Congenital Toxoplasmosis
|
|
- Corey Moody
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Congenital Toxoplasmosis SUSAN E. RITTER, CNM, MSN, MPH, AND STEN H. VERMUND, MD, MSc, DPH Infection with Toxoplasma gondii, which occurs in both men and women, is usually subclinical and benign. Infection during pregnancy, however, may be a serious and even life-threatening event for the fetus. Antenatal education should focus on avoidance of contact with the sources of infection: the domestic cat and raw or rare meats. A review of toxoplasmosis is presented, and means for its primary prevention through antenatal education are outlined. At least 3000 congenitally infected infants are born in the United States each year to mothers who contract toxoplasmosis while pregnant.' The organism was first noted in 1908 in mononuclear cells of the North African rodent gondi,* and was named Toxoplasma gondii from the Greek "toxon," which means arc. In 1923, the first case of congenital toxoplasma was reported by an ophthalmologist who found parasitic cysts in the retina of an 11-month-old child with congenital hydrocephalus and micr~phthalmos.~ Antenatal transmission to the fetus was documented in the late 1930~~ By 1948, Sabin and Feldman had originated a serologic dye test that made possible the epidemiologic and clinical study of infe~tion.~ Recently, T. gondii was defined as a coccidian protozoal parasite whose host is the cat.6 BIOLOGY T. gondii has been found in the tissue of most vertebrate species, but its full development can only occur in the small intestines of domesticated cats and probably in wild felines as well. The organism exists in three morphologic forms: the tachyzoite (or trophozoite), the bradyzoite or tissue cyst, and the oocyst. As in malaria, sexual and asexual reproductive cycles exist (Figure l).' The tachyzoite is seen in the acute stage of infection when it invades every type of mammalian cell but has a predilection for the brain Accepted: April and the skeletal and heart muscles.8 This asexual form of the organism is used in serologic tests. The second asexual form, the bradyzoite, forms within the host cell and is transmitted to man and other animals by ingestion of undercooked meat containing bradyzoites. Because these viable parasites can live as long as the animal host, demonstration of cysts in histologic sections does not necessarily mean that the infection was acquired recently. The third form, the oocyst, reflects the sexual stage in the organism's definitive host, the cat. Upon maturation, the oocysts are excreted in the cat feces but do not become infective unti'l they have undergone an internal development (sporulation) for about two to three days; the sporulated oocysts remain infective for one to three weeks. Inadvertent ingestion of oocysts by man or cat will cause infection. Oocysts are easily dispersed by wind, water, or fomites and may also be transportable by cockroaches, flies, and similar paratenic hosts, although this has not been pr~ven.~ Oocysts are usually shed by young cats (between six and 12 months of age) when the passive immunity transferred by their mothers is lost and the hunting of rodent hosts whose raw meat may contain bradyzoites has begun." OCCURRENCE AND TRANSMISSION Congenital toxoplasmosis in man may occur when the mother acquires a primary infection during pregnancy. The risk to the fetus appears to be related to Novernber/Decernber 1985 JOG" 435
2 Figure 1. Life cycle of Toxoplasrna gondii. Reprinted from Katz M, Despommiers DD, Gwadz R. Parasitic diseases. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982:1 with permission of the authors and the publisher. 436 Novernber/December 1985 JOGNN
3 the time of maternal infection.* Maternal infection ir, the first trimester infrequently results in transmission of the organism to the fetus, but if such transmission does occur, severe disease will often result. When acquired late in pregnancy, the protozoan is more readily transmitted to the fetus, but the infection is less virulent. l1 Congenital toxoplasmosis does not, in theory, recur in consecutive pregnancies, although its rare occurrence has been reported in women with a chronic Chronic infection may predispose to spontaneous abortion, but this remains spec- ~lative. ~ An unlikely route of infection is by blood transfusion. Infection through ingestion of breastmilk or unpasteurized milk has not been demonstrated.*.l5 Toxoplasmosis can be particularly dangerous in the immunologically compromised host. If chronic infection is present, recrudescent toxoplasmosis may occur whenever the patient s immune defenses are impaired. Six of 1000 pregnant women in the United States will acquire primary infection during pregnancy, and about % of these women will give birth to a congenitally infected infanl8<l6 Incidence rates among pregnant women vary widely, depending on the population studied; surveys differ on the criteria for the classification of disease or infection, in the type of screening test used, and in the interpretation of the public health significance of the findings. ~ Serologic surveys of prevalence of toxoplasmosis show wide variations in different regions, with especially high rates noted in France and Central America (Table 1).8 DIAGNOSIS The clinical picture of congenital toxoplasmosis is highly variable, ranging from normal appearance at birth to a picture of severe illness: hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatitis, encephalitis, hydrocephalus, and hydrops fetalis.i8 Manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis present at birth or appearing even years later include