International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ISSN Vol. 4(10), 52-56, October (2015)

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1 International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ISSN Biochemical Responses Induced by Sub lethal Concentrations of Carbaryl and Parathion on Certain Enzymes of Fresh Water Catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) Abstract Ajaz Ahmad Rather Department of Zoology, PMB Gujrati Science College Indore, Devi Ahliya University, Indore, M.P, INDIA Available online at: Received 30 th July 2015, revised 28 th August 2015, accepted 15 th September 2015 The main objective of the study was to determine the effect induced by carbaryl and parathion at sub lethal concentrations for 28 days on biochemical parameters including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) enzyme activity of catfish, Clarais batrachus (Linn.). The sub lethal concentration were 0.5 ml (1/5 of LC 50 ) of Carbaryl, and 0.09 ml (1/5 of LC 50 ) of parathion for which the fish were exposed at different time intervals 7,14, 21 and 28 days. The present study showed statistically significant increase value in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) level. Keywords: Carbaryl, parathion, Clarais batrachus, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT). Introduction Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides are used widely for agricultural and residential applications as insecticides and fungicides. The use of pesticides has resulted in increased crop production and has raised concerns about potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. Owing to their toxic effects on non _ target organisms many pesticides may produce serious detrimental effects on ecosystem 1. The water that runs through agricultural areas has high probability of being contaminated by runoff and ground water leaching by a variety of chemicals. The principal hazards of insecticides residues in water are twofold; large number of aquatic invertebrates and fish are killed or the residues may get accumulated in tissues of these organism. Among aquatic organisms fishes are the main and best source of food, so it is essential to secure the health of fishes 2. Numerous biochemical indices of stress have been proposed to assess the health of non-target organism exposed to toxic chemicals in aquatic ecosystem 3. The toxicity of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides results inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme of the nervous system. The inhibition causes an accumulation of acetylcholine in synapses with disruption of the nerve functions, which can result in death 4. Material and Methods The active and healthy specimens of freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus were selected and acclimatized to laboratory conditions for two weeks prior to experimentation. Fishes were kept in 0.2% KMnO 4 to get rid-off any dermal infection. The dechlorinated water used was changed every alternate day. The feeding was stopped 24 hours prior to the exposure period. One set of fishes was maintained as control besides experimental group in tap water. The weight and length of the experimental animals varied between g and cm respectively. The experiment was conducted in ten aquariums two were used for control and other aquaria used for the pollution study. The experimental fishes were exposed to sublethal concentration 0.5 ml of Carbaryl and 0.09 ml of parathion separately at different time intervals 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The LC50 of Carbaryl and parathion was calculated by probit analysis of Finney 5. Blood from the experiment and control groups was collected from the cut caudal vein into the plain sterilized glass centrifuge tubes. The blood was used for the biochemical estimation of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) by Reitman and Franket method (1957). The experimental data were analyzed by student s test for determining the significance of the changes from control. Results and Discussion Clarias batrachus exposed to concentrations of 0.5 ml of Carbaryl and 0.09 ml of parathion separately exhibit many biochemical alterations have been summarized in tables. Discussion: Effect of carbaryl and parathion on serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT): The serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (IU/L) in the experimental animals after carbaryl and parathion sub lethal intoxication shows an increasing trend at different time intervals (7, 14, 21 International Science Congress Association 52

