer 2002;44: Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Hu FB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80: Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Hu FB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. A prospective cohort study of nut consumption and the risk of gallstone disease in men. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160: Mitrou PN, Kipnis V, Thiébaut AC, et al. pattern and prediction of all-cause mortality in a US population: results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167: Schroder H, Marrugat J, Villa J, Covas MI, Elosua R. Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a Spanish population. J Nutr 2004;134: Salas-Salvado J, Garcia-Arellano A, Estruch R, et al. Components of the Mediterranean-type food pattern and serum inflammatory markers among patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62: Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Intern Med 2006;145: Salas-Salvado J, Fernandez-Ballart J, Ros E, et al. A Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts improves metabolic syndrome status: one year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Jenny NS, Herrington DM, Jacobs DR. Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr 2006;6: Steffen LM, Kroenke CH, Yu X, et al. Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: Rajaram S, Sabaté J. Preface. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1541S 2S. 42. Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl): 1543S 8S. 43. Jacobs DR Jr, Haddad EH, Lanou AJ, Messina MJ. Food, plant food, and vegetarian diets in the US dietary guidelines: conclusions of an expert panel. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1549S 52S. 44. Lampe JW. Interindividual differences in response to plant-based diets: implications for cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1553S 7S. 45. Simon JA, Chen Y-H, Bent S. The relation of a-linolenic acid to the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1558S 64S. 46. Pierce JP, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, et al. Dietary change and reduced breast cancer events among women without hot flashes after treatment of early-stage breast cancer: subgroup analysis of the Women s Healthy Eating and Living Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1565S 71S. 47. Newby PK. Plant foods and plant-based diets: protective against childhood obesity? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1572S 87S. 48. Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJA, et al. A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(suppl):1588S 96S. 49. Mangat I. Do vegetarians have to eat fish for optimal crdiovascular protection? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1597S 601S. 50. Willis LM, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. Modulation of cognition and behavior in aged animals: role for antioxidant- and essential fatty acid rich plant foods. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1602S 6S. 51. Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1607S 12S. 52. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE. Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1620S 6S. 53. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Allen NE. Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1613S 9S. 54. Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl): 1627S 33S. 55. Weaver CM. Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Point. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1634S 7S. 56. Lanou AJ. Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Counterpoint. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1638S 42S. 57. Rajaram S, Haddad EH, Mejia A, Sabaté J. Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1657S 63S. 58. Lampe JW. Is equol the key to the efficacy of soy foods? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1664S 7S. 59. Badger TM, Gilchrist JM, Pivik RT, et al. The health implications of soy infant formula. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1668S 72S. 60. Messina M, Wu AH. Perspectives on the soy breast cancer relation. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1673S 9S. 61. Lönnerdal B. Soybean ferritin: implications for iron status of vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1680S 5S. 62. Chan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1686S 92S. 63. Elmadfa I, Singer I. Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl): 1693S 8S. 64. Marlow HJ, Hayes WK, Soret S, Carter RL, Schwab ER, Sabaté J. Diet and the environment: does what you eat matter? Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(suppl):1699S 703S. 65. Carlsson-Kanyama A, González AD. Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(suppl):1704S 9S. 66. Eshel G, Martin PA. Geophysics and nutritional science: toward a novel, unified paradigm. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1710S 6S.