retinochoroiditis, seizures, and intracranial calcifications. The differential diagnosis includes other congenital infections such as cytomegalovirus and rubella. As with congenital infection, directly acquired infection often goes unrecognized. The most common clinical manifestation of acquired toxoplasmosis in the adult and older child is nonspecific lymphadenopathy; single or multiple nodes are involved, most commonly in the anterior cervical chain. Malaise, fever, and atypical lymphocytosis may also be seen, so the differential diagnosis should include infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin s disease. Usually, within a few weeks spontaneous resolution occurs, although more serious sequelae such as encephalitis, myocar- Table 1. Prevalence of Toxoplasma Antibodies* in Children and Adultst Per Cent Positive Origin of Sera 6 mo-i 0 yr yr Austria El Salvador Navajo Indians (Ariz New Orleans, LA Pittsburgh, PA Finland Portland, OR England (Wales) St. Louis, MO Paris Tahiti Trinidad Southern California 40 :ona) Dye test titer more than 1 :I6. t Reprinted with permission from Remington JS, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein J, ed. Infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders ditis, or pneumonitis may rarely ensue. Retinochoroiditis, which occurs with some frequency after congenital infection, seems to have occurred in only a few cases following acquired infe~tion. ~ Serologic tests for specific T. gondii antibodies have been the preferred means of diagnosis. The test results should be interpreted according to what is known about the time of appearance and duration of these antibodies (Figure 2).*O Because serologic tests are not standardized, it is important to know the techniques employed by the reference laboratory used. If primary infection is suspected, the patient s serum should be tested by indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) for immunoglobulin M (IgM), ideally within the first few weeks of exposure. Assay by immunoglobulin C (1gG)-IFA or by the Sabin-Feldman SFDT or IgG-IFA 0 I II >48 CF Month after onset of clinical illness Figure 2. Mean titers of Sabin-Feldman dye test (SFDT) or IgGimmunofluorescent antibody test (IgG-IFA). Complement Fixation (CF), and IgM-immunofluorescent antibody test (IgM-IFA) at various times after onset of illness due to Toxoplasma gondiiin 2 patients. Adapted from Reference 20. November/December 1985 JOGNN 43
4 dye test (SFDT) is recommended if exposure occurred several months before the serum is obtained. The Sabin-Feldman dye test requires use of live parasites and is, therefore, less practical than the indirect immunofluorescence antibody. The diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis can be made by identification of immunoglobulin M antibodies in the cord or neonatal serum (IgM-IFA) or by isolation of T. gondii organisms from the placenta or cord blood. (Histologic examination and isolation procedures are difficult to perform and take a longer time for confirmation than serology.) An infant whose immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers are high at birth (demonstrated by Sabin-Feldman dye test or IgG-IFA) may have maternal immunoglobulin G that has crossed the placenta; in the absence of a suggestive IgM-IFA result, congenital infection is not documented unless the immunoglobulin G titers rise or persist at high levels for several months. Complement fixation (CF) is often useful (Figure 2). Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) is less sensitive than the indirect immunofluorescence antibody and the complement fixation. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be more commonly used in the future because of ease of technical execution and improved sensitivity. Between one and 41% of the domestic cat population sheds oocysts, depending upon where the cats live and feed. About 40 to 60% of the cat population in the United States has latent or asymptomatic toxoplasmosis and, thus, it does not seem cost beneficial for pet cats to be routinely tested serologically. In any case, such tests are poor markers of cat infectivity because infectious oocysts can be discharged before the cat develops antibodiesz3 TREATMENT No treatment is usually necessary for chronic asymptomatic toxoplasmosis. If infection is acquired during pregnancy, therapeutic abortion should be considered only when the likelihood of infection is very high. Drug therapy in the mother with pyrimethamine plus a sulfonamide (trisulfapyrimidine or sulfadiazine) has been beneficial against the proliferative form of Toxoplusmu but is potentially teratogenic and, therefore, not recommended. Spiramycin has been used in pregnancy in various countries but is not approved in the United States. Postnatal treatment of the infant has been efficacious in some instance~.