Comparison of Mycotoxin Binders in The Aflatoxin B 1

Transcription

1 Comparison of Mycotoxin Binders in The Aflatoxin B 1 - Contaminated Broiler Diets B. Sundu*, U. Hatta, & H.B. Damry Animal Husbandry Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Tadulako, Palu, Indonesia, * b_sundu@yahoo.com Abstract Mycotoxin contaminations in poultry feed have been the second major stumbling block in feed industry after increasing price of conventional feedstuff. Among over 300 mycotoxins identified, aflatoxins B1 have been a main concern for animal nutrionist, particularly in tropical regions. The use of mycotoxin binders to replace fungicide or mold killer has been long practiced in poultry diet. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of mannan-polysaccharides extracted from copra meal in an attempt to bind mycotoxin in broiler diets. Three hundred broiler chicks were used and were allocated to treatment diets in brooder cages from days 1 to 14. On days 15, eighty birds were transferred into the individual metabolism cages for faecal collection and digestibility studies. The rest of the birds were then allocated into floor cages for the bird performance parameters. The treatments diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet % bentonite, (3) control diet % yeast mannan, (4) control diet % copra mannan (CM) and (5) control diet % CM. The diets were mixed with or without aflatoxin B1. The feeds and water were offered ad-libitum. Total faecal collection was done for three consecutive days for digestibility measurements. A completely randomized factorial design was used to test the effect of 5 diets in the presence of two levels of aflatoxin B1 on bird performance by using 4 replicate cages. Coefficient of feed digestibility was significantly improved due to diet treatments where contaminating the feed with 0.3 ppm aflatoxins B1 impaired feed digestibility. There was an interaction between diet treatments and level of aflatoxins B1 in coefficient of feed digestibility (P<0.05). A decreased digestibility was only found in contaminated diet when the diet was not supplemented with mycotoxin binders. The use of 0.05% CM improved feed efficiency. In conclusion, 0.05% CM in the diet can be effectively in broiler diets. Key words: aflatoxin B1, broiler, copra mannan, mycotoxin binder Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July

2 Introduction Mycotoxin contaminations in poultry feed have been the second major stumbling block in feed industry after increasing price of conventional feedstuff. A survey conducted by FAO indicated that 25% of world s grain was contaminated by mycotoxins (Devegowda and Murthy, 2005). Among over 300 mycotoxins identified (Yiannikouris (Yannkours and Jouany, 2002), aflatoxins aflatoxns B 1 have been a main concern for animal nutrtonst, tionist, partcularly particularly n in tropcal tropical regons. regions. The use of mycotoxn mycotoxin bnders binders to replace fungicide or mold killer has been long practiced in poultry diet. In the market, the use of clay as a mycotoxin binder has been long used, such as bentonite and zeolite. However, Chestnut (1992) reported the weaknesses of these mycotoxin binders when used in animal feed. These mycotoxin binders have been reported to be effective for aflatoxins only and also bind other essential nutrients that are useful for animal growth. Use of mannan polysaccharide from yeast to bind mycotoxins has been practiced for more than three decades. Hashmi Hashm et al., (2006) found that mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae could reduce mortality rate from 47,5 % to 30% in poultry fed diet containing 300 ppb aflatoxin. Copra manan extracted from coconut may have the same property as found in yeast mannan. Accordingly, a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of copra mannan as mycotoxin binder in poultry diet. Material and Methods Mannan extraction The method of Kusakabe and Takashi (1988) was used to extract beta mannan from copra meal that was purchased locally. About 16 liters of 24% NaOH were added to 2 kg of copra meal in a 25 liters stainless steel bucket. The mixture of copra meal with NaOH was occasionally stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The slurry was then filtered through a porous cloth bag. The filtrate was neutralized with 12 N H 2 SO 4 until the ph of the solution was about 5.5. The resultants precipitate (copra mannan) being collected by centrifugation, was dialysed against tap water to remove salts. The leftover residue that was identified as copra mannan by Kusakabe and Takashi (1988) was quantified and expressed as a g/kg copra meal. Animals and Feed An experiment was conducted at poultry house at University of Tadulako, Palu, Indonesia for 6 weeks. Three hundred unsexed broiler chicks were used in this experiment. The birds were placed in brooder cages based on the treatment diets for 14 days before transferring them into floor pens. On days 15, eghty eighty birds brds were transferred into the individual metabolism cages for faecal collection and digestibility studies. The rest of the birds were then allocated into floor cages for the bird 258 Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

3 Table 1. Composition of the experimental control diet (g/kg) Ingredients Starter diet Grower diet Full fat soybean meal Maize Fish meal Palm oil Dicalcium phosphate Salt Methionine Lysine Vitamine and Mineral Mixture Calculated composition: Crude protein Crude fibre AME (MJ/kg) Lysine Methionine + cystiene Table 2. Experimental diets Diets Aflatoxins Replications Control diet (D1) - 4 Control diet % copra mannan (D2) - 4 Control diet % copra mannan (D3) - 4 Control diet % yeast mannan (D4) - 4 Control diet + 0.1% Bentonite (D5) - 4 performance parameters. The treatments diets were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet % bentonite, (3) control diet % yeast mannan, (4) control diet % copra mannan (CM) and (5) control diet % CM. The diets were mixed with or without aflatoxin B 1. The feeds and water were offered ad-libitum. Total faecal collection was done for three consecutive days for digestblty estibility measurements. Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July