INC International Nut & Dried Fruit Council Symposium Nuts in Health and Disease. Granada, 19 th September 2013 Press Kit
INC International Nut & Dried Fruit Council Symposium Nuts in Health and Disease Granada, 19 th September 2013 Press Kit Index Introduction Keynote Speakers Conference Abstract Useful Information The International
Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? 1 4
Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? 1 4 Gary E Fraser ABSTRACT A number of studies have evaluated the health of vegetarians. Others have studied the health effects
Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective
British Journal of Nutrition (2006), 96, Suppl. 2, S61 S67 q The Authors 2006 DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061865 Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective John H. Kelly Jr and Joan Sabaté*
THE SAME EFFECT WAS NOT FOUND WITH SPIRITS 3-5 DRINKS OF SPIRITS PER DAY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY
ALCOHOL NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN 1-2 DRINKS PER DAY AND THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SOME HAVE SHOWN THAT EVEN 3-4 DRINKS PER DAY CAN BE BENEFICIAL - WHILE OTHERS HAVE FOUND IT TO BE HARMFUL
PECANS AND GOOD HEALTH
PECANS AND GOOD HEALTH A REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH Following are highlights of several research studies, followed by general recent nutrition policies and guidelines that demonstrate that nuts (and pecans
Nuts and Whole Grains for Cardiometabolic Health. Penny Kris-Etherton, PhD, RD Distinguished Professor of Nutrition The Pennsylvania State University
Nuts and Whole Grains for Cardiometabolic Health Penny Kris-Etherton, PhD, RD Distinguished Professor of Nutrition The Pennsylvania State University Outline Tree Nuts and Peanuts Almonds Brazil Nuts Cashews
The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health
The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health Vasanti Malik, ScD Research Scientist Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health Cardiovascular Disease Prevention International
Overview. The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health. No conflicts of interest or disclosures
The Mediterranean Diet: The Optimal Diet for Cardiovascular Health No conflicts of interest or disclosures Vasanti Malik, ScD Research Scientist Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health
Eating Patterns. did you know. Peanuts and Peanut Butter 67% Peanut butter is one of the most frequently consumed plant proteins in the U.S.
Peanuts are the Most Popular Nut Peanuts are the most commonly eaten nuts in America. When peanut butter is factored in, they comprise over 2/3 of the nut consumption in the U.S. Pecans 4% 2% Pistachios
Cardiovascular health benefits of plant-based eating
Cardiovascular health benefits of plant-based eating Ian Rowland University of Reading Alpro Foundation Student Symposium March 2017 Leeds Overview What is plant-based eating? Cardiovascular disease Benefits
Mediterranean Diet: Miracle or Mirage. Edwin Cox, M.D.
Mediterranean Diet: Miracle or Mirage Edwin Cox, M.D. The Mediterranean Diet Unique Distinction The only major diet whose effectiveness has been demonstrated in controlled trials In subjects with a first
Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality
original article Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality Ying Bao, M.D., Sc.D., Jiali Han, Ph.D., Frank B. Hu, M.D., Ph.D., Edward L. Giovannucci, M.D., Sc.D., Meir J. Stampfer,
Glossary. To Be or Not to Be: Vegan vs Omnivore. Dietary Patterns. Glossary. To Be or Not to Be: Vegan vs Omnivore 4/21/2016
To Be or Not to Be: K-L. CATHERINE JEN, PH.D. PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY M I C H I G A N AC A D E M Y O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S A N N
Heart Disease Genesis
Heart Disease Genesis The Ultimate Lecture on CAD origins Petr Polasek MD FRCPC FACC Copyright 2017 by Sea Courses Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, stored,
FLAXSEED Health Benefits and Functionality. Kelley C. Fitzpatrick Director of Health FLAX COUNCIL OF CANADA
FLAXSEED Health Benefits and Functionality Kelley C. Fitzpatrick Director of Health FLAX COUNCIL OF CANADA Consumers are interested in Positive Nutrition The trend is no longer just to remove bad ingredients
Effects of whole grain intake on weight changes, diabetes, and cardiovascular Disease
Effects of whole grain intake on weight changes, diabetes, and cardiovascular Disease Simin Liu, MD, ScD Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine Director, Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health Brown
WHICH DIET FOR THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MEAT OR VEGETARISM
WHICH DIET FOR THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MEAT OR VEGETARISM QUELLE ALIMENTATION POUR PRÉVENIR LES MALADIES CARDIOVASCULAIRES VIANDE OU VÉGÉTARISME Dr Jean-Michel LECERF Service de Nutrition
Building Our Evidence Base
Plant-Based Diets Neal D. Barnard, MD, FACC Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Washington, DC Building
Nutrition Counselling
Nutrition Counselling Frieda Dähler Augustiny, Nutritional Counsellor Preventive Cardiology & Sports Medicine University Clinic of Cardiology Optimal Diet for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Diet
Proven and Proposed Cardiovascular Benefits of Soyfoods
Proven and Proposed Cardiovascular Benefits of Soyfoods Mark Messina, PhD, MS Soy Nutrition Institute Loma Linda University Nutrition Matters, Inc. markjohnmessina@gmail.com Alpro Foundation 20 years symposium
Could plant-based eating meet all our nutritional needs...