~~ Given the uncertain safety and efficacy of intrapartum therapy and the unavailability of a vaccine, serologic screening of pregnant women is considered by some experts to be cost effective.16 Primary prevention remains the strategy of choice in control of congenital toxoplasmosis, and antenatal education has succeeded in reducing rates of seroconversion in pregnan~y. ~ Avoidance of infection is particularly important for seronegative pregnant Women and immunocompromised individuals. Based on the life cycle of T. gondii (Figure l), a number of preventive measures can be recommended antenatally. The pregnant woman should avoid ingestion of tissue cysts by thorough cooking of meat to at least 150 F or by equivalent meat processing.z6 Hands need to be well washed after handling raw meat, and contact with eyes and mucous membranes should be avoided during food preparation. Mutton, pork, and probably undercooked beef are often impli~ated. ~ Seronegative women of childbearing age should be cautioned when traveling in areas of high prevalence to avoid local foods like steak tartare and sausages that may contain contaminated meats. Cats should be kept from hunting and fed dry, canned, or cooked meats only to eliminate the shedding of oocysts in cat feces. Pregnant women should avoid caring for cats and should delegate cleaning of litterpans to someone else. Cat feces should be disposed of daily (before oocysts sporulate) by incineration or flushing down a toilet. Although generally resistant to antiseptics, oocysts can be killed by cleaning the litterpan with boiling water for five minutes or disinfecting it with five percent ammonium hydroxide for 10 minutes. Women who work in gardens or with soil should wear gloves and should wash their hands thoroughly before eating or touching the face. Outdoor sandboxes should be covered when they are not in use. Potential paratenic hosts such as flies and cockroaches should be controlled. Drinking water obtained from streams, ponds, or lakes that may be frequented by cats should be boiled. SUMMARY At least 3000 congenitally infected infants are born in the United States each year to women who contract toxoplasmosis while pregnant. Because congenital toxoplasmosis can be prevented, antenatal counseling should always include practical suggestions for the prevention of toxoplasmosis. REFERENCES 1. Krick J, Remington J. Toxoplasmosis in the adult-an overview. New Engl J Med 198;298: November/December 1985 JOCNN
5 2. Nicolle C, Manceaux I. Sur une infection h corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondi. Comptes Rendus de Academic Des Sciences 1908;14: Janku J. Die Pathogenese und pathologische Anatomie des gelben Fleckes im normal grossen sowie im mikrophtalmischen Auge mit Parasitenbefund in der Netzhaut. Ceskoslovenska Parasitologie 1959;6: Wolf A, Cowem D, Paige B. Human toxoplasmosis: occurrence in infants as encephalomyelitis: verification by transmission to animals. Science 1939;89: Sabin A, Feldman H. Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoon parasite (Toxoplasma). Science 1948;108: Frenkel J, Dubey J, Miller N. Toxoplasmagondiiin cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science 190;16: Katz M, Despommiers D, Gwatz R. Parasitic diseases. New York: Springer-Verlag, Rernington JS, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein J, ed. Infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, Ruiz A, Frankel J. Intermediate and transport hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980;29: Fayer R. Toxoplasmosis update and public health implications. Canadian Veterinary Journal 1981;22: Desmonts G, Couvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 38 pregnancies. N Engl J Med 194;290: Handrick W, Neumann G, Neugebauer A, et al. Uber einen Fall von konnataler Toxoplasmose nach einer drei Jahre zuruckliegenden Toxoplasmainfektion der Mutter. Kinderaerztl Prax 193;41: Stray-Pedersen B, Lorentzen-Styr A. Uterine toxoplasma infections and repeated abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 19; 128: Kirnball A, Kean B, Kellner A. The risk of transmitting toxoplasmosis by blood transfusion. Transfusion 1965;5: Wilson B, Remington J. What can be done to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis? Amer J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 13tk3S Stray-Pedersen B. A prospective study of acquired toxoplasmosis among 8048 pregnant women in the Oslo area. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;136: Beach PG. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Oregon. J Infect Dis 199;140: Khodr G, Matossian R. Hydrops fetales and congenital toxoplasmosis: value of direct immunofluorescence test. Obstet Gynecol 198;51: Asbell PA, Vermund SH, Hofeldt AJ. Presumed toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in four siblings. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94: Welch PC, Masur H, Jones TC, et al. Serologic diagnosis of acute lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 1980; 142~ Naot Y, Desmonts G, Remington JS. IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasma infection. J Pediatr 1981;98: Dubey JP. Toxoplasma hammondia, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of man and animals. In: Kreier JP, ed. Parasitic protozoa; vol3. New York: Academic Press, Frenkel J. Toxoplasmosis in cats and man. Feline Practice 195;5: Coradello H, Lubec G, Simbruner G. Angeborene Toxoplasmose bei 2 Neugeborenen. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1981 ;93: Roux C, Desmonts G, Mulliez N, et al. Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 196;5: Work K. Resistance of Toxoplasma gondii encysted in pork. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1968;3: Kean B, Kimball A, Christenson W. An epidemic of acute toxoplasmosis. JAMA 1969;208: Address for correspondence: Susan Ritter, CNM, 126 Stoddard St., East Lansing, MI Susan Ritter is a nurse-midwife with the Barny-Eaton District Health Department, Charlotte, Michigan. Sten Verrnund is assistant professor of Epidemiology, Social Medicine, and Pediatrics at Montefiore Hospital, Albert-Einstein Medical Center, Bronx, New York. November/Decernber 1985 JOCNN 439
Lecture-7- Hazem Al-Khafaji 2016
TOXOPLASMOSIS Lecture-7- Hazem Al-Khafaji 2016 TOXOPLASMOSIS It is a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii which is a protozoan parasite that is infects a variety of mammals and birds throughout the world.
