The influence of feature conjunction on object inversion and conversion effects
|
|
- Barnaby Lindsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Perception, 2014, volume 43, pages doi: /p7610 The influence of feature conjunction on object inversion and conversion effects Maxim A Bushmakin, Thomas W James Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, 1101 E Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; mbushmak@indiana.edu Received 16 September 2013, in revised form 18 January 2014 Abstract. The face inversion effect is considered by some as a marker of holistic or configural processing. In an effort to understand the relations between object orientation and the use of configuration for recognition, we explored the extent to which the combination of information across discrete, spatially separated object features contributed to the impact of transforming the orientation of faces and other objects. Subjects performed a matching task on four different sets of faces and novel objects. For two of the sets (diagnostic), the match could be made based on information contained in a single feature. For the remaining two sets (conjunction and disjunction), the information useful for successful matching was divided between two spatially separated features (at the top and at the bottom of the object). For OR disjunctions the top and bottom features provided redundant information such that subjects could rely on either the top or the bottom feature, whereas for AND conjunctions the top and bottom features provided unique information such that subjects needed to use both the top and the bottom features. Experiment 1 assessed the cost of inversion on these stimulus sets with the typical inversion task, where both study and test stimuli were presented in the same orientation. Consistent with previous work, significant inversion effects were found for all of the face sets, but none of the novel object sets. Experiment 2 assessed the cost of conversion that is, the effect of transforming the orientation of the stimulus between study and test. Consistent with previous work, significant conversion effects were found for all face sets; however, a significant conversion effect was also found for the AND novel set. That only the AND novel set was significant suggests that conversion effects are reliant on combination of information across features, which is compromised when the stimulus configuration is altered between study and test. The results suggest that configural processes, like those purportedly used for face recognition, may be domain-general processes that can also be recruited strategically with other types of objects. Keywords: face recognition, object recognition, vision 1 Introduction The ability to identify and recognize objects is essential for successful interactions with one s environment. Among all the kinds of objects, faces may be the most important for humans; thus, many theories assert that the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying face recognition are separable from other types of objects (Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997; Kanwisher & Yovel, 2006; McKone, 2009; Rhodes, Byatt, Michie, & Puce, 2004). One phenomenon that has been historically used as evidence for separable face and nonface object systems is the face inversion effect (McKone & Yovel, 2009; Rossion, 2008; Tanaka & Farah, 1993; Yin, 1969). In one of the earliest reports of a face inversion effect, Yin (1969) tested accuracy on a recognition task with faces and other objects with two variations: one where the orientation of the study and test stimuli were the same (both upright or both inverted) and a second where the orientation of the study and test stimuli were opposite (if studied inverted, then tested upright). Yin found costs in accuracy associated with changing the orientation between study and test, but also found costs when orientation was the same for study and test, but inverted. Importantly, he also found that the costs were much larger with faces than with other objects, which were sometimes negligible.
2 2 M A Bushmakin, T W James The latter effect discovered by Yin that there is a greater cost associated with simply inverting a face at study and test than inverting other objects has come to be called the face inversion effect and has come to be studied much more than the former effect: the one where orientation is transformed between study and test. The face inversion effect is often considered to be one of the behavioral markers of holistic or configural processing (McKone & Yovel, 2009; Rossion, 2008). That is, the additional cost associated with recognizing an upside-down face compared with other objects is cited as evidence that upright faces recruit holistic or configural processes for recognition, whereas other object classes including inverted faces do not. These hypothetical holistic or configural processes are often considered part of a separate recognition system that is instantiated in face-specific neural substrates (Kanwisher & Yovel, 2006; Rhodes et al., 2004). Holistic and configural terms have been widely used in the face literature to mean a variety of different things (Maurer, Grand, & Mondloch, 2002) involving both first-order and second-order relations as well as Gestalt-like processing. In this paper our use of the term configural is closest to that of first-order relations that is, a process involving the configuration of parts/features (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002). The view that the privileged status of faces as an environmental stimulus demands that they recruit specialized processes that cannot be co-opted for other kinds of objects has been challenged on several levels. First, neuroimaging studies have shown that the patterns of activation across the whole of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex contribute to the discrimination of many different object classes, including faces. Even the regions with the most extreme category-preferring activation profiles contribute to the analysis of objects not in the preferred category. These findings suggest that object recognition processes are distributed, rather than modular (Haxby et al., 2001; Ishai, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 2000). Perhaps the most important indication of a distributed representation of faces and other objects is that if the most category-preferring activations (say face preferring) are removed from the analysis, that category (faces) can be discriminated using the contributions from the other (nonface preferring) distributed regions. For instance, in regions that prefer chairs over other objects there is significant information that can be used for discrimination of faces, cars, and so forth (Haxby et al., 2001; Ishai et al., 2000). Further, neuroimaging studies have also shown that the most face-preferring brain sites show significant modulation based on the amount of experience with an object class (Gauthier & Tarr, 1997, 2002; James & James, 2013). These findings suggest that one system is used for recognition of faces and other objects, but that there are quantitative differences in the pattern of recruitment across that system. Rather than a rigid modular system designed around fixed types of objects, these findings suggest a flexible distributed system that can adapt to changes in experience with different types of objects (Bukach, Gauthier, & Tarr, 2006). Second, behavioral studies converge with the neuroimaging studies to suggest that face recognition is not qualitatively different, but quantitatively (Sekuler, Gaspar, Gold, & Bennett, 2004a). For instance, one study found that inverted faces showed the same behavioral markers of holistic processing as upright faces when subjects were given more time to study them (Richler, Mack, Palmeri, & Gauthier, 2011). Some of the disagreement in both the behavioral and neural literatures may be due, in part, to an issue with definition of terms such holistic and configural. Importantly, the term configural (and the term holistic, to a lesser degree) has been used to refer to cognitive/neural processes (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002; Maurer et al., 2002; McKone & Yovel, 2009; Rossion, 2008; Tanaka & Farah, 1993), but has also been used to refer to a manipulation of the properties of a stimulus (McKone, 2009; Rossion, 2008). However, most of the controversy surrounding the face inversion effect comes only from claims about whether or not it marks the recruitment of a configural process and whether or not that hypothetical process is specific to upright faces.