4 A completely randomized factorial design was used to test the effect of 5 diets in the presence of two levels of aflatoxin B 1 on bird performance by using 4 replicate cages. Statistical analysis A completely randomized factorial design was used with five different diets, two level of aflatoxins and four replicate cages per treatment. Seven to eight birds were placed in each cage Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Differences among treatments were tested for significance by using Multiple Range Duncan Test (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Results and Discussions Data of the effect of aflatoxin, mycotoxin binders and interaction of aflatoxin and mycotoxin binders on broiler performance are shown in Table 3, 4, and 5. Table 3. Effects of aflatoxin B1 on broiler performance Treatments BWG (g) FCR DMD (%) Faecal moisture (%) Without aflatoxin 2, a 68.8 b 0.3 ppm aflatoxin B1 2, b 70.7 a SEM Note: Values with the different superscript within a column are significantly different (P<0.05). BWG: body weight gain; FCR: feed convertion rasio; DMD: dry matter digestibility. Table 4. Effects of mycotoxin binders on broiler performance Treatments BWG (g) FCR DMD (%) Faecal moisture (%) Control (Con) 2, a 77.4 b 73.0 a Con % copra mannan 2, ab 78.5 ab 68.8 b Con % copra mannan 2, b 78.9 a 68.2 b Con % yeast mannan 2, b 78.9 a 68.9 b Con % bentonite 2, a 78.9 a 69.9 b SEM Note: Values with the different superscript within a column are significantly different (P<0.05). BWG: body weight gain; FCR: feed convertion rasio; DMD: dry matter digestibility. 260 Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

5 Table 5. Effects of interaction between aflatoxin and mycotoxin binder on broiler performance Parameters Treatments D1 D2 D3 D4 D BWG (g) 2,141 2,117 2,223 2,113 2,201 2,269 2,267 2,226 2,172 2, FCR DMD (%) 78.9 a 75.8 b 79.0 a 77.9 a 79.0 a 78.9 a 79.0 a 78.8 a 79.0 a 78.9 a 0.3 Faecalmoisture (%) Note: Values with the different superscript within a column are significantly different (P<0.05). BWG: body weight gain; FCR: feed convertion rasio; DMD: dry matter digestibility. SEM 70.1 a 75.9 b 69.6 a 68.1 a 66.8 a 69.6 a 67.9 a 69.8 a 69.7 a 70.0 a 0.2 Although it has been believed that contamination of the diet with aflatoxin could deteriorate feed quality and thus bird performance, addition of 0.3 ppm aflatoxin B 1 in broiler diets did not impair broiler performance in the present study. This might be due to a low concentration of aflatoxin given to the birds or a shorter challenged time (42 days). According to Devegowda and Murthy (2005), a decreased body weight gain was observed when the birds were fed a diet containing 2.5 ppm aflatoxin. This concentration is far above the concentration of aflatoxin offered to the birds in this present study. To asses such speculation, an experiment with a longer time of experiment and a higher concentration of aflatoxin is needed. The more promising figure found in this present study is that there is an improvement in the feed efficiency of birds fed diets supplemented with mycotoxin binder. This finding clearly supports previous reports of Murthy and Devegowda (1995). Among mycotoxin binders used in this current study, the use of either 0.05% copra mannan or yeast mannan could significantly improve feed efficiency. This improvement was not found when the birds were offered diet with only 0.02% copra mannan. This may indicate that 0.02% copra mannan was not effective enough to bind more aflatoxin in the diets supplemented with 0.3 ppm aflatoxin. The use of 0.1% bentonite also did not improve feed efficiency. Interaction between mycotoxin binders and aflatoxin treatments was found in dry matter digestibility and faecal moisture. A decrease in dry matter digestibility and faecal moisture only took place when aflatoxin-contaminated diet was not supplemented with mycotoxin binders. In conclusion, the use of 0.5% copra mannan can be used as effectively as other commercial mycotoxin binders. Supplementation of the diet with mycotoxin binders decreased moisture content of the faeces. Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July

6 Acknowledgment The authors wish to express profound thanks to Indonesian Higher Education for financial support of this experiment. References Devegowda, G., Murthy, T.N.K., Mycotoxins: Their effects in poultry and some practical solutions. In: The Mycotoxins Blue Book. Editor: Diaz, D.E. Nottingham Press, United Kingdom, pp: Hashmi, I., Pasha, T.N., Jabbar, M.A., Akram, M., Hashmi, S., Study of adsorption potential of yeast sludge against aflatoxins in broiler chicks. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 16, Kusakabe, I., Takashi, R., Enzymatic preparation beta 1-4 mannooligosaccharides and beta 1-4 gluco-mannooligosaccharides. Methods Enzymol. 160, Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.A., Principles and procedures of statistics. New York, McGraw Hill. Yiannikouris, A., Jouany, J.P Mycotoxns Mycotoxins n in feed and ther their fate n in anmals: animals: a review. Anim. Res. 51: Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012