2 and 28 days). The elevated level of SGPT is due to cellular impermeability, hepatocellular damage in liver ultimately caused liver necrosis which leads to extensive liberation of SGPT in the blood serum of Clarias batrachus. Rising level of SGOT shows damage to the cells of heart as myocardial infarction (heart attack) liver necrosis, cirrhosis, muscular dystrophy and brain injury. After the toxic stress of carbaryl and parathion fish enzyme SGOT level significantly increased due to damage of hepatocytes. It might be possible due to myocardial damage in heart or due to cellular degradation caused by the toxicant that leads to liberation of SGOT in higher level in blood of Clarias batrachus. Present finding gain support with the finding of Mukhopadhyay and Dehadrai 6 noticed various biochemical changes as SGOT in Clarias batrachus under Malathion stress. Verma et al. 7 explained alteration in the level of serum transaminase due to thiotox, DDVP and carbofuran in Mystus vittatus. Tewari and Reddy 8 explained SGOT increased level in Heteropneustes fossilis blood due to starvation. It may be altered metabolic pathways and enormous release of enzymes in blood. Table-1 Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase content of Clarias batrachus exposed to sub lethal concentration of carbaryl Biochemical parameter SGOT (IU/L) SGPT (IU/L) groups Range Mean ± S.Em ± days range 14 days range 21 days range 28 days range Mean ± S.Em ± 1.29 NS 90.20± 1.67* ± 2.37** 96.30± 3.17*** ± ± 1.42 NS 73.20± 1.80* 76.40± 2.50** 79.40± 2.90*** Results are expressed as ± S.Em. NS = Non-significant at p > 0.05; * = Significant at p < 0.05; ** = Highly significant at p < 0.01; *** = Very highly significant at p < 0.01 Figure-1 Biochemical estimation of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (IU/L) after carbaryl intoxication in experimental fish Clarias batrachus International Science Congress Association 53

3 Figure-2 Biochemical estimation of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (IU/L) after carbaryl intoxication in experimental fish Clarias batrachus Table-2 Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase content of Clarias batrachus exposed to sub lethal concentration of parathion Biochemical parameter SGOT (IU/L) SGPT (IU/L) groups Range Mean ± S.Em ± days range 14 days range 21 days range 28 days range Mean ± S.Em ± 1.32 NS 92.20± 1.72* ± 2.47** 98.10± 3.37** ± ± 1.5 NS 75.46± 1.85* 78.40± 2.80*** 84.60± 3.10*** Results are expressed as ± S.Em., NS = Non-significant at p > 0.05; * = Significant at p < 0.05, ** = Highly significant at p < 0.01; *** = Very highly significant at p < 0.01 Yang and Chen 9 reported significant increase in carp SGOT level due to toxic stress. It may reveal possible leakage of enzymes across damaged plasma membranes or increased synthesis of enzymes by the liver. Nayaka et al 10 depicted SGOT higher level in rohu after α -permethrin. Das et al. 11 noted increased level of SGOT and other organ of Cirrhinus mrigala under ammonia stress. Jee and Kang 12 find higher level of SGOT in Korean rock fish due to Cypermethrin toxicity. Min and Kang 13 suggested that benomyl stress lead to greater increases in GOT level of Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus. Effect of carbaryl and parathion on serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT): The serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (IU/L) in the experimental animals after carbaryl and parathion sub lethal intoxication shows an increasing trend at different time intervals (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). Goel and Maya 14 explained SGPT increased level due to liver damage due to rogor stress. Revathi et al. 15 resulted increment in GPT level of S. mossambicus under temephos. Rehulka and Minarik 16 reported increment in ALT level in rainbow trout after deltamethrin toxicity, indicate tissue damage. Bhattacharya et al. 17 resulted ALT activities increased in both tissues (liver and kidney) in fish Rosy barbs exposed to the highest concentration of CCl 4. International Science Congress Association 54

4 International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ISSN ** Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (IU/L) 98.0 ** * 92.0 NS days 14 days 21 days 28 days Figure-3 Biochemical estimation of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (IU/L) after parathion intoxication in experimental fish Clarias batrachus 90.0 *** Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (IU/L) 80.0 NS * *** days 14 days 21 days 28 days Figure-4 Biochemical estimation of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (IU/L) after parathion intoxication in experimental fish Clarias batrachus Velisek et al.18 explained mark increment in ALT due to Cypermethrin may be tissue impairment in rainbow trout. Borges et al.19 also find increment in ALT level due to cypermethrin stress in Rhandia quelen. Gautam et al.20 reported SGPT higher level in Channa punctatus se serum under Nuvan stress; it is possible due to liver damage. Zaki et al.21 resulted ALT increment in T. nilotica due to potassium permanganate. It International Science Congress Association is caused due to degeneration of hepatocytes cells of live. Conclusion In the present study after sub lethal exposure of carbaryl and parathion on fresh water fish Clarias batrachus (linn.) shows increasing trend of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 55

