Acquired Immunity 2. - Vaccines & Immunological Memory - Wataru Ise. WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University.
|
|
- Rosanna McKinney
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Acquired Immunity 2 - Vaccines & Immunological Memory - Wataru Ise WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Outline 1. What is vaccine (vaccination)? 2. What is immunological memory? 3. What are the issues in the research for immunological memory? 1
2 Vaccine If you are prepared, you don t have to worry Prevention is better than cure Vaccine =a biological preparation to prevent infectious diseases Vaccination stimulates immune system to recognize viruses and be ready to combat them Normal medicine Vaccine =cure diseases =prevent diseases Types of vaccines Vaccination Virus infection Protection! 1. Attenuated vaccines (measles, rubella, and mumps) created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable 2. Inactivated vaccines (Influenza, Cholera, and Polio) created by killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat or radiation. 3. Toxoid (tetanus and diphtheria) bacterial toxin whose toxicity has been inactivated either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained 2
3 Invention of the vaccine People who had already had cowpox would never have the often-fatal disease small pox Hypothesis Infection with cowpox gives protection to smallpox Public domain Wikimedia Commons Edward Jenner ( ) Test Took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox and scratched it into the arm of an 8-year old boy and six weeks later inoculated the boy with smallpox. Results The boy did not catch smallpox! What happens if you get vaccinated? 3
4 Immune responses against invading pathogens Pathogen Sensing of pathogens First defense agaist pathogens Innate Immunity Dendritic cell attack Pathogens-specific attack Macrophage NK cell Neutrophil Co-stimulatory molecules Antigenic peptide Migration to lymph node Antibody (humoural immunity) Cytotoxic T cell (Cellular Immunity) B cell interaction Cytokine B cell Adaptive Immunity T cells or B cells express antigen receptors Innate immune cells (macrophage or dendritic cells) uptake any kind of antigens and initiate immune responses (no antigen-specificity). Cells in adaptive immune system (T cells or B cells) express antigen receptors on their surface and respond only to the specific antigens. T cells or B cells have an almost infinite range of repertoire by rearrangement of antigen receptor genes. B cells respond to different antigens B cells undergo somatic hypermutation in germinal center and thus affinity or specificity of B cell receptors can be changed. 4
5 Vaccination induces virus-specific antibody, T cells, and B cells Influenza virus-specific T cell Vaccination against influenza virus Dendritic cell Signal Influenza virusneutralizing antibody Stimulation Influenza virus-specific B cell Vaccination establishes immunological memory Slow and weak immune response No vaccination Robust virus proliferation Infection NO Protection Induction of virus-specific Ab, T-cell, and B-cell Vaccination (immunization with Virus components) Infection Protection! Immune system remembers the virus and is ready to respond =Immunological Memory 5
6 What is immunological memory? Immunological memory: Quick & Robust A large amount of antibodies are produced quickly Affinity of antibodies become higher Pathogen Concentration of antibodies Affinity of antibodies Primary immunization Secondary immunization 6
7 Immune memory cells Number of Virus-specific B cells 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, days 60 days Memory B cell Virus infection Memory B cells Number of Virus-specific B cells 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, Virus-specific B cells expand and neutralize virus Most of the virus-specific B cells die. Memory B cell However, small fraction of virus-specific B cells survive. Virus infection 30 days 60 days 7
8 Memory B cells respond quickly and robustly Pathogen ~7 days Naïve B cells Plasma cell Pathogen Memory B cell ~3 days Quicker More plasma cells Higher affinity Does vaccination/ immunological memory work perfectly? Need of flu vaccine every year -Type of influenza viruses often differs year by year. -Influenza viruses can mutate. -Levels of protective antibody start to decline over time. 8
9 Research for immunological memory -What we know and what we don t know about memory B cells- Questions Number of virus specific lymphocytes Virus infection Immune memory cells Time (days) 1. Where are memory B cells in our body? 2. How do memory B cells respond to re-infection? 3. Why can a small fraction of cells survive as memory B cells? How are memory B cells generated? 4. Are memory B cells really long-lived? 5. Are there any ways to induce memory B cells efficiently? 9
