Environmental Correlates

Transcription

1 Environmental Correlates What effect does the environment have on one s s physical activity adherence and in maintaining a physical activity program?

2 Environmental Considerations Benefits of physical activity require people to participate in a program for a long time. People need to develop coping skills to complete maintain and complete their physical activity program. When an environment is risky how do people develop the appropriate coping skills. When an environment is supportive one does not need to develop coping skills.

3 What is the point! Physical environment changes one s s behavior. If I develop a slowly progressive exercise program where the benefits will be seen in one to three years, the environment will require people to be patient. If I develop a high risk program, that is, one that is very highly progressive, this environment will require people to develop coping skills to deal with high effort, long durations workouts.

4 Major Assumption! If people have a physical environment that makes it easy to be active, people will be more active. Climate Density of PA facilities Cost of membership to PA facilities Actual and perceived access to PA facilities

5 Environmental Correlates

6 Environmental Factors Climate Environmental Prompts Availability of fitness equipment Perceived access to PA resources Actual Access to PA resources Home based Facilities Neighborhood Health Care Facilities Schools Worksite Facilities Physical Environment

7 Environmental Prompts Signage such as: Use the stairs Walk to work Ride your bike to work Frequency of physical activity increased when there was signage!

8 What is the most influential environmental determinate related to physical activity involvement? Answer is: Climate

9 True or False When working out at home one rarely performs vigorous physical activity? Answer: False

10 Home Based Facilities Perceived as high intense exercise and strength training Most accessible Most convenient

11 Home based Programs Which of the following are problems with home based physical fitness programs? a. They lack technical instruction about the how of exercise b. They lack proper exercise prescription c. Social support is lacking d. Management of exercise is lacking Answer: All

12 Facility Access A client comes into your fitness facility to workout and finds out that the class has been cancelled. What will the client likely do? a. Leave the facility and not workout b. Stays in the facility and find a exercise alternative

13 Perceived Access If the client is low in their intention to exercise, I would say the answer would likely be (a). All facilities need to ensure the future client of the availability the following resources: Access to equipment Exercise program that meets their needs. Enriching leader Access to a workout site (private, home, school, etc)

14 The one number resource barrier to exercise in minority women who want to join a health club is? Answer is: cost of membership

15 What is meant by this phrase, density of physical fitness facilities? A. Quality of programs within a worksite physical fitness facility B. Quantity of programs within a worksite physical fitness facility. C. Index to the number of physical fitness facilities within a community. Answer is: C

16 Actual Access Cost or cost to join Minority women s s #1 cause Not middle or high income people Density of Facilities More facilities = more PA involvement Little doubt access perceived or actual influences PA participation

17 The key strategy positively influences physical activity involvement in physical fitness facilities is what? Assessment and client profiling of the physical fitness components is the key strategy

18 Physical activity involvement in the schools emphasizes what group of students: A. Pre school B. Elementary C. High School D. Junior High Answer: B

19 According to the experts which group of students need to emphasized when it come to exercise? A. Pre school B. Elementary C. Junior High D. High school The answer is: D

20 Which facility has the greatest potential to impact physical activity levels in communities? A. Worksite PA facilities B. Private PA facilities such a Gold Gym or YMCA C. Health care PA facilities associated with Hospitals and PT centers Answer is: C

21 What effect does work site health facilities have on blue collar workers? A. Small B. Moderate C. High

22 Worksite Facilities Small effect size in blue collar workers Convenient for those who regularly exercise

23 Worksite Facilities If your company has a worksite PA facility and program and you must pay to become a member, you will still likely use the PA facility? True or False Answer: False

24 Worksite Program Worksite physical fitness program help employees stay fit and health plus lower health cost of the employee? Answer: True

25 Major Worksite Barriers Schedules & class offerings Transportation Day care Membership Cost

26 Cost of Membership The cost of a membership in a club is a major barrier for who? a. High income, married male b. High income, married female c. Low income, single male d. Low income, single female Answer is: D

27 Answer Single women of a lower socioeconomic level (especially if they have young children).

28 Access to PA Facility What affect does access have on physical activity as we age? Answer: Older or aged clients become very sensitive to PA resource to be accessible

29 Type of Activity What physical activity do people most often use to become active or fit? Walk Jog or run Bike Weight training

30 Walking & Biking Levels What is the major factor in why North Americans have very low bicycle and walking patterns within a urban area? Answer: Lack of sidewalks and bicycle lanes (paths) on highways and in neighborhoods (urban areas)

31 Physical Education & PA At the present time, student physical activity during a physical education class is sufficient to reap the expected health benefits of exercise?