5 (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) after different time intervals due to pesticide intoxication which leads to hepatocellular destruction causing liver necrosis, myocardial damage, cellular impermeability which leads to liberation of SGOT and SGPT in the blood serum of Clarias batrachus References 1. Bretaud S., Tautant J.P. and Sanglio P, Effects of carbofuran, diuron, and nicosulfuron on acetylcholinerase activity in gold fish, (Carassius auratus), Ecotoxical Environ Saf, 47, 117 _ 124 (2000) 2. Tripathi G and Harsh S., Fenvalerate-induced macromolecular changes in the catfish Clarias batrachus, J. Environ. Biol, 2, (2000) 3. Nimmi A.J. and Brown A.D., Effect of acute exposure to bleaching kraft pulp mill effluent on Carbohydrate metabolism of Juvenile Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch during rest and exercise, J. Fish Res. Bd., Canada, 32, (1979) 4. Dalela R.C., Bhatnagar M.C. and Verma S.K., In vivo hematological alterations in the freshwater teleost, Mystus vittatus following sub-acute exposure to pesticide and their combination, J. Environ. Biol, 2, (1981) 5. Finney D.J., Probit analysis 3 rd edn, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, 20, (1997) 6. Mukhopadhyay P.K. and Dehadrai P.V., Biochemical changes in the air breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn) exposed to Malathion, J. Environ. Bio, 5, (1980) 7. Verma S.R., S Rani and Dalela R.C., Effects of pesticides and their combinations on three serum phosphatases of Mystus vittatus, J. Env. Res, 21, 9 14 (1984) 8. Tewari S.K. and T.V. Reddy, Effect of starvation on certain blood parameters of a fresh water teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Ad. Bios, 7, (1988) 9. Yang J.L and Chen H.C., Serum metabolic enzyme activities and hepatocyte ultra-structure of common carp after gallium exposure, Zoological Studies, 42, (2003) 10. Nayaka A.K., Das B.K., Kohlia B.M.P.S. and Mukherjee S.C., The immunosuppressive effect of α-permethrin on Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.), Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 16, (2004) 11. Das P.C, Jena J.K. and Das B.K., Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), Aquaculture Research, 35, (2004) 12. Jee L.H., Masroor F. and Kang J.Ch., Responses of Cypermethrin induced stress in haematological parameters of Korean rockfish, Sebastes sehlegeli, Aquaculture Research, 36, (2005) 13. Min E.Y and Kang J.C., Effect of benomyl on the haematological and antioxidant parameters of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 92, (2008) 14. Goel K.A and Maya, Haematological anomalies in Clarias batrachus under the stress of roger, Ad. Biol., 5, (1986) 15. Revathi K.R., Sharmili and Sangeetha U., Biochemical studies on the effect of Organophosphorus compound on Sartherodon mossambicus (Trewas)., J. Exp. Zool. Ind., 6, (2003) 16. Rehulka J. and Minarik B., Effect of lecithin on the haematological indices of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Aquaculture Research, 34, (2003) 17. Bhattacharya H., Lun L. and Gomez G.D.R., Biochemical effect to toxicity of CCl 4 on Rosy barbs (Puntius conchonius), Our Nature, 3, (2005) 18. Velisek J., Wlasow T. and Dudzik M., Effects of cypermethrin on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Veterinarni Medicina, 51, (2006) 19. Borges A. and Wassermann G.F., Changes in haematological and serum biochemical values in Rhamdia quelen due to sub-lethal toxicity of cypermethrin, Chemosphere, 69, (2007) 20. Gautam R.K., Shah S., Singh N. and Irshad S., Changes in certain enzymological parameters in nuvan induced freshwater teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch), Aquacult, 9, (2008) 21. Zaki M.S., Fawzi O.M. and EI-Jackey J., Pathological and biochemical studies in Tilapia nilotica infected with Saprolegnia parasitica and treated with potassium permanganate, Environ. Sci., 3, (2008) International Science Congress Association 56