10 Question-1 Where are memory B cells present in our body? B cells reside in lymph nodes and circulate in lymph or blood Lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphocytes return to Blood via the thoracic duct Heart Naïve lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from blood afferent lymphatic vessel Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via lymphatics Lymph node Infection focus 10
11 Immune responses are elicited in lymph nodes 1. Antigens reach lymph nodes 2. Lymphocyte activation & Germinal center formation 3. Egress of activated lymphocytes Efferent lymphatic vessel B cell Zone T cell Zone Efferent lymphatic vessel Germinal center Antigens Afferent lymphatic vessel Afferent lymphatic vessel Activated T cells or B cells egress from lymph nodes to periphery Memory B cells can be distinguished from other type of B cells Germinal center Naïve B cell IgM/IgD CD38 hi CD138- Pathogen FDC Germinal center CD38 lo B cell CD138- GL7 hi Fas hi Memory B cell T cell Marker of memory B cell -Switched Ig (=not naïve B cell) -CD38hi (=resting) -CD138 negative (=not plasma cell) IgG/IgA/IgE CD38 hi CD138- Plasma cell Ig- CD38 hi CD
12 How to detect memory B cells Spleen of NP-CGG immunized mice 30 days NP-binding CD38 Memory B cells (IgG+, CD38hi) GC B cells (IgG+, CD38lo) IgG IgG 60 days NP-binding CD38 Memory B ells GC B cells IgG IgG Immunity Feb;14(2): Takahashi Y, Ohta H, Takemori T. B cells reside in lymph nodes and circulate in lymph or blood Lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphocytes return to Blood via the thoracic duct Heart Naïve lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from blood afferent lymphatic vessel Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via lymphatics Lymph node Infection focus 12
13 Where do memory B cells localize in the secondary lymphoid tissues? Germinal Center IgG RFP Germinal Center Follicle CD38 The experiments in which memory B cells are labeled with fluorescence RFP Memory B cells reside close to germinal center Aiba et al. PNAS (2010) CD4 + T cells reside close to IgG + memory B cells B cell follicle T cell area IgG1 + cells CD38 CD4 IgG1 Day 60 after immunization High magnification IgG1 CD4 CD38, CD4, IgG1 Memory B cells can get help from CD4+ T cells efficiently upon re-infection Aiba et al. PNAS (2010) 13
14 Question-2 How are memory B cells generated? Transcription factors that regulate B cell development Pathogen T cell Germinal center FDC Bcl6, Bach2 Naïve B cell Germinal center B cell Blimp1, IRF4 Plasma cell Memory B cell 14
15 Identification of genes specifically expressed in memory B cells Memory B cell Naïve B cell GC B cell Plasma cell Gene chip data Comparison of gene expression pattern Kaji et al. J. Exp. Med. (2012) Identification and functional analysis of the candidate genes Generation of genetically-modified mice 1 Wild-type mice A B X Y Gene X Knock-out mice A B X Y (Function of gene X can be analyzed) Gene X GFP Knock-in mice A B X GFP Y Fluorescent Protein (Expression pattern of gene X can be analyzed) 15
16 Generation of genetically-modified mice 2 Generation of conditional knock-out mice X Breeding ERT2-cre mice (Tamoxifen treatment can induce Cre-recombinase expression) A B X Y loxp loxp Tamoxifen Cre A B X Y Gene X is deleted A B X Y Function of gene X at specific time point can be analyzed Research of memory B cells with gene targeting mice Number of B cell 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, Delete Gene X Memory B cell 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, Delete Gene Y Memory B cell day30 day60 day30 day60 If this is the case, this data suggests that Gene X is required for memory B cell generation If this is the case, this data suggests that Gene Y is required for memory B cell maintenance 16
17 Question-3 (1) What is molecular basis for long-term survival of memory B cells? Identification of signaling molecules that are essential for memory B cell survival B cell receptor Ca 2+ PIP3 PIP3 PIP2 PIP3 PIP2 CRAC PLC- 2 Ca 2+ Syk Btk BLNK P3K Ca 2+ IP3 + DAG PKC IP 3 receptor Ca 2+ ER 17
18 PLC- 2 is required for maintenance of memory B cells PLC- 2 deletion after memory B cell generation 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, Deletion of PLC- 2 Memory B cell # of T cell #of memory B cell day30 day60 Number of memory B cells was decreased Hikida et al. J. Exp. Med. (2009) Question-3 (2) Are memory B cells really long-lived? 18
19 Can memory B cells survive for a long time? Immunization of protein Ag (PE) Number of Ag (PE)-specific Memory B cells Frequency of PE-binding splenic B-cells (x10-4 ) Days after priming Schittek et al. Nature (1990) Memory B cells appear to survive long-period time without antigen re-stimulation IgM + memory B cell Pathogen FDC T cell Germinal center B cell Naïve B cell (IgM+) Germinal center-independent Low affinity IgM+ memory B cell Germinal center-dependent High affinity IgG+ memory B cell 19