Associate Parliamentary Food and Health Forum 18.10.11 Could plant-based eating meet all our nutritional needs... Dr. Janice Harland HARLANDHA ASSOCIATES ...and, if so, should Government advice on healthy
Traditional Asian Soyfoods. Proven and Proposed Cardiovascular Benefits of Soyfoods. Reduction (%) in CHD Mortality in Eastern Finland ( )
Proven and Proposed Cardiovascular Benefits of Soyfoods Mark Messina, PhD, MS Soy Nutrition Institute Loma Linda University Nutrition Matters, Inc. markjohnmessina@gmail.com 1000 80 20 60 40 40 60 20 80
Where are we heading?
Unit 5: Where are we heading? Unit 5: Introduction Unit 1: What s in your food? Unit 2: How does your body use food? Unit 3: What is metabolic disease? Unit 4: How do I identify good and bad food? Unit
Adventist Health Studies & The Vegetarian Edge
Adventist Health Studies & The Vegetarian Edge The Power of Natural Remedies Workshop May 7, 2018 10:20 10:50 am Seminary, N150 Sherine Brown-Fraser, PhD, RD, CPT, Chair & Associate Professor Adventist
Nutrition and gastrointestinal cancer: An update of the epidemiological evidence
Nutrition and gastrointestinal cancer: An update of the epidemiological evidence Krasimira Aleksandrova, PhD MPH Nutrition, Immunity and Metabolsim Start-up Lab Department of Epidemiology German Institute
Cardiac patient quality of life. How to eat adequately?
Cardiac patient quality of life How to eat adequately? François Paillard CV Prevention Center CHU Rennes JESFC, Paris, 17/01/2013 Mrs. L. 55 yrs, Coronary artery disease, normal weight, mild hypertension
Antonia Trichopoulou, MD Dr. Trichopoulou is a Medical Doctor with State Certification in Biopathology (Laboratory Medicine) and has a Master in
Antonia Trichopoulou, MD Dr. Trichopoulou is a Medical Doctor with State Certification in Biopathology (Laboratory Medicine) and has a Master in Public Health and a PhD in Nutrition and Biochemistry. She
Chest pain affects 20% to 40% of the general population during their lifetime.
Chest pain affects 20% to 40% of the general population during their lifetime. More than 5% of visits in the emergency department, and up to 40% of admissions are because of chest pain. Chest pain is a
Epidemiological evidence linking food, nutrition, physical activity and prostate cancer risk: results from the Continuous Update Project
Epidemiological evidence linking food, nutrition, physical activity and prostate cancer risk: results from the Continuous Update Project World Cancer Congress, Saturday 6 December 2014 Michael Leitzmann
Vegetarian food guide pyramid: a conceptual framework 1,2
Vegetarian food guide pyramid: a conceptual framework 1,2 Ella H Haddad, Joan Sabaté, and Crystal G Whitten ABSTRACT The purpose of this article and the accompanying vegetarian food guide pyramid graphic
Saturated fat- how long can you go/how low should you go?
Saturated fat- how long can you go/how low should you go? Peter Clifton Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Page 1: Baker IDI Page 2: Baker IDI Page 3: Baker IDI FIGURE 1. Predicted changes ({Delta})
Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview 1 4
Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview 1 4 Frank B Hu ABSTRACT Evidence from prospective cohort studies indicates that a high consumption of plant-based foods such as fruit
Nuts shown to offer health benefits
134 Nuts shown to offer health benefits J.F. Diehl This article is by Johannes Friedrich Diehl, who was director of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition in Karlsruhe, Germany, until his retirement
Cardiovascular risk factor you have never heard of. What you don t know might kill you
Cardiovascular risk factor you have never heard of What you don t know might kill you Causes of mortality, United States Lifestyle related health conditions are among the main causes of mortality Center
ScienceDirect. Food Intake Patterns of Self-identified Vegetarians among the U.S. Population,
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Food Science 4 (2015 ) 86 93 a 38th National Nutrient Databank Conference Food Intake Patterns of Vegetarians among the U.S. Population,
Mediterranean Diet: Choose this heart-healthy diet option
Mediterranean Diet: Choose this heart-healthy diet option The Mediterranean diet is a heart-healthy eating plan combining elements of Mediterraneanstyle cooking. Here s how to adopt the Mediterranean diet.