More informationShort Video. shows/monsters-inside- me/videos/toxoplasma-parasite/
The word Toxoplasma Originated from the Greek word toxon, which meant "bow." The Latin word toxicum, which meant "poison." The original Greek meaning is the one used for the word Toxoplasma, meaning "bow
More informationToxoplasma gondii. Definitive Host adult forms sexual reproduction. Intermediate Host immature forms asexual reproduction
Toxoplasma gondii cosmopolitan distribution seropositive prevalence rates vary generally 20-75% generally causes very benign disease in immunocompetent adults tissue cyst forming coccidia predator-prey
More informationExtra-intestinal coccidians
Extra-intestinal coccidians Apicomplexa Coccidia Gregarinea Piroplasmida Eimeriida Haemosporida -Theileriidae - Babesiidae - Eimeriidae - Cryptosporidiidae - Sarcocystidae (Sarcocystis) (Toxoplasma) -Haemosporiidae
More informationCoccidia. Eucoccidioside
Coccidia Kingdom Sub-Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Protista Protozoa Apicomplexa Sporozoasida Eucoccidioside Sarcocystidae Toxoplasma gondii 1 Toxoplasma gondii (life cycle) Sexual cycle
More informationToxoplasmosis Objective :
Toxoplasmosis Objective : Describe the Life cycle Mention the Infective stages Define Congenital Toxoplasmosis List the Lab.Diagnosis Illustrate the Immunity to Toxoplasmosis Show the relationship between
More informationToxoplasmosis. Life cycle Infective stages Congenital Toxoplasmosis Lab.Diagnosis Immunity to Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis & Pregnancy
Toxoplasmosis Life cycle Infective stages Congenital Toxoplasmosis Lab.Diagnosis Immunity to Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis & Pregnancy Human Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease Caused by Coccidian
More informationSURVEILLANCE OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN DIFFERENT GROUPS
SURVEILLANCE OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN DIFFERENT GROUPS Pages with reference to book, From 183 To 186 Mughisuddin Ahmed ( Department of Pathology, Dow Medical College and Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah
More informationInternational Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences Journal Home Page: http://www.ijmhs.net ISSN:2277-4505 Case Report Submandibular Swelling- Not a Cat s Play!!! Rajeshwara. K.V* 1, Clement R.S. D Souza
More informationSeroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in High School Girls in Fasa District, Iran
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in High School Girls in Fasa District, Iran Gholamreza Hatam 1*, Azra Shamseddin 2, Farhoud Nikouee 3 1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
More informationProtozoan Infections of the Circulatory System *
OpenStax-CNX module: m64867 1 Protozoan Infections of the Circulatory System * Geo Lin-Cereghino Based on Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems by OpenStax This work is produced
More informationCongenital Toxoplasmosis
Supplement Article Congenital Toxoplasmosis James B. McAuley Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Corresponding Author: James B. McAuley, MD, MPH, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612.
More informationREVIEW OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MALAYSIA
REVIEW OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MALAYSIA Nonnaznah Yahaya Division of Malaria and Filariasis, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Abstract. Various studies on toxoplasmosis in Malaysia have
More informationHuman toxoplasmosis in Europe. Parasitology, Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
Human toxoplasmosis in Europe Prof Jean Dupouy-Camet Parasitology, Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France Toxoplasma gondii, discovered in 1908, by Nicolle at Institut Pasteur de Tunis,
More informationToxoplasma gondii. Jarmila Kliescikova, MD 1. LF UK
Toxoplasma gondii Jarmila Kliescikova, MD 1. LF UK Toxoplasma gondii Apicomplexa, Koccidia Obligate intracellular parasite Distribution: cosmopolite Transmission: alimentary transplacentary (transfusions,
More informationThe effect of home ground in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among group of seropositive Sudanese females, Khartoum
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. III, Issue 12/ March 2016 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) The effect of home ground in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL CEUTICAL RESEARCH AND
Research Article CODEN: IJPRNK B. V. Ramana, IJPRBS, 2013; Volume 2(4): 253-258 ISSN: 2277-8713 IJPRBS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMAC CEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIO-SCIENCE SEROPREVALENCE OF ACUTE TOXOPLASMOSIS
More informationScreening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
Screening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy EJ BROADBENT, R ROSS, ROSALINDE HURLEY From Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, Goldhawk Road, London W6 OXG J C/in Pathol 1981 ;34:659-664 SUMMARY The prevalence
More informationOcular Toxoplasmosis Uveitis course Antalya Miles Stanford Medical Eye Unit St Thomas Hospital London
Ocular Toxoplasmosis Uveitis course Antalya 2013 Miles Stanford Medical Eye Unit St Thomas Hospital London Toxoplasma gondii Obligate, intracellular, apicomplexan protozoan Infects > 1/3 world population
More informationpatient's serum is separated from other serum components by selective absorption of the IgM
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1981, p. 486-491 0095-1137/81/1 10486-06$02.00/0 Vol. 14, No. 5 Immunoglobulin M-Immunosorbent Agglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis
More informationToxoplasmosis in the fetus and newborn: an update on prevalence, diagnosis and treatment
For reprint orders, please contact reprints@expert-reviews.com Toxoplasmosis in the fetus and newborn: an update on prevalence, diagnosis and treatment Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 10(7), 815 828 (2012)
More informationToxoplasmosis in Animals and Humans - Its Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Control
Page1 Toxoplasmosis in Animals and Humans - Its Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Control Mahendra Pal,* 1 Biruk Alem*, Getachew Gari 2 and Getachew Tuli 2 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Public
More informationToxoplasmosis. Yoshifumi Nishikawa. Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Yoshifumi Nishikawa National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine FAO-APHCA/OIE Regional Workshop on Prevention
More informationNon-commercial use only
Microbiologia Medica 2017; volume 32:6583 Evaluation of the TGS TA system for the detection of anti-toxoplasma antibodies Olivia Arpino, Annalisa Cianflone, Maria Teresa Manco, Alessia Paganini, Massimo
More informationGUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TOXOPLASMOSIS ENCEPHALITIS
GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TOXOPLASMOSIS ENCEPHALITIS Full title of guideline Guideline for the management of toxoplasmosis encephalitis Author Dr P Venkatesan (ID consultant) Division and specialty
More informationNeonatal infections. Joanna Seliga-Siwecka
Neonatal infections Joanna Seliga-Siwecka Neonatal infections Early onset sepsis Late onset sepsis TORCH Early onset sepsis (EOS) Blood or cerebral fluid culture-proven infection at fewer than 7 days
More informationReliable screening for early diagnosis
Elecsys TORCH panel Reliable screening for early diagnosis Toxoplasmosis Rubella HSV CMV Toxoplasmosis The safe and sure approach to Toxo screening Ultrasensitive Toxo IgM optimized to detect all potential
More informationGiardiasis. Table of Contents
Table of Contents Case Definition... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reporting Requirements... 2 Etiology... Error! Bookmark not defined. Clinical Presentation... Error! Bookmark not defined. Diagnosis...