20 IgM + memory B cells are long-lived Long-term survival of IgM vs switched (IgG+IgA+IgE) memory B cells Pape et al. Science (2011) IgM + memory B cells are long-lived, whereas IgG + memory B cells are short-lived Heterogeneity in longevity or function among memory B cell subsets Question-4 What kind of memory B cells should be induced for efficient vaccination? 20
21 Important factors 1 High affinity Affinity of antibodies are increased as a result of somatic hypermutation in GC. Thus, a vaccine that sustains GC response is desirable. 2 Longevity If long-term immunological memory is established, repeated vaccination is not needed. 3 Cross-reactivity Influenza virus has many subtypes and is frequently mutated. Pre-existing antibodies may not be protective. Thus, induction of cross-reactive antibodies or memory B cells is the key for the efficient protection. Antibody to Influenza HA HA Hemagglutinin, a glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses Antibodies to HA Head are easily induced Head Mutations are frequently induced in HA Head Antibodies to HA Head are not efficacious to different influenza subtypes Stem Antibodies to HA Stem are not easily induced HA Stem is not mutated and highly conserved Influenza Hemagglutinin Antibodies to HA Stem are highly efficacious to different influenza subtypes How to generate HA-Stem specific memory B cells is an important issues and extensively studied in the filed 21
all of the above the ability to impart long term memory adaptive immunity all of the above bone marrow none of the above
1. (3 points) Immediately after a pathogen enters the body, it faces the cells and soluble proteins of the innate immune system. Which of the following are characteristics of innate immunity? a. inflammation
More informationImmunization (I) Dr. Aws Alshamsan Department of Pharmaceu5cs Office: AA87 Tel:
Immunization (I) Dr. Aws Alshamsan Department of Pharmaceu5cs Office: AA87 Tel: 4677363 aalshamsan@ksu.edu.sa Objectives of this lecture By the end of this lecture you will be able to: 1 Realize the significance
More informationLines of Defense. Immunology, Immune Response, and Immunological Testing. Immunology Terminology
Immunology, Immune Response, and Immunological Testing Lines of Defense If the First and Second lines of defense fail, then the Third line of defense is activated. B and T lymphocytes undergo a selective
More information3. Lymphocyte proliferation (fig. 15.4): Clones of responder cells and memory cells are derived from B cells and T cells.
Chapter 15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Specific
More informationThe Adaptive Immune Response. B-cells
The Adaptive Immune Response B-cells The innate immune system provides immediate protection. The adaptive response takes time to develop and is antigen specific. Activation of B and T lymphocytes Naive
More informationImmunobiology 7. The Humoral Immune Response
Janeway Murphy Travers Walport Immunobiology 7 Chapter 9 The Humoral Immune Response Copyright Garland Science 2008 Tim Worbs Institute of Immunology Hannover Medical School 1 The course of a typical antibody
More informationAdaptive Immunity: Humoral Immune Responses
MICR2209 Adaptive Immunity: Humoral Immune Responses Dr Allison Imrie 1 Synopsis: In this lecture we will review the different mechanisms which constitute the humoral immune response, and examine the antibody
More informationVACCINATION. DR.FATIMA ALKHALEDY M.B.Ch.B;F.I.C.M.S/C.M.
VACCINATION DR.FATIMA ALKHALEDY M.B.Ch.B;F.I.C.M.S/C.M. IMMUNIZATION Immunization is defined as the procedure by which the body is prepared to fight against a specific disease. It is used to induce the
More informationUnderstanding basic immunology. Dr Mary Nowlan
Understanding basic immunology Dr Mary Nowlan 1 Immunology Immunology the study of how the body fights disease and infection Immunity State of being able to resist a particular infection or toxin 2 Overview
More informationChapter 24 The Immune System
Chapter 24 The Immune System The Immune System Layered defense system The skin and chemical barriers The innate and adaptive immune systems Immunity The body s ability to recognize and destroy specific
More informationChapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Bio40C schedule Lecture Immune system Lab Quiz 2 this week; bring a scantron! Study guide on my website (see lab assignments) Extra credit Critical thinking questions at end of chapters 5 pts/chapter Due
More informationChapter 1. Chapter 1 Concepts. MCMP422 Immunology and Biologics Immunology is important personally and professionally!