3 Feature conjunction influence on object inversion and conversion effects 3 Objects in the real world can undergo rigid-body and nonrigid-body spatial transformations that can change the configuration of the features with respect to the viewer and also with respect to the object. By features, we refer to parts of an object that are relied on for recognition, whether in isolation or when combined (Nestor, Vettel, & Tarr, 2008; Ullman, Vidal-Naquet, & Sali, 2002). Changes in orientation in the picture plane (picture-plane rotation, including the inversion effect) are a particular case of rigid-body transformation where the configuration of features changes with respect to only the viewer. It has been shown convincingly that people can use changes in the configuration of features (changes in spacing) to recognize faces even when there are no changes to the features themselves (McKone & Yovel, 2009). Furthermore, the evidence is clear that there is no cost of inversion for recognizing single isolated face features that is, features outside the context of a whole face (Arcurio, Gold, & James, 2012; Rhodes, Brake, & Atkinson, 1993). These findings suggest that the use of configuration for recognition may be integral to the cost associated with inversion. The use of configuration for recognition of faces and other objects must rely on an analysis of combinations of features (Maurer et al., 2002; McKone & Yovel, 2009; Rhodes, 1988). This suggests that combination of information across features may have a primary role in producing the cost of inversion with some types of objects. An important consideration with respect to configuration as a property of objects that can be used for recognition is the degree to which more than one feature is required to successfully recognize the object. If one feature is particularly diagnostic, then it is likely that that feature will be relied on for recognition and not combined with other features. If diagnosticity is spread across features, then one feature will not be relied on exclusively and recognition may improve if information is combined across features. Importantly, in these cases where there are several moderately diagnostic features, it may be that information is not only combined across features to improve recognition, but that the spatial relations among the features can also be exploited to improve recognition. In the other cases, where one feature is highly diagnostic, it is unlikely that combining information from that feature with nondiagnostic features would improve recognition and also unlikely that spatial relations between that feature and nondiagnostic features would improve recognition. Despite the likely importance to theories of object recognition of this hypothesized dependency between feature diagnosticity and the use of configuration to recognize objects, there is little or no research that speaks to the relationship. And, to our knowledge, there is no research that speaks to the influence of this relationship on the cost of inversion. 2 Experiment 1 The current study was designed to assess the influence of feature diagnosticity and feature combination on the cost in behavioral performance associated with inversion. The typical inversion effect was used that is, the orientation of the study and test stimuli matched. Four object-recognition tasks were developed based on four specific types of stimulus sets. The two diagnostic sets had only a single feature changing, in either the top or the bottom half of the object. Importantly, with these two stimulus sets, a correct response could be made without examining any features besides the diagnostic one. The combination sets had two features changing, one feature in the top and one feature in the bottom. The combinations were of two types: OR disjunctions, where a correct response could be made based on examining either the top or the bottom feature; and AND conjunctions, where a correct response could be made only after examining both the top and bottom features. Two groups of four stimulus sets were generated, one group from faces and one from nonface novel objects.
4 4 M A Bushmakin, T W James 2.1 Materials and methods Participants. Forty-two participants (eighteen male; aged years) received course credit for participation. Data from two participants were not analyzed, because their accuracy was more than three standard deviations below the mean accuracy for the group. The study was approved by the Indiana University Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the experiment Stimuli. The experiment included stimuli made from faces and from novel objects. FaceGen 3.2 ( was used to generate 18 face stimuli. Four faces (1 4) were used as the background image, one for each of the four face stimulus sets. The remaining 14 faces (A N) were used to create the features that were superimposed on the background images to create the four individual stimuli within each stimulus set. All editing of the face stimuli to make stimulus sets was done using Adobe Photoshop. Face features were defined by a circular region centered on each eye/eyebrow region for the top features and on the mouth for the bottom features. Isolated face features were superimposed on the background images in different combinations to create two diagnostic and two combination stimulus sets. For the top diagnostic set, the four stimuli in the set were created by superimposing the four top features from faces A D onto background image 1. For the bottom diagnostic set, the four stimuli in the set were created by superimposing the four bottom features from faces E H onto background image 2. For the OR disjunction set, the four stimuli in the set were created by superimposing the four top and the four bottom features from faces I L onto background image 3. For the AND conjunction set, the four stimuli in the set were created by superimposing the four permutations of the two top and two bottom features from faces M N onto background image 4. Rhino D modeling software was used to generate a set of 18 novel objects (for example, see figure 1). Four novel object stimulus sets were generated using the same procedure as the four face stimulus sets, but from the 18 novel objects. The top features were the large lateral indentations located at the top of the object, and the bottom features were the protruding handles on the bottom side of the object. All images were presented as grayscale and subtended 8 by 8 deg Procedures. The diagnostic face and novel object stimulus sets and combination face and novel object stimulus sets were tested in separate groups of participants (N = 31 and N = 31, respectively) using the same procedures. One group was exposed to face and novel object diagnostic stimulus sets, and the other one was exposed to face and novel object conjunction stimulus sets. The experiment consisted of 4 blocks of 50 trials each. Each block contained stimuli from only one of the stimulus sets (top diagnostic, bottom diagnostic, OR disjunction, AND conjunction). Each trial began with a study phase where subjects were presented with a single sample stimulus for 330 ms, in either the upright or inverted orientation. The study phase was followed by an interstimulus period of 0.5 s followed by a response screen showing all four stimuli from the set presented in the same orientation as the sample stimulus (figure 2). Subjects were instructed to choose the alternative that matched the sample stimulus from that trial and indicate their choice with one of four keyboard keys associated with the choice. Subjects were given unlimited time to make their response. The first 10 of 50 trials per block were practice trials on which the subjects were given corrective feedback. Because the subjects were not explicitly told which features were important for success, these practice trials allowed the subjects to implicitly learn which features to use to produced correct responses. For the remaining 40 test trials in the block, no feedback was given. Only the test trials were analyzed. The order of blocks of stimulus sets and the order of each stimulus and the stimulus orientation on each trial was randomly assigned across subjects.
5 Feature conjunction influence on object inversion and conversion effects 5 Diagnostic top Diagnostic bottom AND OR Figure 1. Sample stimuli.
6 6 M A Bushmakin, T W James Study stimulus: 330 ms Upright trial Study stimulus: 330 ms Inverted trial ISI 500 ms ISI 500 ms Test stimuli until response Test stimuli until response Figure 2. Design schematic for experiment Results and discussion Figure 3 shows the identification accuracy for upright and inverted faces and novel objects for the four stimulus sets. A three-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed on that data with object type and orientation as within-subject factors, stimulus set as a between-subject factor, and accuracy as the dependent measure. The results showed significant main effects of orientation (F 1, 40 = 17.45, p < 0.005), stimulus set (F 1, 40 = 52.66, p < 0.005), and object type (F 2, 40 = , p < 0.005). There was also a significant two-way interaction between stimulus set and object type (F 2, 40 = 36.84, p < 0.005) and a two-way interaction between stimulus set and orientation (F 2, 40 = 20.44, p < 0.005). Planned comparisons testing inversion effects for each stimulus type found significant inversion effects for all four of the face stimulus sets (bottom diagnostic: t 20 = 2.91, p = 0.008, top diagnostic: t 20 = 4.67, p < 0.005, AND: t 20 = 2.684, p = 0.014, OR: t 20 = 3.2, p = 0.004), but for none of the object stimulus sets. 1.0 Faces upright inverted Novel objects Accuracy (a) Bottom Top AND OR Bottom Top AND OR (b) Figure 3. Accuracy as a function of stimulus set and object category. (a) Feature combination stimulus sets (AND and OR) and (b) diagnostic stimulus sets (top and bottom features). Error bars are standard error of the mean. The results are consistent with previous research on the typical face inversion effect showing a stronger cost of inversion with faces compared with other objects. The results with the diagnostic face sets extend previous work by demonstrating that changes to the distribution of useable features in a face stimulus does not influence the effect of inversion.