More information1. Toxoplasma gondii:
Parasites affecting the central nervous system: 1. Toxoplasma gondii: It s a protozoa family member, more specifically a member of the apicomplexa just like plasmodium malaria. Causes toxoplasmosis Has
More informationPositive Analysis of Screening for TORCH Infection in Eugenic and Eugenic Children
2018 4th International Symposium on Biomedical Science, Biotechnology and Healthcare (ISBSBH 2018) Positive Analysis of Screening for TORCH Infection in Eugenic and Eugenic Children Xu Qian1, Yang Genling*,
More informationAn elevated blood glucose level and increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis
doi: http://folia.paru.cas.cz Research Article An elevated blood glucose level and increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis, and Czech Republic Toxoplasma
More informationBio-Rad Laboratories. The Best Protection Whoever You Are. Congenital and Pediatric Disease Testing
Bio-Rad Laboratories I N F E C T I O U S D I S E A S E T E S T I N G The Best Protection Whoever You Are Congenital and Pediatric Disease Testing Bio-Rad Laboratories I N F E C T I O U S D I S E A S E
More informationA summary of guidance related to viral rash in pregnancy
A summary of guidance related to viral rash in pregnancy Wednesday 12 th July 2017 Dr Rukhsana Hussain Introduction Viral exanthema can cause rash in pregnant women and should be considered even in countries
More informationWales Neonatal Network Guideline
Congenital infection: Diagnosis and management Overview: Infections transmitted and acquired in utero. Most as a result of primary infection of mother during pregnancy, some organisms such as Cytomegalovirus
More informationReceived 8 April 1996/Returned for modification 19 June 1996/Accepted 15 July 1996
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1996, p. 2526 2530 Vol. 34, No. 10 0095-1137/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Study of Abbott Toxo IMx System for Detection of Immunoglobulin
More informationAnalele UniversităŃii din Oradea Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie şi Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară, 2010
Analele UniversităŃii din Oradea Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie şi Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentară, 2010 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICO-BIOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACHIEVED TOXOPLASMOSIS
More informationVIDAS Test for Avidity of Toxoplasma-Specific Immunoglobulin G for Confirmatory Testing of Pregnant Women
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 2002, p. 2504 2508 Vol. 40, No. 7 0095-1137/02/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.7.2504 2508.2002 Copyright 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationEpidemiology, diagnosis and control of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and food stuff
Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and food stuff Aize Kijlstra Rome 2009 Toxoplasmosis is a neglected disease entity Disease burden is similar to salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis
More informationTOXOPLASMOSIS-THE PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE Muralikrishna P* 1, Sunil B 2, Savita R.K 1, Archana S.N 1, Sudharsan M 3, S.V Bharathi 4 and Drishya P 5
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 5, 2017, 2752 2758 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) TOXOPLASMOSIS-THE PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE Muralikrishna P* 1, Sunil B 2,
More informationKnowledge-Based Interpretation of Toxoplasmosis Serology Test Results Including Fuzzy Temporal Concepts
Knowledge-Based Interpretation of Toxoplasmosis Serology Test Results Including Fuzzy Temporal Concepts D. Kopecky, A. Rappelsberger M. Hayde, A.-R. Prusa K.-P. Adlassnig Department of Medical Department
More informationToxoplasmosis Seroepidemiology in Serum of Suspected Patients Attending Medical Lab, in 2013
Journal of Community Health Research. 2015;4(1):47-54. Original Article Toxoplasmosis Seroepidemiology in Serum of Suspected Patients Attending Medical Lab, in 2013 Ali Fattahi Bafghi 1, Roya Anvari 2,
More informationTAXONOMY. Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii
TAXONOMY (Levine 1982) Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the Portuguese population: comparison of three cross-sectional studies spanning three decades Maria João Gargate National Reference Laboratory
More informationFirst Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
ORIGINAL ARTICLE 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01193.x Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in northern Greece during the last 20 years E. Diza, F. Frantzidou, E. Souliou, M. Arvanitidou, G. Gioula and A. Antoniadis
More informationCytomegalovirus IgG, IgM, IgG Avidity II Total automation for accurate staging of infection during pregnancy
Infectious Disease Cytomegalovirus IgG, IgM, IgG Avidity II Total automation for accurate staging of infection during pregnancy FOR OUTSIDE THE US AND CANADA ONLY Confidence in Your Results LIAISON Cytomegalovirus
More informationHepatitis E FAQs for Health Professionals