MCMP422 Immunology and Biologics Immunology is important personally and professionally! Learn the language - use the glossary and index RNR - Reading, Note taking, Reviewing All materials in Chapters 1-3
More informationGeneral Overview of Immunology. Kimberly S. Schluns, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Immunology UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
General Overview of Immunology Kimberly S. Schluns, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Immunology UT MD Anderson Cancer Center Objectives Describe differences between innate and adaptive immune responses
More informationBy:Reham Alahmadi NOV The production of antibodies and vaccination technology
By:Reham Alahmadi NOV 2018 The production of antibodies and vaccination technology Antibody Production The blood contains two types of white blood cell or leukocyte Phagocytes ingest bacteria by endocytosis
More informationIntroduction to Immunology Part 2 September 30, Dan Stetson
Introduction to Immunology Part 2 September 30, 2016 Dan Stetson stetson@uw.edu 441 Lecture #2 Slide 1 of 26 CLASS ANNOUNCEMENT PLEASE NO TREE NUTS IN CLASS!!! (Peanuts, walnuts, almonds, cashews, etc)
More informationAntigen-Independent B-Cell Development Bone Marrow
Antigen-Independent B-Cell Development Bone Marrow 1. DNA rearrangements establish the primary repertoire, creating diversity 2. Allelic exclusion ensures that each clone expresses a single antibody on
More informationCHAPTER-VII IMMUNOLOGY R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR.
CHAPTER-VII IMMUNOLOGY R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR. The Immune Response Immunity: Free from burden. Ability of an
More informationClass 2: Acquired immunity and vaccination (part 1)
Class 2: Acquired immunity and vaccination (part 1) Ed Ishiguro Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology And The UVic Speakers Bureau ishiguro@uvic.ca A quick summary Main properties of innate and acquired
More information1. Specificity: specific activity for each type of pathogens. Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen or foreign substance.
L13: Acquired or adaptive (specific) immunity The resistance, which absent at the time of first exposure to a pathogen, but develops after being exposed to the pathogen is called acquired immunity. It
More informationAdaptive immune responses: T cell-mediated immunity
MICR2209 Adaptive immune responses: T cell-mediated immunity Dr Allison Imrie allison.imrie@uwa.edu.au 1 Synopsis: In this lecture we will discuss the T-cell mediated immune response, how it is activated,
More informationThe Immune System is the Third Line of Defense Against Infection. Components of Human Immune System
Chapter 17: Specific Host Defenses: The Immune Response The Immune Response Immunity: Free from burden. Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens. Immune
More informationI. Lines of Defense Pathogen: Table 1: Types of Immune Mechanisms. Table 2: Innate Immunity: First Lines of Defense
I. Lines of Defense Pathogen: Table 1: Types of Immune Mechanisms Table 2: Innate Immunity: First Lines of Defense Innate Immunity involves nonspecific physical & chemical barriers that are adapted for
More informationκ λ Antigen-Independent B-Cell Development Bone Marrow Ordered Rearrangement of Ig Genes During B-Cell Development in the Bone Marrow
Antigen-Independent B-Cell Development Bone Marrow 1. DNA rearrangements establish the primary repertoire, creating diversity 2. Allelic exclusion ensures that each clone expresses a single antibody on
More informationProf. Ibtesam Kamel Afifi Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
By Prof. Ibtesam Kamel Afifi Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology Lecture objectives: At the end of the lecture you should be able to: Enumerate features that characterize acquired immune response
More informationChapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems
The Chapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 1 The Lymphatic Vessels Lymphoid Organs Three functions contribute to homeostasis 1. Return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream 2. Help defend the body against
More informationThird line of Defense. Topic 8 Specific Immunity (adaptive) (18) 3 rd Line = Prophylaxis via Immunization!