7 Feature conjunction influence on object inversion and conversion effects 7 Even though the diagnostic sets encouraged subjects to focus on a single highly diagnostic feature, the effect of inversion was large with faces. While we defined our diagnostic features as a singular unit of two eyes or an entire mouth, participants most likely differentially use subfeatures like individual eyes or corners of the mouth. We speculate that combination of these subfeatures may lead to the inversion effects found in the diagnostic conditions. Clearly, more work is needed to determine the specific features of different sizes and the hierarchy of those features that contribute to recognition in general and to inversion effects more specifically. Not surprisingly, none of the novel object sets showed a cost with the typical inversion task, considering that subjects would not have learned (or have had an innate predisposition for) a particular upright orientation for the novel objects. 3 Experiment 2 In addition to the typical inversion effect, we also wanted to assess Yin s other inversion task, the one that specifically involved a transformation of stimulus orientation between study and test. We felt that this conversion task was important to examine, because it is a task where a change in configuration must be overcome for successful recognition. The typical face inversion effect can be explained as a simple processing inefficiency for recognition of a nonstereotypical orientation (Sekuler, Gaspar, Gold, & Bennett, 2004b). Faces are almost always experienced in the upright orientation, producing a large discrepancy in experience between the upright and inverted orientations. Thus, faces are a special type of object for which experience may create large inversion effects (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002). As such, the face inversion effect by itself says little about the use of configural properties or processes for face recognition. However, in addition to the typical face inversion effect, Yin (1969) also found what we refer to as a face conversion effect. To us, this finding is the strongest evidence presented by Yin that configural processing is more important for faces than for other types of objects. Because the conversion effect involves overcoming a transformation of the configuration of the stimulus, object types for which configural information is relied on should show the greatest cost. As examining the influence of conversion asked a somewhat different research question than that posed by examining the influence of inversion, we conducted a second experiment that examined the influence of feature diagnosticity and combination with the conversion task. We hypothesized that the conversion task would be more sensitive than the inversion task to the effects of feature diagnosticity, because conversion specifically assesses the reliance on configural information. 3.1 Materials and methods Participants. Sixty-three participants (twenty male; aged years) received course credit for participation. Data from three participants were not analyzed, because their accuracy was more than three standard deviations below the mean accuracy for the group. The study was approved by the Indiana University Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the experiments Stimuli. The current experiment used the same sets of faces and novel objects as experiment 1. All images were presented as grayscale and subtended 8 by 8 deg Procedures. The face stimulus sets and novel object stimulus sets were tested in separate groups of participants (N = 30 and N = 30, respectively) using the same procedures. One group was exposed to face diagnostic and conjunction stimulus sets, and the other one was exposed to novel object diagnostic and conjunction stimulus sets. The experiment consisted of 4 blocks of 30 trials each. Each block contained stimuli from only one of the stimulus sets
8 8 M A Bushmakin, T W James (top diagnostic, bottom diagnostic, OR disjunction, AND conjunction). For each trial subjects were first presented with a single sample stimulus for 330 ms, in either the upright or inverted orientation. The study phase was followed by an interstimulus period of 0.5 s followed by a response screen showing all four stimuli from the set presented in the upright orientation (figure 4). Subjects were instructed to choose the alternative that matched the sample stimulus from that trial and indicate their choice with one of four keyboard keys associated with the choice. Subjects were given unlimited time to make their response. The first 10 of 30 trials per block were practice trials on which the subjects were given corrective feedback. Because the subjects were not explicitly told which features were important for success, these practice trials allowed the subjects to implicitly learn which features to use to produce correct responses. For the remaining 20 test trials in the block, no feedback was given. Only the test trials were analyzed. The order of blocks of stimulus sets and the order of each stimulus and the orientation on each trial was randomly assigned across subjects. Study stimulus: 330 ms Upright trial Study stimulus: 330 ms Conversion trial ISI 500 ms ISI 500 ms Test stimuli until response Test stimuli until response Figure 4. Design schematic for experiment Results and discussion Figure 5 shows the identification accuracy for upright and converted faces and novel objects for the four stimulus sets. A three-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed on those data with stimulus set and orientation as within-subject factors, object type as a between-subject factor, and accuracy as the dependent measure. The results showed significant main effects of orientation (F 1, 58 = 82.84, p < 0.005), stimulus set (F 3, 174 = 13.94, p < 0.005), and object type (F 1, 58 = 175.9, p < 0.005). There was also a significant two-way interaction between stimulus set and object type (F 3, 174 = 19.95, p < 0.005), a two-way interaction between orientation and object type (F 1, 58 = 26.91, p < 0.005), a two-way interaction between orientation and stimulus set (F 3, 174 = 3.09, p = 0.02), and finally a three-way interaction between orientation, experiment, and object type (F 3, 174 = 4.237, p < 0.05). Planned comparisons testing conversion effects revealed that accuracy was significantly better for the upright than converted orientation for all of the face stimuli (bottom feature diagnostic set: t 29 = 2.148, p = 0.02, top feature diagnostic set: t 29 = 6.901, p < 0.005, AND set: t 29 = 3.695, p < 0.005, OR set: t 29 = 4.987, p < 0.005); however, for novel objects the effect was present in only the AND conjunction condition (t 29 = 4.87, p < 0.005). On the surface, the typical inversion task used in experiment 1 and the conversion task used in experiment 2 both measure the impact on recognition of changing the spatial configuration of a stimulus. However, the key difference between the tasks is that conversion changes the configuration between study and test, whereas inversion uses the same configuration as study and test. In this way, costs associated with inversion are a measure of the efficiency
9 Feature conjunction influence on object inversion and conversion effects Faces upright converted Novel objects Accuracy (a) Bottom Top AND OR Bottom Top AND OR (b) Figure 5. Accuracy as a function of stimulus set and stimulus orientation for face and novel objects. (a) Face stimulus sets and (b) novel object stimulus sets. Error bars are standard error of the mean. of processing one configuration over the other, but costs associated with conversion are a measure of the degree to which configural properties of the stimulus are used for recognition. With this in mind, the conversion effect with AND conjunction novel objects is particularly revealing. Earlier, we proposed that reliance on configuration would be low for objects with a single highly diagnostic feature and high for objects with multiple diagnostic features, but especially if information needed to be combined across those features for recognition. The results with novel objects parallel this hypothesis: the diagnostic sets showed no influence of conversion, and the AND conjunction set showed a larger conversion effect than the OR disjunction set. These results show that, with novel objects, conversion effects are found only when subjects are forced to combine multiple features. In light of this finding with novel objects, the conversion effects with face stimuli have interesting implications, more so than when Yin (1969) originally reported such effects. Face stimuli showed a cost of transforming orientation for all stimulus sets that is, whether or not subjects were forced to combine multiple features, face stimuli produced similar conversion effects. Together with the results with novel objects, these findings with faces suggest that people are combining facial features to recognize faces and that they do this even when features do not need to be combined (OR disjunction set) and even when it is nonoptimal to do so (diagnostic sets). These findings impact theories of face and object recognition by clearly linking face stimuli with the obligatory use of configural information for recognition and by clearly showing that those configural processes are not specific to faces. 4 General discussion The results of previous studies comparing upright and inverted face and nonface objects clearly show that the human visual system is disproportionately sensitive to the upright orientation of face objects compared with nonface objects. The current study investigated the influence of feature diagnosticity on the costs of inverting the object studying and testing with the inverted orientation compared with upright and converting the object studying and testing with different orientations compared with the same. The results suggest two main conclusions. First, the processing of upside-down faces was less efficient than the processing of upright faces, whether or not the task could be accomplished with a single feature or multiple features. Consistent with previous work, this effect was small or nonexistent with nonface objects.