Whole Grains and Health: A Roundup of the Latest Research
Whole Grains and Health: A Roundup of the Latest Research Penny M. Kris-Etherton,, PhD, RD Distinguished Professor of Nutrition Department of Nutritional Sciences Pennsylvania State University Outline
The Paleolithic Diet. A Review
The Paleolithic Diet A Review by: Philip Rouchotas, MSc, ND Bolton Naturopathic Clinic 64 King St. W, Bolton, Ontario L7E 1C7 info@boltonnaturopathic.ca What is the Paleolithic Diet? Today s modern diet
Can foods change your health? Good fats and bad fats: what is the evidence? Kay-Tee Khaw. Main categories of fats
Can foods change your health? Good fats and bad fats: what is the evidence? Kay-Tee Khaw UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE Hong Kong July 6 213 Yerushalmy J Hilleboe HE NY State J Med 1957 Coronary heart disease
Papers. Abstract. Subjects and methods. Introduction
Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study Frank B Hu, Meir J Stampfer, JoAnn E Manson, Eric B Rimm, Graham A Colditz, Bernard A Rosner, Frank E Speizer,
Dietary intake patterns in older adults. Katherine L Tucker Northeastern University
Dietary intake patterns in older adults Katherine L Tucker Northeastern University Changes in dietary needs with aging Lower energy requirement Less efficient absorption and utilization of many nutrients
?Pairing peanuts with other healthy foods can actually help you. Nutrient Density. Peanuts Improve Nutrient Intake %RDA %RDA
Peanuts Improve Nutrient Intake snacking on peanuts improves intake of healthy nutrients. One serving of peanuts provides many of the essential nutrients we need each day. These include vitamin E, magnesium,
Foods for healthy ageing. Parmeet Kaur M.Sc (Foods & Nutrition),PhD, R.D. Senior Dietician All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi
Foods for healthy ageing Parmeet Kaur M.Sc (Foods & Nutrition),PhD, R.D. Senior Dietician All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi Motivating Quote What is ageing? Ageing is a progressive process
Diet and Cancer in a U.S. cohort Containing many Vegetarians. Synnove F. Knutsen, MD, PhD Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
Diet and Cancer in a U.S. cohort Containing many Vegetarians. Synnove F. Knutsen, MD, PhD Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA Cohort Profile: Adventist Health Study-2 - Prospective cohort study - 96,001
Mediterranean Diet Pattern and Health
NUTRI-BITES Webinar Series Mediterranean Diet Pattern and Health will begin at the top of the hour Audio for today s presentation is being broadcast over your computer speakers, so be sure they are turned
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2 1 4
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2 1 4 Jacqueline Chan, Karen Jaceldo-Siegl, and Gary E Fraser ABSTRACT Background: Vegans
Nut consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in women
Nut consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in women The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Published Version
Becoming a vegetarian
Becoming a vegetarian Updated: December 4, 2017 Published: October, 2009 People become vegetarians for many reasons, including health, religious convictions, concerns about animal welfare or the use of
A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial 1 4
A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial 1 4 Neal D Barnard, Joshua Cohen, David JA Jenkins, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy,
Impact of Lifestyle Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Event Risk of High Risk Patients with Low Levels of HDL C
Impact of Lifestyle Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Event Risk of High Risk Patients with Low Levels of HDL C Thomas P. Bersot, M.D., Ph.D. Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease University
The Rockefeller Report I. The Rockefeller Report II. The Rockefeller Study. The Mediterranean Diet MEDITERRANEAN DIET. Antonia Trichopoulou, MD.
MEDITERRANEAN DIET The Rockefeller Report I Antonia Trichopoulou, MD. WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition Medical School, University of Athens Summer School in Public Health Nutrition and Ageing The
Foods, nutrients and dietary patterns for healthy aging
Foods, nutrients and dietary patterns for healthy aging Katherine L Tucker, PhD Professor of Nutritional Epidemiology University of Massachusetts Lowell Changes in dietary needs with aging Lower energy
10/3/2016. SUPERSIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF the CARDIAC DIET. What is a cardiac diet. If it tastes good, spit it out!!
SUPERSIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF the CARDIAC DIET What is a cardiac diet If it tastes good, spit it out!! 2 1 Heart healthy diet includes: Limiting saturated fat Including unsaturated fats Including omega 3
EAT GOOD FATS TO MEET YOUR HEALTH GOALS!
EAT GOOD FATS TO MEET YOUR HEALTH GOALS! THE POWER OF GOOD FATS Did you know healthy fats provide a wealth of health benefits? At almost any age, replacing saturated fats* with polyunsaturated fats (omega-3,
Reversing Disease With A Nutritarian Diet. Joel Fuhrman, M.D.
Reversing Disease With A Nutritarian Diet Joel Fuhrman, M.D. 3 Irrefutable Facts 1. Vegetables, beans, seeds, nuts, fruits, are good for you. 2. Excessive amount of animal products cause disease. 3. Refined
1565S INTRODUCTION. Nutrition, held in Loma Linda, CA, March 4 6, The Women s Healthy Eating and Living Study was initiated with the
Dietary change and reduced breast cancer events among women without hot flashes after treatment of early-stage breast cancer: subgroup analysis of the Women s Healthy Eating and Living Study 1 4 John P
The Myth of Vegetarianism
Appendix A The Myth of Vegetarianism (From The Great Cholesterol Con by Anthony Colpo. Lulu Press, ISBN: 1430309334. Reprinted with permission from the author). Some readers may object to my lavish praise
No conflicts of interest or disclosures
Egg and Dairy Consumption: Impact on CVD Risk No conflicts of interest or disclosures Vasanti Malik, ScD Research Scientist Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health Cardiovascular Disease
How to disarm meat consumption opponents
How to disarm meat consumption opponents Janez Salobir Institute of Nutrition, Dept. of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia If consumed in moderation with appropriate
New evidences of the effects of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of cardiovascular disease
THE PREDIMED STUDY New evidences of the effects of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of cardiovascular disease Dr. María Isabel Covas Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group The REGICOR
National Pecan Shellers Association Annual Meeting Amelia Island, FL - February 7, 2013 Tufts Pecan Research: An Overview
National Pecan Shellers Association Annual Meeting Amelia Island, FL - February 7, 2013 Tufts Pecan Research: An Overview Diane L. McKay, PhD, FACN Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging
Tree Nuts Are Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: The Adventist Health Study-2
Tree Nuts Are Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: The Adventist Health Study-2 Karen Jaceldo-Siegl 1,3 *, Ella Haddad 1, Keiji Oda 2, Gary E. Fraser 2,3, Joan Sabaté 1,2 1 Department
Impact of Phytonutrients on Inflammation
Impact of Phytonutrients on Inflammation Zhaoping Li, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medicine Center for Human Nutrition David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA TIME Feb. 23, 2004 Role of Inflammation
The Food Guide Pyramid
The Food Guide Pyramid In this lesson, you will Learn About n What influences a person s food choices. n How to use the Food Guide Pyramid to make healthful food choices. The Foods You Choose The foods
Diet, nutrition and cardio vascular diseases. By Dr. Mona Mortada
Diet, nutrition and cardio vascular diseases By Dr. Mona Mortada Contents Introduction Diet, Diet, physical activity and cardiovascular disease Fatty Fatty acids and dietary cholesterol Dietary Dietary
Evidence from Adventist Health Studies
Evidence from Adventist Health Studies The Adventist Advantage Adventists pioneers in health. GOD has blessed the Seventh-day Adventist Church with a healing ministry to make man whole. First Adventist
Mediterranean Diet is an Effective Method for Treating Type 2 Diabetes in Adults
Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Health Sciences Undergraduate Publications Health Sciences 12-2013 Mediterranean Diet is an Effective Method for Treating Type 2 Diabetes in Adults Amy Bois Sacred
Screening Results. Juniata College. Juniata College. Screening Results. October 11, October 12, 2016
Juniata College Screening Results Juniata College Screening Results October 11, 2016 & October 12, 2016 JUNIATA COLLEGE The J.C. Blair Hospital CARES team screened 55 Juniata College employees on October
Misperceptions still exist that cardiovascular disease is not a real problem for women.
Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Cynthia A., MD University of California, San Diego ARHP 9/19/08 Disclosures Research support Wyeth, Lilly, Organon, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Consultant fees
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition July, 2004;80:204 16
1 Dietary intake of n 3 and n 6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate Cancer American Journal of Clinical Nutrition July, 2004;80:204 16 Michael F Leitzmann, Meir J Stampfer, Dominique S Michaud, Katarina
Whole Foods, Plant-Based Diet Relationship to Disease Prevention and Progression
Whole Foods, Plant-Based Diet Relationship to Disease Prevention and Progression Friday, March 10, 2017 Tracy L. Bonoffski, MS, RD, LDN, CSSD, CEP Background Education Cornell University (BS Nutrition)
Maintain Cholesterol
Maintain Cholesterol What is Cholesterol? Cholesterol is a Lipid Molecule that has a waxy appearance and is found in every cell of the body and has some important natural functions. It is manufactured
Author(s): T J Key, P N Appleby E A Spencer, R C Travis, N E Allen, M Thorogood and J I Mann Article Title: Cancer incidence in British vegetarians
University of Warwick institutional repository This paper is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository
What should I eat? I am so confused. Jennifer Lyon DO
What should I eat? I am so confused. Jennifer Lyon DO Conflict of Interest Disclosure I have no conflict of interest to report Overview 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines 5 primary guidelines Sugar intake Sodium
The Mediterranean diet revisited: evidence of its effectiveness grows Francesco Sofi a,b,c
The Mediterranean diet revisited: evidence of its effectiveness grows Francesco Sofi a,b,c a Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Thrombosis Centre, University of Florence, b Regional Agency
General Principles of Nutrition Support in Cardiac Rehabilitation
General Principles of Nutrition Support in Cardiac Rehabilitation Helmut Gohlke The type of nutrition is one of the important factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. The way
Be a Food Label Detective!
Be a Food Label Detective! Elyse Kontra Kara Kelly Total Fat Type of fat is more important than total fat Limit total fat intake to 25-35% of your total calories Fat-free Caloriefree http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-ieat/taking-a-closer-look-at-labels.html
The Great Dairy Debate. Is dairy healthy for you or not? It isn t black and white
The Great Dairy Debate Is dairy healthy for you or not? It isn t black and white Dairy (sticky note affinity analysis) Benefits Concerns Learning Objectives Identify nutrients found in different dairy
Fruits and Vegetables Why More Matters
Fruits and Vegetables Why More Matters Francene Steinberg, PhD, RD Professor and Chair Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis September 22, 2012 Obesity & Nutrition in a Changing World
L III: DIETARY APPROACH
L III: DIETARY APPROACH FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION General Guidelines For Dietary Interventions 1. Obtain a healthy body weight 2. Obtain a desirable blood cholesterol and lipoprotein profile
Overview of the cholesterol lowering effect of soy protein and perspective on the FDA s evaluation of the clinical data
Overview of the cholesterol lowering effect of soy protein and perspective on the FDA s evaluation of the clinical data Mark Messina, PhD, MS Soy Nutrition Institute Nutrition Matters, Inc. Loma Linda
Chapter 2. Planning a Healthy Diet
Chapter 2 Planning a Healthy Diet Principles and Guidelines Diet Planning Principles Adequacy Sufficient energy Adequate nutrients for healthy people Balance Enough but not too much kcalorie (energy) control
Olio di oliva nella prevenzione. Carlo La Vecchia Università degli Studi di Milano Enrico Pira Università degli Studi di Torino
Olio di oliva nella prevenzione della patologia cronicodegenerativa, con focus sul cancro Carlo La Vecchia Università degli Studi di Milano Enrico Pira Università degli Studi di Torino Olive oil and cancer:
Lipids. PBHL 211 Darine Hachem, MS, LD
Lipids PBHL 211 Darine Hachem, MS, LD Outline Functions of lipids in our body Types of lipids Sources of lipids Recommendation of fat intake Fat association with heart diseases Provide energy (9Kcal/g