Topic 8 Specific Immunity (adaptive) (18) Topics - 3 rd Line of Defense - B cells - T cells - Specific Immunities 1 3 rd Line = Prophylaxis via Immunization! (a) A painting of Edward Jenner depicts a cow
More informationExamples of questions for Cellular Immunology/Cellular Biology and Immunology
Examples of questions for Cellular Immunology/Cellular Biology and Immunology Each student gets a set of 6 questions, so that each set contains different types of questions and that the set of questions
More informationWhite Blood Cells (WBCs)
YOUR ACTIVE IMMUNE DEFENSES 1 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE 2! Innate Immunity - invariant (generalized) - early, limited specificity - the first line of defense 1. Barriers - skin, tears 2. Phagocytes - neutrophils,
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: OVERVIEW OF HOST DEFENSES The human body contains three lines of against infectious agents (pathogens) 1. Mechanical and chemical boundaries (part of the innate immune system)
More informationT-cell activation T cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues where they interact with antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and other lymphocytes:
Interactions between innate immunity & adaptive immunity What happens to T cells after they leave the thymus? Naïve T cells exit the thymus and enter the bloodstream. If they remain in the bloodstream,
More informationT-cell activation T cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues where they interact with antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and other lymphocytes:
Interactions between innate immunity & adaptive immunity What happens to T cells after they leave the thymus? Naïve T cells exit the thymus and enter the bloodstream. If they remain in the bloodstream,
More informationVaccines and other immunological antimicrobial therapy 1
Vaccines and other immunological antimicrobial therapy 1 Vaccines Vaccine: a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Vaccine typically contains an agent that
More informationMedical Virology Immunology. Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University
Medical Virology Immunology Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University Human blood cells Phases of immune responses Microbe Naïve
More informationChapter 1. Full file at
Chapter 1 1. Which is the best definition of immunity? Answer: B A. The state of having been exposed to a pathogen repeatedly B. The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen C. When an individual
More informationB and T cell Memory. Bengt Lindbom Adap6ve Immunity BMC D14
B and T cell Memory Bengt Lindbom Adap6ve Immunity BMC D14 Immunity: a historical perspec6ve 430 B.C. Thucydides describes the ongoing plague of Athens:.the same man was never attacked twice 15th century:
More informationVaccines. Vaccines ( continued 1) February 21, 2017 Department of Public Health Sciences
Infectious Disease Epidemiology BMTRY 713 (A. Selassie, DrPH) Lecture 11 Vaccines Past, Present, Future Learning Objectives 1. Identify the various types of vaccines 2. Describe the role of vaccine in
More informationPrinciples of Adaptive Immunity
Principles of Adaptive Immunity Chapter 3 Parham Hans de Haard 17 th of May 2010 Agenda Recognition molecules of adaptive immune system Features adaptive immune system Immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors
More informationChapter 17. The Lymphatic System and Immunity. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 17 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Immunity Innate Immunity Fast, non-specific and no memory Barriers, ph extremes, Phagocytes & NK cells, fever, inflammation, complement, interferon Adaptive
More informationUnit 5 The Human Immune Response to Infection
Unit 5 The Human Immune Response to Infection Unit 5-page 1 FOM Chapter 21 Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Preview: In Chapter 21, we will learn about the branch of the immune system
More informationTrends in vaccinology
Trends in vaccinology Mathieu Peeters, MD Joint Conference of European Human Pharmacological Societies and Joint Conference of European Human Pharmacological Societies and 20th Anniversary of AGAH March
More informationImmunity and how vaccines work
Immunity and how vaccines work Dr Mary O Meara National Immunisation Office Objectives of session An understanding of the following principles Overview of immunity Different types of vaccines and vaccine
More informationEffector mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity: Properties of effector, memory and regulatory T cells
ICI Basic Immunology course Effector mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity: Properties of effector, memory and regulatory T cells Abul K. Abbas, MD UCSF Stages in the development of T cell responses: induction
More informationGene Vaccine Dr. Sina Soleimani
Gene Vaccine Dr. Sina Soleimani Human Viral Vaccines Quality Control Laboratory (HVVQC) Titles 1. A short Introduction of Vaccine History 2. First Lineage of Vaccines 3. Second Lineage of Vaccines 3. New
More informationTCR, MHC and coreceptors
Cooperation In Immune Responses Antigen processing how peptides get into MHC Antigen processing involves the intracellular proteolytic generation of MHC binding proteins Protein antigens may be processed
More informationOutline. Animals: Immunity. Defenses Against Disease. Key Concepts:
Animals: Immunity Defenses Against Disease Outline 1. Key concepts 2. Physical barriers: Skin, Mucus and HCL in stomach 3. Non-specific 4. Specific responses Immune System a. Components of Immune system
More informationImmune response. This overview figure summarizes simply how our body responds to foreign molecules that enter to it.