10 10 M A Bushmakin, T W James Like other studies of the inversion effect, these results suggest that faces, because of the idiosyncratic amount and type of experience that people have with them, have a strong stereotypical upright orientation that is more efficiently processed than the inverted orientation. Second, transforming the orientation of a face between study and test disrupted recognition whether or not the task could be accomplished with a single feature or multiple features. With novel objects, this conversion effect was found with only the AND conjunction stimulus set. The latter finding suggests that feature diagnosticity and the influence it has on combinations of features plays an important role in determining the extent to which configural information is used for object recognition. Importantly, subjects were able to adapt to the recognition goals of different stimulus sets within an experimental session, suggesting that the use of feature combination and configural information is not restricted to faces or other objects of expertise, but can be strategically employed depending on the task demands. However, the results also suggest that recognition of some types of objects (in this case, faces) is less flexible and may involve automatic combination of features. In addition to the face conversion and inversion effects, historically there are other markers of face specialization, including the composite effect, the part whole effect, and the differential effects of manipulation of relational versus featural stimulus content (Maurer et al., 2002; Robbins & McKone, 2007; Tanaka & Farah, 1993; Young, Hellawell, & Hay, 1987). In the current study feature diagnosticity was assessed using inversion and conversion tasks, but clearly a more extensive investigation of the influence of feature combination is warranted, possibly by investigating its influence on these other classic behavioral tasks. Such an investigation may find that these tasks all tap a common underlying mechanism (such as feature combination), which may help to unify disparate theories of face processing involving holistic, configural, and feature-based mechanisms. Although the current study did not use the composite effect, the results are consistent with previous work with that task. A series of studies have demonstrated that the top and bottom halves of composites are combined automatically with face objects, but are combined strategically or context dependently with nonface objects or when face objects are misaligned (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002; Richler, Wong, & Gauthier, 2011; Wong & Gauthier, 2010). Of interest is that these previous studies examined the influence of expertise on composite effects. They found that top and bottom halves were automatically combined for objects of expertise, just like they were with faces (although see Robbins & McKone, 2007). Although the current study did not include nonface objects of expertise, other studies have shown large inversion effects with such objects (Diamond & Carey, 1986; Gauthier & Tarr, 1997; Husk, Bennett, & Sekuler, 2007). Taken together, the previous results and the current results suggest that at least one consequence of expertise is a shift from strategic to automatic recruitment of a domain-general feature combination mechanism (Logan, 1998). In summary, upside-down faces are processed less efficiently than upright faces. A transformation of orientation was difficult to overcome with face stimuli, presumably because face recognition relies on configural information. When subjects were obliged to combine information across novel object features, there was also a cost associated with transforming orientation with those objects. Together, these results suggest that recognition of faces relies heavily on configural information using domain-general processes that can also be recruited strategically with other types of objects. Acknowledgments. This research was funded in part by the NSF Brain-Body-Environment Systems IGERT grant to Randy Beer and in part by the Faculty Research Support Program, administered through the Office of the Vice President of Research at Indiana University, Bloomington. We thank Karin Harman James for insights provided on all aspects of the research; we also thank Hannah Stanton, Conor Murray, and Eunbee Park for assistance with data collection.