Hepatitis E FAQs for Health Professionals Index of Questions ± Overview and Statistics What is Hepatitis E? How common is Hepatitis E in the United States? Where is Hepatitis E most common? Are there different
More informationComparison of the efficiency of two commercial kits ELFA and Western blot in estimating the phase of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 2016, Vol 23, No 4, 570 575 www.aaem.pl ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparison of the efficiency of two commercial kits ELFA and Western blot in estimating the phase
More informationGiardiasis Surveillance Protocol
Provider Responsibilities 1. Report all cases to your local health department by completing the provider section of the WVEDSS form within the timeframe indicated: Sporadic case of - should be reported
More informationThe problem with TORCH screening
: Beyond TORCHeS TORCH or STORCH-a helpful mnemonic? Toxoplasma Other Rubella CMV HSV (HIV) Syphilis 3 The problem with TORCH screening TORCH-first proposed by Nahmias et.al. (Pediatr Res 1971) Toxo, Rubella,
More informationManagement of Viral Infection during Pregnancy
Vaccination Management of Viral Infection during Pregnancy JMAJ 45(2): 69 74, 2002 Takashi KAWANA Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital Abstract: Viral infection
More informationParvovirus B19 Infection in Pregnancy
Parvovirus B19 Infection in Pregnancy Information Booklet Contents THE VIRUS page 3 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS page 6 DIAGNOSIS page 8 PATIENT MANAGEMENT page 10 REFERENCES page 12 Parvovirus B19 Infection
More informationagglutination assay (ISAGA) for detecting toxoplasma specific IgM
J Clin Pathol 1989;42:1291-1295 Assessment of immunoglobulin-m immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA) for detecting toxoplasma specific IgM KIM T DUFFY, P J WHARTON, JULIE D JOHNSON, LINDA NEW, R E
More informationParvovirus B19 Infection in Pregnancy
Parvovirus B19 Infection in Pregnancy Information Booklet Contents The Virus page 3 Clinical Manifestations page 6 Diagnosis page 8 Patient Management page 10 References page 12 Parvovirus B19 Infection
More informationHow to recognise a congenitally infected fetus? Dr. Amar Bhide Consultant in Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine
How to recognise a congenitally infected fetus? Dr. Amar Bhide Consultant in Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine Scope Cytomegalovirus Parvovirus Varicella Toxoplasma Rubella Clinical scenarios Maternal exposure
More informationGENITAL HERPES. 81.1% of HSV-2 infections are asymptomatic or unrecognized. Figure 14 HSV-2 seroprevalence among persons aged years by sex.
GENITAL HERPES Genital herpes is a chronic, lifelong, sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 typically causes small, painful, fluid-filled,
More informationA 39 years old HIV-positive black African woman with previously treated cerebral
1 Abstract A 39 years old HIV-positive black African woman with previously treated cerebral toxoplasmosis experienced a foetal intra-uterine death due to congenital toxoplasmosis. This case demonstrates
More informationPREDICTIVE VALUE OF LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SEROLOGICAL SCREENING FOR TOXOPLASMA GONDII
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SEROLOGICAL SCREENING FOR TOXOPLASMA GONDII Yaowalark Sukthana, Thaiyooth Chintana, Waraporn Supatanapong, Chutatip Siripan, Amorn Lekkla and Rachatawan
More informationInnovation in Diagnostics. ToRCH. A complete line of kits for an accurate diagnosis INFECTIOUS ID DISEASES
Innovation in Diagnostics ToRCH A complete line of kits for an accurate diagnosis INFECTIOUS ID DISEASES EN TOXOPLASMOSIS Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by with the obligate intracellular
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Giardiasis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) Case Definition August 2011 August 2011 October
More informationEuropean Union comments
15/10/2015 General comments FINAL European Union comments CODEX COMMITTEE ON FOOD HYGIENE Forty-seventh Session Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 9 13 November 2015 Agenda Item 5: Proposed
More informationUtility of Immunoblotting for Early Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Seroconversion in Pregnant Women
CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY, Nov. 2011, p. 1908 1912 Vol. 18, No. 11 1556-6811/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/cvi.05303-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Utility of
More informationEffect of Testing for IgG Avidity in the Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: Experience in a US Reference Laboratory
1248 Effect of Testing for IgG Avidity in the Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: Experience in a US Reference Laboratory Oliver Liesenfeld, 1,2,3 Jose G. Montoya, 1,2 Sandra Kinney,
More informationInfection Control Manual. Table of Contents
This policy has been adopted by UNC Health Care for its use in infection control. It is provided to you as information only. I. Description Infection Control Manual Policy Name Pregnant and Post-Partum
More informationToxoplasmosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised population of Constanta, Romania