Immune response This overview figure summarizes simply how our body responds to foreign molecules that enter to it. It s highly recommended to watch Dr Najeeb s lecture that s titled T Helper cells and
More informationMCAT Biology - Problem Drill 16: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 16: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about pathogens is true? Question #01 (A) Both viruses and bacteria need to infect
More informationB cell activation and antibody production. Abul K. Abbas UCSF
1 B cell activation and antibody production Abul K. Abbas UCSF 2 Lecture outline B cell activation; the role of helper T cells in antibody production Therapeutic targeting of B cells 3 Principles of humoral
More informationBlood and Immune system Acquired Immunity
Blood and Immune system Acquired Immunity Immunity Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity Defensive mechanisms include : 1) Innate immunity (Natural or Non specific) 2) Acquired immunity (Adaptive or Specific) Cell-mediated
More informationVaccine. Design and Manufacturing. Liting Bi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaccine
Vaccine Design and Manufacturing Liting Bi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaccine 1 Outline Vaccine Intro. 4 Vaccine Types 2 Manufacturing Methods 2 Tests & Applications Take-home messages 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_me5ef0ne4
More informationAntigen Presentation and T Lymphocyte Activation. Abul K. Abbas UCSF. FOCiS
1 Antigen Presentation and T Lymphocyte Activation Abul K. Abbas UCSF FOCiS 2 Lecture outline Dendritic cells and antigen presentation The role of the MHC T cell activation Costimulation, the B7:CD28 family
More informationBBS 2711 Virology. Virus Vaccines
BBS 2711 Virology Virus Vaccines Dr Paul Young, Department of Microbiology & Parasitology. p.young@mailbox.uq.edu.au Virus Vaccines First vaccine developed by Jenner in late 1700's against smallpox virus
More informationLESSONS 5.1 & 5.2 WORKBOOK
Macrophage Macrophage. LESSONS 5.1 & 5.2 WORKBOOK Our body s barriers the innate immune system In Unit 5 we are going to explore how the body responds to infection and how pathogens bypass these responses.
More informationIntroduction and overview of the immune System:
MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOINFORMATICS STUDY NOTES UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE SYSTEM Introduction and overview of the immune System - Lymphatic System, Cells and Organs of the immune System - Types
More informationOverview. Barriers help animals defend against many dangerous pathogens they encounter.
Immunity Overview Barriers help animals defend against many dangerous pathogens they encounter. The immune system recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins.
More informationCampbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 24 The Immune System Multiple-Choice Questions
Campbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 24 The Immune System 24.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The body's innate defenses against infection include A) several nonspecific
More informationThe Development of Lymphocytes: B Cell Development in the Bone Marrow & Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue Deborah A. Lebman, Ph.D.
The Development of Lymphocytes: B Cell Development in the Bone Marrow & Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue Deborah A. Lebman, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES 1. To understand how ordered Ig gene rearrangements lead to the development
More informationInternal Defense Notes
Internal environment of animals provides attractive area for growth of bacteria, viruses, fungi Harm via: 1. destruction of cells 2. production of toxic chemicals To protect against foreign invaders, humans
More informationImmunity. Chapter 38
Immunity Chapter 38 Impacts, Issues Frankie s Last Wish Infection with a common, sexually transmitted virus (HPV) causes most cervical cancers including the one that killed Frankie McCullogh 38.1 Integrated
More informationHow plasma cells develop. Deutsches Rheuma Forschungs Zentrum, Berlin Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft
How plasma cells develop Deutsches Rheuma Forschungs Zentrum, Berlin Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft 1 Plasma cells develop from activated B cells Toll Like Receptor B Cell Receptor B cell B cell microbia
More informationOpening Activity. Make a list of all the diseases and infections you have had.
Opening Activity Make a list of all the diseases and infections you have had. If you have had chicken pox, indicate whether you have had it more than once. Content Objectives I will be able to identify
More informationPLAN. Réponses B thymodépendantes et thymoindépendantes. B cell development and classification. B cell activation. Thymodependent B(2) cell response
Réponses B thymodépendantes et thymoindépendantes PLAN B cell development and classification B cell activation Thymodependent B(2) cell response BMC 423 (IF) - 2007 Antonino Nicoletti Thymo-independent
More information2 - Adaptive Immunity
2 - Adaptive Immunity The Division of the Immune System - Macrophages are in the tissues, neutrophils migrate through the blood stream - There s a release of a chemical signal which attracts all the cells
More informationVaccination and Immunity
Vaccination and Immunity Eric A. Utt, PhD Director, Worldwide Science Policy Pfizer Inc California Immunization Coalition Summit 2012 Completing the Circle: Ensuring Adult & Adolescent Vaccination for
More informationvaccines. Lecture 16 Dr. Gary Mumaugh
Vaccines Lecture 16 Dr. Gary Mumaugh Vaccines A vaccine is a form of antigen (substance which stimulates an immune response) used to create a barrier of immunity against a specific disease. The term derives
More informationDefensive mechanisms include :