11 Feature conjunction influence on object inversion and conversion effects 11 References Arcurio, L. R., Gold, J. M., & James, T. W. (2012). The response of face-selective cortex with single face parts and part combinations. Neuropsychologia, 50, Bukach, C. M., Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (2006). Beyond faces and modularity: the power of an expertise framework. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: an effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 115, Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (1997). Becoming a Greeble expert: exploring mechanisms for face recognition. Vision Research, 37, Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (2002). Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging brain activity and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science, 293(5539), Husk, J. S., Bennett, P. J., & Sekuler, A. B. (2007). Inverting houses and textures: Investigating the characteristics of learned inversion effects. Vision Research, 47, Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (2000). Distributed neural systems for the generation of visual images. Neuron, 28, James, T. W., & James, K. H. (2013). Expert individuation of objects increases activation in the fusiform face area of children. NeuroImage, 67, Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, Kanwisher, N., & Yovel, G. (2006). The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 361(1476), Logan, G. D. (1998). What is learned during automatization? II. Obligatory encoding of spatial location. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, Maurer, D., Grand, R. L., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, McKone, E. (2009). Holistic processing for faces operates over a wide range of sizes but is strongest at identification rather than conversational distances. Vision Research, 49, McKone, E., & Yovel, G. (2009). Why does picture-plane inversion sometimes dissociate perception of features and spacing in faces, and sometimes not? Toward a new theory of holistic processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, Nestor, A., Vettel, J. M., & Tarr, M. J. (2008). Task-specific codes for face recognition: How they shape the neural representation of features for detection and individuation. PLoS ONE, 3(12), e3978. Rhodes, G. (1988). Looking at faces: first-order and second-order features as determinants of facial appearance. Perception, 17, Rhodes, G., Brake, S., & Atkinson, A. P. (1993). What s lost in inverted faces? Cognition, 47(1), Rhodes, G., Byatt, G., Michie, P. T., & Puce, A. (2004). Is the fusiform face area specialized for faces, individuation, or expert individuation? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, Richler, J. J., Mack, M. L., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically. Vision Research, 51, Richler, J. J., Wong, Y. K., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Perceptual expertise as a shift from strategic interference to automatic holistic processing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, Robbins, R., & McKone, E. (2007). No face-like processing for objects-of-expertise in three behavioural tasks. Cognition, 103, Rossion, B. (2008). Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception. Acta Psychologica, 128, Sekuler, A. B., Gaspar, C. M., Gold, J. M., & Bennett, P. J. (2004a). Inversion leads to quantitative, not qualitative, changes in face processing. Current Biology, 14,
12 12 M A Bushmakin, T W James Sekuler, A. B., Gaspar, C. M., Gold, J. M., & Bennett, P. J. (2004b). Inversion leads to quantitative, not qualitative, changes in face processing. Current Biology, 14, Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, Ullman, S., Vidal-Naquet, M., & Sali, E. (2002). Visual features of intermediate complexity and their use in classification. Nature Neuroscience, 5, Wong, Y. K., & Gauthier, I. (2010). Holistic processing of musical notation: Dissociating failures of selective attention in experts and novices. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, Young, A. W., Hellawell, D., & Hay, D. C. (1987). Configurational information in face perception. Perception, 16,
Neuropsychologia ] (]]]]) ]]] ]]] Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect. Neuropsychologia
Neuropsychologia ] (]]]]) ]]] ]]] Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia The response of face-selective cortex with
Cognition xx (0000) xxx xxx. Brief article. A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: evidence from a cross-cultural study
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Brief article A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition:
Context influences holistic processing of nonface objects in the composite task
Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2009, 71 (3), 530-540 doi:10.3758/app.71.3.530 Context influences holistic processing of nonface objects in the composite task JENNIFER J. RICHLER Vanderbilt University,
Face Inversion Disproportionately Impairs the Perception of Vertical but not Horizontal Relations Between Features
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2007, Vol. 33, No. 4, 995 1001 Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 0096-1523/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.33.4.995
Face Perception - An Overview Bozana Meinhardt-Injac Malte Persike
Face Perception - An Overview Bozana Meinhardt-Injac Malte Persike Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 2 Interesting to mention Bahrik, Bahrik & Wittlinger,1977 The identification and matching of once
Does Facial Processing Prioritize Change Detection? Change Blindness Illustrates Costs and Benefits of Holistic Processing
Research Report Does Facial Processing Prioritize Change Detection? Change Blindness Illustrates Costs and Benefits of Holistic Processing Psychological Science 21(11) 1611 1615 The Author(s) 2010 Reprints
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Research Report
Research Report CHANGING FACES: A Detection Advantage in the Flicker Paradigm Tony Ro, 1 Charlotte Russell, 2 and Nilli Lavie 2 1 Rice University and 2 University College London, London, United Kingdom
Beliefs alter holistic face processing I if response bias is not taken into account
Journal of Vision (2011) 11(13):17, 1 13 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/13/17 1 Beliefs alter holistic face processing I if response bias is not taken into account Jennifer J. Richler Olivia
Unraveling Mechanisms for Expert Object Recognition: Bridging Brain Activity and Behavior
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2002, Vol. 28, No. 2, 431 446 Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0096-1523/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.28.2.431
The obligatory nature of holistic processing of faces in social judgments
Perception, 2010, volume 39, pages 514 ^ 532 doi:10.1068/p6501 The obligatory nature of holistic processing of faces in social judgments Alexander Todorov, Valerie Loehr, Nikolaas N Oosterhof Department
Holistic processing does not require configural variability
Psychon Bull Rev (2015) 22:974 979 DOI 10.3758/s13423-014-0756-5 BRIEF REPORT Holistic processing does not require configural variability Jennifer J.Richler & Thomas J. Palmeri & Isabel Gauthier Published
Vision Research 51 (2011) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Vision Research. journal homepage:
Vision Research 51 (2011) 195 202 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Differences between perception of human faces and body shapes:
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 1.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2010 December 1; 10(4): 541 551. doi:10.3758/cabn.10.4.541. Holistic processing of musical notation: Dissociating
(for Trends in Cognitive Science) Cindy Bukach 1,3. Isabel Gauthier 1,3. Michael J. Tarr 2,3. Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
BEYOND FACES AND MODULARITY (for Trends in Cognitive Science) Cindy Bukach 1,3 Isabel Gauthier 1,3 Michael J. Tarr 2,3 1 Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt
Recognition of Faces of Different Species: A Developmental Study Between 5 and 8 Years of Age
Infant and Child Development Inf. Child Dev. 10: 39 45 (2001) DOI: 10.1002/icd.245 Recognition of Faces of Different Species: A Developmental Study Between 5 and 8 Years of Age Olivier Pascalis a, *, Elisabeth
Orientation Specific Effects of Automatic Access to Categorical Information in Biological Motion Perception
Orientation Specific Effects of Automatic Access to Categorical Information in Biological Motion Perception Paul E. Hemeren (paul.hemeren@his.se) University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics
Expert face coding: Configural and component coding of own-race and other-race faces
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2006, 13 (3), 499-505 Expert face coding: Configural and component coding of own-race and other-race faces GILLIAN RHODES University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western
Perception of Faces and Bodies
CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Perception of Faces and Bodies Similar or Different? Virginia Slaughter, 1 Valerie E. Stone, 2 and Catherine Reed 3 1 Early Cognitive Development Unit and 2
A defense of the subordinate-level expertise account for the N170 component
B. Rossion et al. / Cognition 85 (2002) 189 196 189 COGNITION Cognition 85 (2002) 189 196 www.elsevier.com/locate/cognit Discussion A defense of the subordinate-level expertise account for the N170 component
Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Acta Psychologica 128 (2008) 274 289 www.elsevier.com/locate/actpsy Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception Bruno Rossion * Unite
Expert Face Processing: Specialization and Constraints
Book chapter, will be published in G. Schwarzer & H. Leder, Development of face processing. Göttingen: Hogrefe. 6 Expert Face Processing: Specialization and Constraints Adrian Schwaninger Claus-Christian
Beyond faces and modularity: the power of an expertise framework
Beyond faces and modularity: the power of an expertise framework Cindy M. Bukach 1, Isabel Gauthier 1 and Michael J. Tarr 2 1 Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience,
Revisiting the Role of the Fusiform Face Area in Visual Expertise
Cerebral Cortex August 2005;15:1234--1242 doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi006 Advance Access publication January 26, 2005 Revisiting the Role of the Fusiform Face Area in Visual Expertise Yaoda Xu Department of
The measure of an illusion or the illusion of a measure?