3rd International Conference on Clinical Microbiology & Microbial Genomics September 24-26, 2014 Valencia, Spain Toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised population of Constanta, Romania
More informationMethod for Avoiding False-Positive Results Occurring in Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 1981, p. 73-78 0095-1 137/81/070073-06$02.00/0 Vol. 14, No. 1 Method for Avoiding False-Positive Results Occurring in Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent
More informationSeroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection among Pregnant Women in River Nile State, Sudan, from April to June 2017
Global Journal of Medical Research: C Microbiology and Pathology Volume 17 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online
More informationToxoplasma gondii IgM (Toxo IgM)
DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 21250 Califa Street, Suite 102 and116, Woodland Hills, CA 91367 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com
More informationCongenital CMV infection. Infectious and Tropical Pediatric Division Department of Child Health Medical Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara
Congenital CMV infection Infectious and Tropical Pediatric Division Department of Child Health Medical Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara Congenital CMV infection Approximately 0.15 2% of live births
More informationTHIS ARTICLE IS SPONSORED BY THE MINNESOTA DAIRY HEALTH CONFERENCE.
THIS ARTICLE IS SPONSORED BY THE MINNESOTA DAIRY HEALTH CONFERENCE. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA UNITED STATES OF MINNESOTA NOTES ON BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS INFECTION IN CATTLE David Bezek, DVM, PhD The Ohio
More informationBacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) An acute bacterial disease involving the large and distal small intestine, caused by the bacteria of the genus shigella. Infectious agent Shigella is comprised of four
More informationAccuDiag Toxoplasma IgM (T-gondii) IFA Kit
AccuDiag Toxoplasma IgM (T-gondii) IFA Kit Test Method Principle INTENDED USE Cat# 431508-MD See external Label 10x 8 wells Toxoplasma IgM (T-gondii)IFA Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Method Qualitative
More informationZika Virus. Robert Wittler, MD
Zika Virus Robert Wittler, MD Disclosure I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturers(s) of any commercial products(s) and/or provider of commercial services discussed in this CME
More informationZika Virus. Disclosure. Zika Virus 8/26/2016
Zika Virus Robert Wittler, MD Disclosure I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturers(s) of any commercial products(s) and/or provider of commercial services discussed in this CME
More informationAlberta Health and Wellness Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines August 2011
August 2011 Campylobacteriosis Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) August 2011 August 2011 October 2005 Case
More informationPREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AMONG URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AMONG URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES Tadahisa Kawashima 1, Khin-Sane-Win 2, Masato Kawabata 1, Nina Barzaga 3, Hajime Matsuda 4 and Eiji Konishi
More informationNo conflict of interest to report
Ultrasound Findings in Fetal Infection No conflict of interest to report Kim A. Boggess MD Ob Gyn UNC at Chapel Hill Learning Objectives At conclusion, participants will Identify maternal infections that
More informationSignificance of a positive Toxoplasma Immunoglobulin M test result. in the United States
JCM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 9 September 2015 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.01663-15 Copyright 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Significance of a positive
More informationUPDATE. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention D. Hill and J. P. Dubey
UPDATE Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention D. Hill and J. P. Dubey Parasite Biology, Epidemiology, and Systematics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural
More informationIntroduction to the internal parasites
Learning Outcomes Introduction to the internal parasites BVM&S Parasitology Tudor.W.Jones Describe what is meant by internal parasites, where they can be found and why they are important to veterinarians.
More informationIntroduction to the internal parasites. BVM&S Parasitology Tudor.W.Jones
Introduction to the internal parasites BVM&S Parasitology Tudor.W.Jones Learning Outcomes Describe what is meant by internal parasites, where they can be found and why they are important to veterinarians.
More informationCongenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
August 2011 Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Revision Dates Case Definition Reporting Requirements Remainder of the Guideline (i.e., Etiology to References sections inclusive) August 2011 August 2011 June
More informationABSTRACT. Introduction
IMPACT OF TOXOPLASMA, RUBELLA, CYTOMEGALO AND HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES ON ABORTION PREVALENCE IN WOMEN ATTENDING AZADI TEACHING HOSPITAL IN KIRKUK CITY-2013 Dr. SAMAR KHALEEL-Kirkuk health directorate PR.