Acquired Immunity Defensive mechanisms include : 1) Innate immunity (Natural or Non specific) 2) Acquired immunity (Adaptive or Specific) Cell-mediated immunity Humoral immunity Two mechanisms 1) Humoral
More informationImmune System AP SBI4UP
Immune System AP SBI4UP TYPES OF IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY EXTERNAL DEFENCES INTERNAL DEFENCES HUMORAL RESPONSE Skin Phagocytic Cells CELL- MEDIATED RESPONSE Mucus layer Antimicrobial
More informationNOTES: CH 43, part 1 The Immune System - Nonspecific & Specific Defenses ( )
NOTES: CH 43, part 1 The Immune System - Nonspecific & Specific Defenses (43.1-43.2) The lymphatic system is closely associated with the cardiovascular system. LYMPHATIC PATHWAYS Lymphatic capillaries
More informationImmunobiology. Readiness Exam. Immune Response (two phases)
BIO401 Immunobiology BOOK Kuby 6 th Edition* EXAMS - 3 exams - 100 points - Final--> 100 points - Quizzes 50 points TOTAL: 450 points FINAL GRADE: Lab: 25% (300 points) Lecture: 75% (450 points) Immunobiology
More informationDefense mechanism against pathogens
Defense mechanism against pathogens Immune System What is immune system? Cells and organs within an animal s body that contribute to immune defenses against pathogens ( ) Bacteria -Major entry points ;open
More informationGlossary of Terms - Vaccinology 101 Nurse TIP Webcast
Glossary of Terms - Vaccinology 101 Nurse TIP Webcast Adaptive Immune response Adaptive immune response or adaptive immunity is the response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development
More informationThe Immune System. Specific Immunity
The Immune System Specific Immunity What You Should Know Immune surveillance A range of white blood cells constantly circulate monitoring the tissues. If tissues become damaged or invaded, cells release
More informationThe Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Outline PART 1: INNATE DEFENSES 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep
The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Outline PART 1: INNATE DEFENSES 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep invaders out of the body (pp. 772 773; Fig. 21.1; Table
More informationPBS Class #2 Introduction to the Immune System part II Suggested reading: Abbas, pgs , 27-30
PBS 803 - Class #2 Introduction to the Immune System part II Suggested reading: Abbas, pgs. 15-25, 27-30 Learning Objectives Compare and contrast the maturation of B and T lymphocytes Compare and contrast
More informationThere are 2 major lines of defense: Non-specific (Innate Immunity) and. Specific. (Adaptive Immunity) Photo of macrophage cell
There are 2 major lines of defense: Non-specific (Innate Immunity) and Specific (Adaptive Immunity) Photo of macrophage cell Development of the Immune System ery pl neu mφ nk CD8 + CTL CD4 + thy TH1 mye
More informationIMMUNE RESPONSE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Immunity is an organisms ability to resist disease IMMUNE RESPONSE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS Living organisms have evolved many defence mechanisms against disease Plants & animals are under threat of infection
More informationOverview of the Lymphoid System
Overview of the Lymphoid System The Lymphoid System Protects us against disease Lymphoid system cells respond to Environmental pathogens Toxins Abnormal body cells, such as cancers Overview of the Lymphoid
More informationThird line of Defense
Chapter 15 Specific Immunity and Immunization Topics -3 rd of Defense - B cells - T cells - Specific Immunities Third line of Defense Specific immunity is a complex interaction of immune cells (leukocytes)
More informationPutting it Together. Stephen Canfield Secondary Lymphoid System. Tonsil Anterior Cervical LN s
Putting it Together Stephen Canfield smc12@columbia.edu Secondary Lymphoid System Tonsil Anterior Cervical LN s Axillary LN s Mediastinal/Retroperitoneal LN s Thoracic Duct Appendix Spleen Inguinal LN
More informationBiomedical Engineering for Global Health. Lecture 9 Vaccine development: from idea to product
Biomedical Engineering for Global Health Lecture 9 Vaccine development: from idea to product Review of lecture 8 Pathogens: Bacteria and Virus Levels of Immunity: Barriers First line of defense Innate
More informationNonspecific External Barriers skin, mucous membranes
Immune system Chapter 36 BI 103 Plant-Animal A&P Levels of Defense Against Disease Nonspecific External Barriers skin, mucous membranes Physical barriers? Brainstorm with a partner If these barriers are
More informationImmunology 2011 Lecture 17 Lymphoid Tissue Architecture 13 October
Immunology 2011 Lecture 17 Lymphoid Tissue Architecture 13 October TODAY Lymphoid Tissue Architecture, Chap. 16 APC Antigen processing (dendritic cells, MΦ et al.) Antigen "presentation" Ag/Ab complexes
More informationChapter 2 (pages 22 33): Cells and Tissues of the Immune System. Prepared by Kristen Dazy, MD, Scripps Clinic Medical Group
Allergy and Immunology Review Corner: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 8th Edition By Abul K. Abbas, MBBS; Andrew H. H. Lichtman, MD, PhD; and Shiv Pillai, MBBS, PhD. Chapter 2 (pages 22 33): Cells and
More informationThe Adaptive Immune Responses
The Adaptive Immune Responses The two arms of the immune responses are; 1) the cell mediated, and 2) the humoral responses. In this chapter we will discuss the two responses in detail and we will start
More informationVMC-221: Veterinary Immunology and Serology (1+1) Question Bank
VMC-221: Veterinary Immunology and Serology (1+1) Objective type Questions Question Bank Q. No. 1 - Fill up the blanks with correct words 1. The British physician, who developed the first vaccine against
More informationChapter 11. B cell generation, Activation, and Differentiation. Pro-B cells. - B cells mature in the bone marrow.
