Understanding Trauma and PTSD: A Basic Overview. Dawn Brett, Ph.D., B.C.E.T.S.,F.A.A.E.T.S.

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1 Understanding Trauma and PTSD: A Basic Overview Dawn Brett, Ph.D., B.C.E.T.S.,F.A.A.E.T.S.

2 Normative Stress (NS) All persons experience At certain stages of development Persons experience as part of their society/culture Once normative stress successfully dealt with and grown out of Experience no longer stressful

3 Non-Normative Normative Event of Extreme Stress (N-NEES) NEES) Event is Traumatic at any Age Stage of development Fact-based events in external world Remain alive in the survivor s s internal world

4 TRAUMA BIRTH LIFESPAN

5 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES Reexperiencing the Trauma Intrusive remembrances Small flicker-flashes flashes Full-blown flashbacks any of the senses without being grounded in the present Trauma-specific re-enactment enactment in play Nightmares, Night Terrors

6 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES An actual Traumatic event haunts survivor Physiologically worked up Preoccupied with issues of: Safety Trust Annihilation Anxiety Specific Traumas Avoidance of Trauma Cues/issues

7 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES Struggle to gain mastery of the Traumatic events Any persecutory ideas: Trauma-specific ideas (e.g., perpetrator coming after me) Or introjected persecutors

8 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES Avoidance and Numbing Avoidance of Trauma Cues Avoidance of feelings and thoughts related to Trauma Inability to Recall Part of the Trauma

9 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES Diminished Interest in Activities Detachment from Others Restricted Range of Affect May not experience loving feelings Sense of Shortened Life

10 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES Increased Physiological Arousal Difficulty sleeping Irritability, outbursts of anger Difficulty concentrating Hypervigilance Exaggerated startle response

11 Trauma Sequelae related to N-NEESN NEES Feel as if losing mind Do not try to cover it up by disordered thinking No thought disorder (psychosis) FBI is not talking through the TV to you Do not need to wear tinfoil hat to keep Martians away Do not offer psychotic reasoning to explain flashbacks Do not need to wear tin foil hat to keep Martians away

12 Stress Building Normative Stresses Non-Normative Normative Events of Extreme Stress Environment Supportive? Changing? Developmental Changes/Growth Loss/Regression

13 STAIR STEPPING

14 Annihilation Anxiety Underlying reason to maintain post traumatic symptoms Related to severity of Trauma sequelae

15 Annihilation Anxiety Overwhelming Helplessness Hopelessness Fears of disintegration of ego and self (Brett, 2006; Brett & Brett, 2005; Hurvich, 1989,1996b; Miller, 2000).

16 Components of Annihilation Anxiety Fear of Being Overwhelmed Loss of Ability to Cope Fear of Merger Fear of Disintegration/Loss of Self Cohesion Fear of Impingement Loss of Needed Support Concern Over Survival/Catastrophic Mentality (Brett, 2006; Brett & Brett, 2005; Hurvich, 1996a; Miller, 2000)

17 Fear of Being Overwhelmed Fear of loss of self-control Inability to establish a logical or rational response Flooded internally with Trauma material External Trauma Triggers

18 Fear of Being Overwhelmed Difficulty with concentration, attention, memory Sleep difficulties Negative feelings Interpersonal difficulties Low self-esteem esteem Guilt Shame Difficulty controlling behavior

19 Fear of Merger/Entrapment Unwanted threats to existence I m m trapped I am becoming like the other Perpetrator Abuser

20 Fear of Disintegration/Loss of Self Cohesion Fears of Falling Apart Fragmentation Dissolution of the Self

21 Fear of Impingement or Being Violated More physical in nature than Fear of Merger May be Trauma-Specific Fears of Being Beaten Up Invaded Intruded Upon Violated

22 Loss of Needed Support Existential Groundlessness Falling into the dark abyss Fears of No Internal Support/Strength External Shifts in Support

23 Concern Over Survival Catastrophic Mentality Insistent fears about death Obsess about # of things necessary to go right for survival NOT amazed that accidents happen Amazed that s/he stays alive

24 Dissociation Separation of normally integrated functions of: Behavior, Cognitions, and Affect Continuum from: Daydreaming to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

25 TRAUMA CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL 115 Fulford Avenue, Suite 100 Bel Air, MD (currently under construction)

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