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 01 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.373
More informationImmunoglobulin M Toxoplasma Antibodies
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, JUlY 1994, p. 401-405 Vol. 1, No. 4 1071-412X/94/$04.00+0 Copyright C) 1994, American Society for Microbiology The Vitek Immunodiagnostic Assay for Detection
More informationCampylobacter ENTERITIS SURVEILLANCE PROTOCOL
Campylobacter ENTERITIS SURVEILLANCE PROTOCOL Public Health Action 1. Educate providers and laboratories to report stool cultures positive for Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli from patients within
More informationSeroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma and Parvovirus in Pregnancy
Singapore Med J 2000 Vol 41(4) : 151-155 O r i g i n a l A r t i c l e Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma and Parvovirus in Pregnancy A Wong, K H Tan, C S Tee, G S H Yeo ABSTRACT Aim of study:
More informationQuestions and Answers for Pediatric Healthcare Providers: Infants and Zika Virus Infection
1 of 5 01/02/2016 20:39 Questions and Answers for Pediatric Healthcare Providers: Infants and Zika Virus Infection Summary CDC has developed interim guidelines for healthcare providers in the United States
More informationTELEFAX. Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory (TSL) DATE: TO: FAX: FROM:
TELEFAX DATE: TO: FAX: FROM: Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory RE: SPECIMEN REQUIREMENTS AND TESTING INFORMATION (effective 1/15/16) THIS TRANSMISSION CONSISTS OF 16 PAGES INCLUDING THIS COVER PAGE. IF THERE
More informationEBV and Infectious Mononucleosis. Infectious Disease Definitions. Infectious Diseases
Infectious Disease Definitions Infection when a microorganism invades a host and multiplies enough to disrupt normal function by causing signs and symptoms Pathogencity ability of an organism to cause
More informationImproved Diagnosis of Primary Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Early Pregnancy by Determination of Antitoxoplasma Immunoglobulin G Avidity
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1997, p. 1972 1977 Vol. 35, No. 8 0095-1137/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology Improved Diagnosis of Primary Toxoplasma gondii Infection
More informationSLIDE SEMINAR NON NEOPLASTIC LYMPH NODE DISORDERS DR SHEILA NAIR CMC, VELLORE
SLIDE SEMINAR NON NEOPLASTIC LYMPH NODE DISORDERS DR SHEILA NAIR CMC, VELLORE Case 1 34 year old male, mass right cervical region, for 4 years. No other significant findings. Grossly, the mass was well
More informationContents. The ACMSF s approach to its work Human cases: prevalence Burden of disease
Contents Summary 1-6 1. Background 1.1-1.5 The ACMSF s approach to its work 1.4-1.5 2. Introduction 2.1-2.4 3. The organism 3.1-3.9 4. Human toxoplasmosis: clinical disease 4.1-4.4 5. Human cases: prevalence
More informationurhealth September 2018
September 2018 1 Health & Wellness Committee Bro. Trenton Taylor Committee Chair Bro. William J. Bennett, M.D., Ph.D. Medical Editor Contents Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection 3-13 Bro. Antonio Pruitt, PT,
More informationDevelopment of Specific Immunoglobulins G, M, and A Following Primary Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1998, p. 2907 2913 Vol. 36, No. 10 0095-1137/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Development of Specific Immunoglobulins
More informationProf Dr Najlaa Fawzi
1 Prof Dr Najlaa Fawzi is an acute highly infectious disease, characterized by vesicular rash, mild fever and mild constitutional symptoms. is a local manifestation of reactivation of latent varicella
More informationThese precautions should be followed for 7 days after symptom onset or 24 hours after resolution of symptoms, whichever is longer.
1 of 5 11/15/2009 10:34 AM H1N1 Flu November 10, 2009 4:30 PM ET This interim guidance has been updated to replace previously posted guidance entitled Considerations Regarding Novel H1N1 Flu Virus in Obstetric
More informationIgG Antibodies To Toxoplasma Gondii ELISA Kit Protocol
IgG Antibodies To Toxoplasma Gondii ELISA Kit Protocol (Cat. No.:EK-310-85) 330 Beach Road, Burlingame CA Tel: 650-558-8898 Fax: 650-558-1686 E-Mail: info@phoenixpeptide.com www.phoenixpeptide.com INTENDED
More informationESCHERICHIA COLI. Pet Health Council Escherichia coli Updated November
ESCHERICHIA COLI Introduction Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (E. coli 0157) is a cause of food borne illness. Infection may result in sickness and diarrhoea, which can often be severe and with blood. Complications
More informationToxoplasmosis. Seminar. For personal use. Only reproduce with permission from The Lancet Publishing Group.
Seminar Toxoplasmosis J G Montoya, O Liesenfeld Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects up to a third of the world s population. Infection is mainly acquired by ingestion of food or water
More informationEtiology. only one antigenic type. humans are its only known reservoir
Rubella( German meas sles ) Etiology Togaviridae family --- genus Rubivirus single-stranded RNA enveloped virus, Its core protein is surrounded by a single-layer lipoprotein envelope with spike-like projections
More informationEpidemiology of hepatitis E infection in Hong Kong
RESEARCH FUND FOR THE CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Epidemiology of hepatitis E infection in Hong Kong DPC Chan *, KCK Lee, SS Lee K e y M e s s a g e s 1. The overall anti hepatitis E virus (HEV) seropositivity
More information