Chapter B cell generation, Activation, and Differentiation - B cells mature in the bone marrow. - B cells proceed through a number of distinct maturational stages: ) Pro-B cell ) Pre-B cell ) Immature
More informationAdaptive Immunity. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R
CSLO7. Describe functions of host defenses and the immune system in combating infectious diseases and explain how immunizations protect against specific diseases. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared
More informationSPECIFIC AIMS. II year (1st semester)
II year (1st semester) Scientific Field IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY TUTOR ECTS MALISAN F. COORDINATOR MED/04 Immunology and Immunopathology Malisan Florence 5 MED/04 Immunology and Immunopathology Testi
More informationGeneral Biology. A summary of innate and acquired immunity. 11. The Immune System. Repetition. The Lymphatic System. Course No: BNG2003 Credits: 3.
A summary of innate and acquired immunity General iology INNATE IMMUNITY Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes Course No: NG00 Credits:.00 External defenses Invading microbes (pathogens). The Immune
More informationCh. 11: Immune Physiology. 1. Review Immune Organs & Cells. Immune system = The cells and organs involved in defense against pathogens and cancer.
Ch. 11: Immune Physiology Objectives: 1. Review immune organs & cells. 2. Two types of immunity. 3. Understand functions of immune cells (T-cells and B-cells) 4. Understand autoimmunity disorders. 1. Review
More informationThe Immune System and Pathology
The Immune System and Pathology The Immune System in Action When a mosquito bites When you breathe When you have allergies When you get a blood transfusion When you die...also called the Lymphatic System
More information2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Exposure to pathogens naturally activates the immune system. Takes days to be effective Pearson Education, Inc.
The innate immune interact with the adaptive immune system 1. Damage to skin causes bleeding = bradykinin activated, resulting in inflammation 2. Dendritic phagocytose pathogens Adaptive immunity 4. Dendritic
More informationVaccines. Dr. Gary Mumaugh
Vaccines Dr. Gary Mumaugh Vaccines A vaccine is a form of antigen (substance which stimulates an immune response) used to create a barrier of immunity against a specific disease. The term derives from
More informationIntroduction to Immune System
Introduction to Immune System Learning outcome You will be able to understand, at a fundamental level, the STRUCTURES and FUNCTIONS of cell surface and soluble molecules involved in recognition of foreign
More informationMolecular Pathology of Lymphoma (Part 1) Rex K.H. Au-Yeung Department of Pathology, HKU
Molecular Pathology of Lymphoma (Part 1) Rex K.H. Au-Yeung Department of Pathology, HKU Lecture outline Time 10:00 11:00 11:15 12:10 12:20 13:15 Content Introduction to lymphoma Review of lymphocyte biology
More informationFluid movement in capillaries. Not all fluid is reclaimed at the venous end of the capillaries; that is the job of the lymphatic system
Capillary exchange Fluid movement in capillaries Not all fluid is reclaimed at the venous end of the capillaries; that is the job of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic capillaries permeate
More informationLymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Trafficking. Dr. Issa Abu-Dayyeh
Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Trafficking Dr. Issa Abu-Dayyeh Invader recognition Where does invader recognition take place?? Secondary lymphoid organs: Lymph nodes Spleen Mucosal-associated lymphoid
More informationAdaptive Immunity. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 16 Adaptive Immunity The Body s Third Line of Defense Adaptive Immunity Adaptive immunity
More informationImmunology: an overview Lecture
Slide #2: Immunology is sometimes regarded as part of microbiology department because it started there as an investigation of ways used to prevent against infectious agents (e.g. microorganisms ). However
More informationOverview of Immunology. Evolution CORE CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY. Cliona O Farrelly
Overview of Immunology Cliona O Farrelly Professor Comparative Immunology, School of Biochemistry & Immunology & School of Health Sciences cliona.ofarrelly@tcd.ie CORE CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 1. Identification
More information