Health effects of whole grain: beyond coronary heart disease and diabetes
Health effects of whole grain: beyond coronary heart disease and diabetes David Jacobs, Ph.D. Mayo Professor of Public Health University of Minnesota Oldways Whole Grain Council Kansas City, MO November
Health benefits of cereal foods and components in our daily diet - an overview Gabriele Riccardi, MD, FAHA
Health benefits of cereal foods and components in our daily diet - an overview Gabriele Riccardi, MD, FAHA Full Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Director of the Master Course on Human
Nutrition Basics. Chapter McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Nutrition Basics Chapter 12 1 The Body s Nutritional Requirements Essential nutrients The Six Essential Nutrients: Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals, Water Defined as : Nutrients one must
A Fresh Perspective. Lean Beef and Heart Health: ... Fresh red meat is not associated with CHD risk
Spring 2012... Fresh red meat is not associated with CHD risk R Lean Beef and Heart Health: A Fresh Perspective esearchers from the Harvard School of Public Health recently concluded that consuming 100
Biomarkers: examples from cancer epidemiology
Biomarkers: examples from cancer epidemiology In memory of Sheila Bingham Tim Key Cancer Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford Sheila Bingham (Rodwell) 1947-2009
NUTS AND HEART HEALTH
NUTS AND HEART HEALTH A summary of the evidence Incorporating the key fi ndings of a new systematic literature review 2 The Nuts Report 2015 CONTENTS 3 Foreword 4 Introduction 5 Nut Consumption in Australia
The Cost of Poor Nutrition. Achieving Wellness. Did You Know? 5/29/2014. Reduced. Significant. Chronic. Financial Risk. Quality of. Life.
Dietary Guidelines: From Pyramids to Plates Achieving Wellness UCSF Osher Mini Medical School Proper Diet Positive Lifestyle Wellness Katie Ferraro, MPH, RD, CDE Poor Diet Negative Lifestyle Death & Disease
Chronic Disease and Nutritional Underpinnings. Patrick Gélinas Dept. of Exercise and Sports Science USC Aiken
Chronic Disease and Nutritional Underpinnings Patrick Gélinas Dept. of Exercise and Sports Science USC Aiken Modern Diseases Difficult (impossible?) to gain information regarding diseases among prehistoric
Olive Oil and Nuts Reduce Risk of Heart Disease
Olive Oil Olive Oil and Nuts Reduce Risk of Heart Disease Study of 7,000 people in Spain Group 1 ate the Mediterranean diet plus 4 tablespoons of olive oil a day Group 2 ate the Mediterranean diet plus
Dr. Laurence Eyres ECG Ltd Associate Professor Marie Wong, Massey University Oils and Fats Specialist Group November 2013
New Zealand Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Your Health The Facts Dr. Laurence Eyres ECG Ltd Associate Professor Marie Wong, Massey University Oils and Fats Specialist Group November 2013 Estimated influence
Going Coconut over Saturated Fat? Why So Much Confusion? Part 1 Interpreting Conflicting Research
Going Coconut over Saturated Fat? Why So Much Confusion? Part 1 Interpreting Conflicting Research Disclosures Alice H Lichtenstein Board Member/Advisory Panel Food and Nutrition Board, National Academies
Victor Tambunan. Department of Nutrition Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
Victor Tambunan Department of Nutrition Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia 1 Handbook of Clinical Nutrition 4th ed., 2006, by D. C. Heimburger & J. A. Ard Krause s Nutrition & Diet Therapy 12th
DISEASE-PROOF YOUR FAMILY by Joel Fuhrman, MD
DISEASE-PROOF YOUR FAMILY by Joel Fuhrman, MD While genetics play a role in the expression of many diseases, and we all have genetic weaknesses and predispositions, for the vast majority of diseases that
Nuts in nutrition: a weighty matter. Sze Yen Tan, PhD University of South Australia
Nuts in nutrition: a weighty matter Sze Yen Tan, PhD University of South Australia Australia Health Survey, 2011-12 = 1 million adults 63.4% Nuts and body weight: epidemiological evidence Association between
Vegetarianismo e Prevenzione Oncologica
X-Files in Nutrizione Clinica e Artificiale: Oncologia e Nutrizione, dalla Prevenzione alla Terapia Genova - 07 Giugno 2012 Vegetarianismo e Prevenzione Oncologica Filippo VALORIANI Anna Rita SABBATINI