The measure of an illusion or the illusion of a measure? Contributed by Bruno Rossion, May 2013 Comparing the matching of same top face halves when they are aligned vs. misaligned with different bottom
The face behind the mask: a developmental study
Developmental Science 9:3 (2006), pp 288 294 REPORT Blackwell Publishing Asia The face behind the mask: a developmental study Nim Tottenham, 1 Andrew C. Leon 2 and B.J. Casey 1 1. Sackler Institute for
Nonlinear relationship between holistic processing of individual faces and picture-plane rotation: evidence from the face composite illusion
Journal of Vision (200X) X, X-X http://journalofvision.org/x/x/x/ 1 Nonlinear relationship between holistic processing of individual faces and picture-plane rotation: evidence from the face composite illusion
Brain Activation during Face Perception: Evidence of a Developmental Change
Brain Activation during Face Perception: Evidence of a Developmental Change E. H. Aylward 1, J. E. Park 1, K. M. Field 1, A. C. Parsons 1, T. L. Richards 1, S. C. Cramer 2, and A. N. Meltzoff 1 Abstract
The composite-face effect survives asymmetric face distortions
Perception, 2012, volume 41, pages 707 716 doi:10.1068/p7212 The composite-face effect survives asymmetric face distortions Adélaïde de Heering, Jessica Wallis, Daphne Maurer Visual Development Lab, Department
Taking control of reflexive social attention
Cognition 94 (2005) B55 B65 www.elsevier.com/locate/cognit Brief article Taking control of reflexive social attention Jelena Ristic*, Alan Kingstone Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia,
ARTICLE IN PRESS Neuropsychologia xxx (2011) xxx xxx
G Model ARTICLE IN PRESS Neuropsychologia xxx (2011) xxx xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia jo u rn al hom epa ge : www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia Impaired holistic
Configural and featural processing during face perception: A new stimulus set
Behavior Research Methods 2009, 41 (2), 279-283 doi:10.3758/brm.41.2.279 Configural and featural processing during face perception: A new stimulus set GOEDELE VAN BELLE, MICHAEL DE SMET, PETER DE GRAEF,
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ENCODING AND THE REPRESENTATION OF FACE INFORMATION
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ENCODING AND THE REPRESENTATION OF FACE INFORMATION A Dissertation in Psychology by Rebecca J.
for Biological Cybernetics, T bingen, Germany d Unit Cognition et D veloppement & Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie,
This article was downloaded by:[university of Newcastle upon Tyne] On: 28 June 2008 Access Details: [subscription number 788788690] Publisher: Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
Interaction Between Social Categories in the Composite Face Paradigm. Wenfeng Chen and Naixin Ren. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Andrew W.
Interaction Between Social Categories in the Composite Face Paradigm Wenfeng Chen and Naixin Ren Chinese Academy of Sciences Andrew W. Young University of York Chang Hong Liu Bournemouth University Author
Virtual Brain Reading: A Connectionist Approach to Understanding fmri
Virtual Brain Reading: A Connectionist Approach to Understanding fmri Rosemary A. Cowell (r.a.cowell@kent.ac.uk) Computing Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NF, UK David E. Huber (dhuber@psy.ucsd.edu)
Citation Frontiers in Perception Science, 2013, v. 4, article no. 29
Title in Chinese participants occurs for upright but not inverted faces Author(s) Crookes, KF; Favelle, S; Hayward, WG Citation Frontiers in Perception Science, 2013, v. 4, article no. 29 Issued Date 2013
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TRAINING EXPERIENCES ON OBJECT RECOGNITION IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM. Alan Chun-Nang Wong
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TRAINING EXPERIENCES ON OBJECT RECOGNITION IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM By Alan Chun-Nang Wong Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University In partial
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
Normal Greeble Learning in a Severe Case of Developmental Prosopagnosia
Neuron, Vol. 43, 469 473, August 19, 2004, Copyright 2004 by Cell Press Normal Greeble Learning in a Severe Case of Developmental Prosopagnosia Case Study Bradley C. Duchaine, 1, * Kerry Dingle, 1 version
Giulia Righi a, Jessie J. Peissig b & Michael J. Tarr c a Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School,
This article was downloaded by: [Jessie Peissig] On: 14 February 2012, At: 11:26 Publisher: Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
Frank Tong. Department of Psychology Green Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544
Frank Tong Department of Psychology Green Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 Office: Room 3-N-2B Telephone: 609-258-2652 Fax: 609-258-1113 Email: ftong@princeton.edu Graduate School Applicants
Object Substitution Masking: When does Mask Preview work?
Object Substitution Masking: When does Mask Preview work? Stephen W. H. Lim (psylwhs@nus.edu.sg) Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Block AS6, 11 Law Link, Singapore 117570 Chua
View-Specific Coding of Face Shape Linda Jeffery, 1 Gillian Rhodes, 1 and Tom Busey 2
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article View-Specific Coding of Face Shape Linda Jeffery, 1 Gillian Rhodes, 1 and Tom Busey 2 1 University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia, and 2 Indiana University,
Accounts for the N170 face-effect: a reply to Rossion, Curran, & Gauthier
S. Bentin, D. Carmel / Cognition 85 (2002) 197 202 197 COGNITION Cognition 85 (2002) 197 202 www.elsevier.com/locate/cognit Discussion Accounts for the N170 face-effect: a reply to Rossion, Curran, & Gauthier
The overlap of neural selectivity between faces and words: evidences
The overlap of neural selectivity between faces and words: evidences from the N170 adaptation effect Xiao-hua Cao 1, Chao Li 1, Carl M Gaspar 2, Bei Jiang 1 1. Department of Psychology,Zhejiang Normal
Alan R. S. Ashworth III. Air Force Research Laboratory. Brooks AFB Texas & Yale University, USA. Quoc C. Vuong*
Recognizing rotated faces and Greebles: Is the inversion effect unique to faces? Alan R. S. Ashworth III Air Force Research Laboratory Brooks AFB Texas & Yale University, USA Quoc C. Vuong* Department
FFA: a flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise
commentary FFA: a flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise Michael J. Tarr and Isabel Gauthier Much evidence suggests that the fusiform face area is involved
Who Needs Cheeks? Eyes and Mouths are Enough for Emotion Identification. and. Evidence for a Face Superiority Effect. Nila K Leigh
1 Who Needs Cheeks? Eyes and Mouths are Enough for Emotion Identification and Evidence for a Face Superiority Effect Nila K Leigh 131 Ave B (Apt. 1B) New York, NY 10009 Stuyvesant High School 345 Chambers
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. DEGREE (if applicable)
NAME: Isabel Gauthier, Ph.D. OMB No. 0925-0001/0002 (Rev. 08/12 Approved Through 8/31/2015) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Provide the following information for the Senior/key personnel and other significant contributors.