32 Physical Education Facts Answer is No! CDC surveys in 1999, 2001, and 2003 reported that students are active for an average of just 16 minutes. What if we increased the time in physical education per student? Cornell report found that by adding 200 minutes to physical education would result in only 7.5 minutes of more activity and have minimal effect. Don Don t t add minutes but provide a physical education curriculum that is fitness oriented based not sports and gaming education.

33 Home Exercise Machines List the common home exercise machines that fitness oriented customers usually buy? A. Treadmills B. Stationary bike C. Rowing machines D. Cross country machines E. Stair climbing machines

34 Activity friendly Environments People who live in activity friendly environments are more active and achieve the CDC recommended levels of PA. Answer: True a. The closer people lived to a bikeway, the more likely they were to use it. b. People with safe places to walk within 10 minutes of home usually met the recommended CDC activity levels. c. Neighborhoods with well maintained sidewalks and bicycling routes were likely to reach the CDC activity levels.

35 Activity Friendly Environments People who live in neighborhoods with a mix of shop and businesses within walking distance have a lower risk of obesity? Answer is True

36 Activity Friendly Environment Getting children to play and being active outdoors is the number one correlate to being physically fit. Answer is True Children s s activity levels are associated with number of play spaces near their home (Salis et al. 1997)

37 Physical Environment Temperature Music Mirrors Odors

38 Water Temperature Adherence to swimming is directly related to the temperature of the water in pools. Answer: True Air temperature in PA facilities and water temperature in aquatic facilities influences the attitudes of people toward facilities that are not comfortable or excess (too warm or cold).

39 Physical Environment A solitary jogger will put forth more effort when they run past spectators who watch them jog? Answer is: True. One increases their effort and performance when others are watching (Social facilitation).

40 Physical Environment Exercising next to someone such as two people treadmill running will put forth more effort in exercising? Answer: True Even when people do not know each other they will put forth greater effort.

41 Physical Environment Music can enhance positive feelings derived from the physical activity experience and can help participants to exercise longer? Answer: True (Brownley( Brownley,, McMurray, &Hackney, 1995)

42 Influence of Co Exercisers and Observers Actual effort People increase effort and performance when others are watching Self reported effort Presence of others and the desire to make a good impression can influence self reported effort

43 Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) People report a lower RPE when exercising next to a person who makes an exercise look easy Men report lower RPE with tests involving heavy workloads when women are conducting the tests

44 Dangers of Trying to Make a Good Impression People may exert themselves too strenuously when others are watching People may be concerned that others perceive them as weak if they reduce the amount of weight they are lifting

45 In Summary

46 Climate Variation and PA levels Climate is potentially one of the most influential environmental variables on PA participation. Seasonal temperature during year directly relate to PA participation.

47 Actual Access to PA Resources Cost of the facility is the number actual barrier. High barrier to PA for minority women. Not a barrier for high socioeconomic people.

48 Perceived Access to Physical Activity Resources Home environment was positively associated with vigorous exercise and strength training. Convenience (e.g., proximity of facilities) of facilities was mildly related with vigorous exercise. Active friendly environment are related to any measure of physical activity based on: Features of the neighborhood (e.g. # of sidewalks, hills, and enjoyable scenery) Perceived safety of the neighborhood Neighborhood was residential, mixed or commercial.

49 Perceived Access to PA Resources Home access seems to be more important for younger adults than older adults. Access to parks, bike paths, and walking paths are more important for older adults.

50 Actual Access of PA Resources Density of facilities (number of facilities in a community or region) As density of facilities around one s home or apartment significantly impacts physical activity habits.

51 The End