The Disproportionate Face Inversion Effect in Recognition Memory
The Disproportionate Face Inversion Effect in Recognition Memory Melissa Prince (Melissa.Prince@newcastle.edu.au) Andrew Heathcote (Andrew.Heathcote@newcastle.edu.au) School of Psychology, The University
Holistic Processing of Faces: Perceptual and Decisional Components
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2008, Vol. 34, No. 2, 328 342 Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association 0278-7393/08/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.2.328
The functional organization of the ventral visual pathway and its relationship to object recognition
Kanwisher-08 9/16/03 9:27 AM Page 169 Chapter 8 The functional organization of the ventral visual pathway and its relationship to object recognition Kalanit Grill-Spector Abstract Humans recognize objects
The Perception of Gender in Human Faces Samantha Haseltine Gustavus Adolphus College Faculty Advisor: Patricia Costello. Perception of Gender 1
The Perception of Gender in Human Faces Samantha Haseltine Gustavus Adolphus College Faculty Advisor: Patricia Costello Perception of Gender 1 Perception of Gender 2 Abstract: When we look at a face we
EDGE DETECTION. Edge Detectors. ICS 280: Visual Perception
EDGE DETECTION Edge Detectors Slide 2 Convolution & Feature Detection Slide 3 Finds the slope First derivative Direction dependent Need many edge detectors for all orientation Second order derivatives
BECOMING A GREEBLE EXPERT: EXPLORING MECHANISMS FOR FACE RECOGNITION
Vision Research 1997, Vol. 37, No. 12, 1673-1682 BECOMING A GREEBLE EXPERT: EXPLORING MECHANISMS FOR FACE RECOGNITION Isabel Gauthier Yale University Michael J. Tarr Brown University Sensitivity to configural
cortex xxx (2016) 1e15 Available online at ScienceDirect
CORTEX_proof May 0 / 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q Research report An in-depth cognitive examination of individuals with superior face recognition skills Q Anna K. Bobak a,*, Rachel J. Bennetts a, Benjamin A. Parris a,
Grouped Locations and Object-Based Attention: Comment on Egly, Driver, and Rafal (1994)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1994, Vol. 123, No. 3, 316-320 Copyright 1994 by the American Psychological Association. Inc. 0096-3445/94/S3.00 COMMENT Grouped Locations and Object-Based Attention:
The Role of Spatial Frequency in Expert Object Recognition
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2016, Vol. 42, No. 3, 413 422 2015 American Psychological Association 0096-1523/16/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000139 The Role
Featural and configurational processes in the recognition of faces of different familiarity
Featural and configurational processes in the recognition of faces of different familiarity Article (Published Version) Collishaw, S M and Hole, G J (2000) Featural and configurational processes in the
Configural information is processed differently in perception and recognition of faces
Vision Research 43 (2003) 1501 1505 Rapid communication Configural information is processed differently in perception and recognition of faces Adrian Schwaninger a,b, *, Stefan Ryf b, Franziska Hofer b
Mixed emotions: Holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions
COGNITION AND EMOTION 2012, 26 (6), 961977 Mixed emotions: Holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions James W. Tanaka 1, Martha D. Kaiser 2, Sean Butler 3, and Richard Le Grand 4 1 Department
Does scene context always facilitate retrieval of visual object representations?
Psychon Bull Rev (2011) 18:309 315 DOI 10.3758/s13423-010-0045-x Does scene context always facilitate retrieval of visual object representations? Ryoichi Nakashima & Kazuhiko Yokosawa Published online:
Perceptual Expertise Effects Are Not All or None: Spatially Limited Perceptual Expertise for Faces in a Case of Prosopagnosia
Perceptual Expertise Effects Are Not All or None: Spatially Limited Perceptual Expertise for Faces in a Case of Prosopagnosia Cindy M. Bukach 1, Daniel N. Bub 2, Isabel Gauthier 1, and Michael J. Tarr
Expertise for upright faces improves the precision but not the capacity of visual working memory
DOI 10.3758/s13414-014-0653-z Expertise for upright faces improves the precision but not the capacity of visual working memory Elizabeth S. Lorenc & Michael S. Pratte & Christopher F. Angeloni & Frank
FAILURES OF OBJECT RECOGNITION. Dr. Walter S. Marcantoni
FAILURES OF OBJECT RECOGNITION Dr. Walter S. Marcantoni VISUAL AGNOSIA -damage to the extrastriate visual regions (occipital, parietal and temporal lobes) disrupts recognition of complex visual stimuli
Intermediate Level Mechanisms Supporting Face Perception
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) Spring 4-17-2013 Intermediate Level Mechanisms Supporting Face Perception Eric J. Feczko Washington
Evidence for holistic processing of faces viewed as photographic negatives
Perception, 1999, volume 28, pages 341 ^ 359 DOI:10.1068/p2622 Evidence for holistic processing of faces viewed as photographic negatives Graham J Hole, Patricia A George, Victoria Dunsmore School of Cognitive
Object detection and basic-level categorization: Sometimes you know it is there before you know what it is
R243B Time-Course of Object Detection and Categorization 1 PBR-BR-07-031.R2 Production Number R243B Object detection and basic-level categorization: Sometimes you know it is there before you know what
PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE AFFECTS VISUAL SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND THE TIME-COURSE OF PERCEPTUAL ENCODING. Kim M. Curby
PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE AFFECTS VISUAL SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND THE TIME-COURSE OF PERCEPTUAL ENCODING By Kim M. Curby Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in
Processing of facial identity and expression: a psychophysical, physiological and computational perspective
Anders, Ende, Junghofer, Kissler & Wildgruber (Eds.) Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 156 ISSN 0079-6123 CHAPTER 18 Processing of facial identity and expression: a psychophysical, physiological and computational
Visual Context Dan O Shea Prof. Fei Fei Li, COS 598B
Visual Context Dan O Shea Prof. Fei Fei Li, COS 598B Cortical Analysis of Visual Context Moshe Bar, Elissa Aminoff. 2003. Neuron, Volume 38, Issue 2, Pages 347 358. Visual objects in context Moshe Bar.
The roles of visual expertise and visual input in the face inversion effect: Behavioral and neurocomputational evidence
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Vision Research 48 (2008) 703 715 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres The roles of visual expertise and visual input in the face inversion effect: Behavioral and neurocomputational
Haifa, Haifa, Israel Version of record first published: 22 Feb 2013.
This article was downloaded by: [74.101.172.72] On: 22 February 2013, At: 07:56 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
The respective role of low and high spatial frequencies in supporting configural and featural processing of faces
Perception, 2005, volume 34, pages 77 ^ 86 DOI:10.1068/p5370 The respective role of low and high spatial frequencies in supporting configural and featural processing of faces Vale rie Goffaux, Barbara
Are All Types of Expertise Created Equal? Car Experts Use Different Spatial Frequency Scales for Subordinate Categorization of Cars and Faces
Wright State University CORE Scholar Psychology Faculty Publications Psychology 6-24-2013 Are All Types of Expertise Created Equal? Car Experts Use Different Spatial Frequency Scales for Subordinate Categorization
Holistic Processing of Faces: Bridging Paradigms
Holistic Processing of Faces 1 RUNNING HEAD: Holistic Processing of Faces Holistic Processing of Faces: Bridging Paradigms Jennifer J. Richler 1, Isabel Gauthier 1, Michael J. Wenger 2 & Thomas J. Palmeri
Short article Detecting objects is easier than categorizing them
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008, 61 (4), 552 557 Short article Detecting objects is easier than categorizing them Jeffrey S. Bowers and Keely W. Jones University of Bristol, Bristol,
Role of Featural and Configural Information in Familiar and Unfamiliar Face Recognition
Schwaninger, A., Lobmaier, J. S., & Collishaw, S. M. (2002). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2525, 643-650. Role of Featural and Configural Information in Familiar and Unfamiliar Face Recognition Adrian
How do different training tasks modulate our perception and hemispheric lateralization in the development of perceptual expertise?
How do different training tasks modulate our perception and hemispheric lateralization in the development of perceptual expertise? Ricky V. Tso (richie13@hku.hk) Terry K. Au (terryau@hku.hk) Janet H. Hsiao
Experience Matters: Modeling the Relationship Between Face and Object Recognition
Experience Matters: Modeling the Relationship Between Face and Object Recognition Panqu Wang (pawang@ucsd.edu) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego 9500
PS3019 Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology
PS3019 Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology Carlo De Lillo HWB Room P05 Consultation time: Tue & Thu 2.30-3.30 E-mail: CDL2@le.ac.uk Overview Neuropsychology of visual processing Neuropsychology of spatial
Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing
Perception, 2002, volume 31, pages 553 ^ 566 DOI:10.1068/p3339 Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing Catherine J Mondloch, Richard Le Grand, Daphne Maurer Department
Vision Research 49 (2009) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Vision Research. journal homepage:
Vision Research 49 (2009) 268 283 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Holistic processing for faces operates over a wide range of
Evidence against a central bottleneck during the attentional blink: Multiple channels for configural and featural processing q
Cognitive Psychology 48 (2004) 95 126 Cognitive Psychology www.elsevier.com/locate/cogpsych Evidence against a central bottleneck during the attentional blink: Multiple channels for configural and featural
The Fusiform Face Area Is Engaged in Holistic, Not Parts- Based, Representation of Faces
The Fusiform Face Area Is Engaged in Holistic, Not Parts- Based, Representation of Faces Jiedong Zhang 1, Xiaobai Li 1, Yiying Song 1, Jia Liu 1,2 * 1 State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and
Recognition memory for distractor faces depends on attentional load at exposure
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2005, 12 (2), 314-320 Recognition memory for distractor faces depends on attentional load at exposure ROB JENKINS University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland and NILLI LAVIE
The impact of item clustering on visual search: It all depends on the nature of the visual search
Journal of Vision (2010) 10(14):24, 1 9 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/14/24 1 The impact of item clustering on visual search: It all depends on the nature of the visual search Yaoda Xu Department
Dynamic composite faces are processed holistically
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers Faculty of Social Sciences 2015 Dynamic composite faces are processed holistically Simone K. Favelle University of Wollongong,
Evidence for a contact-based explanation of the own-age bias in face recognition
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2009, 16 (2), 264-269 doi:10.3758/pbr.16.2.264 Evidence for a contact-based explanation of the own-age bias in face recognition VIRGINIA HARRISON AND GRAHAM J. HOLE University
EXPERTISE IN TACTILE PATTERN RECOGNITION
Research Article EXPERTISE IN TACTILE PATTERN RECOGNITION Carnegie Mellon University Abstract This article explores expertise in tactile object recognition. In one study, participants were trained to differing
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Perceptual Learning and Inversion Effects: Recognition of Prototype-Defined Familiar Checkerboards Ciro Civile, Di Zhao, Yixuan Ku, Heike Elchlepp,
Behavioral Change and Its Neural Correlates in Visual Agnosia After Expertise Training
Behavioral Change and Its Neural Correlates in Visual Agnosia After Expertise Training Marlene Behrmann 1, Jonathan Marotta 2, Isabel Gauthier 3, Michael J. Tarr 4, and Thomas J. McKeeff 5 Abstract & Agnosia,
Stimulus Selectivity of Figural Aftereffects for Faces
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2005, Vol. 31, No. 3, 420 437 Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association 0096-1523/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.31.3.420
Differences in holistic processing do not explain cultural differences in the recognition of facial expression
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 2017 VOL. 70, NO. 12, 2445 2459 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1240816 Differences in holistic processing do not explain cultural differences
Bodies capture attention when nothing is expected
Cognition 93 (2004) B27 B38 www.elsevier.com/locate/cognit Brief article Bodies capture attention when nothing is expected Paul E. Downing*, David Bray, Jack Rogers, Claire Childs School of Psychology,
Attentional and Perceptual Factors Affecting the Attentional Blink for Faces and Objects
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2008, Vol. 34, No. 4, 818 830 Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association 0096-1523/08/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.34.4.818
Limited evidence of individual differences in holistic processing in different versions of the part-whole paradigm
Atten Percept Psychophys (2017) 79:1453 1465 DOI 10.3758/s13414-017-1311-z Limited evidence of individual differences in holistic processing in different versions of the part-whole paradigm Mackenzie A.
Probing the Visual Representation of Faces With Adaptation
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article Probing the Visual Representation of Faces With Adaptation A View From the Other Side of the Mean Fang Jiang, 1 Volker Blanz, 2 and Alice J. O Toole 1 1 School of
The Impact of Schemas on the Placement of Eyes While Drawing.
The Red River Psychology Journal PUBLISHED BY THE MSUM PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT The Impact of Schemas on the Placement of Eyes While Drawing. Eloise M. Warren. Minnesota State University Moorhead Abstract.