Effect of elemental sulphur on uptake of cadmium, zinc, and sulphur by oilseed rape growing in soil contaminated with zinc and cadmium

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Effet of elemental sulphur on uptake of admium, zin, and sulphur by oilseed rape growing in soil ontaminated with zin and admium Cui, Y. S., Wang, Q. R., & Christie, P. (2004).

1 Effet of elemental sulphur on uptake of admium, zin, and sulphur by oilseed rape growing in soil ontaminated with zin and admium Cui, Y. S., Wang, Q. R., & Christie, P. (2004). Effet of elemental sulphur on uptake of admium, zin, and sulphur by oilseed rape growing in soil ontaminated with zin and admium. Communiatio in Soil Siene and Plant Analysis, 35(19-20), DOI: /LCSS Published in: Communiatio in Soil Siene and Plant Analysis Queen's University Belfast - Researh Portal: Link to publiation reord in Queen's University Belfast Researh Portal General rights Copyright for the publiatio made aessible via the Queen's University Belfast Researh Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other opyright owners and it is a ondition of aessing these publiatio that users reognise and abide by the legal requirements assoiated with these rights. Take down poliy The Researh Portal is Queen's ititutional repository that provides aess to Queen's researh output. Every effort has been made to eure that ontent in the Researh Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or appliable UK laws. If you disover ontent in the Researh Portal that you believe breahes opyright or violates any law, please ontat openaess@qub.a.uk. Download date:03. Nov. 2018

2 COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS Vol. 35, Nos. 19 & 20, pp , 2004 Effet of Elemental Sulphur on Uptake of Cadmium, Zin, and Sulphur by Oilseed Rape Growing in Soil Contaminated with Zin and Cadmium Yahan Cui, 1 Qingren Wang, 2, * and Peter Christie 3 1 Graduate Student, Chinese Aademy of Sienes, Beijing, China 2 Researh Center for Eo-Environmental Sienes, Chinese Aademy of Sienes, Beijing, China 3 Agriultural and Environmental Siene Department, Queen s University Belfast, Newforge Lane, Belfast, UK ABSTRACT A pot experiment was onduted to study the influene of elemental sulphur (S 0 ) on admium (Cd), zin (Zn), and sulphur (S) uptake by oilseed rape (Brassia napus L.) grown in a alareous soil ontaminated with either Cd or Zn or with both Zn and Cd together. Elemental sulphur was applied at two rates (0 and 200 mmol), Cd at two rates (0 and 20 mg), and Zn at three rates (0, 20, and 200 mg) kg 1 soil. Cadmium (as CdCl 2 ) and Zn (as ZnCl 2 ) *Correspondene: Qingren Wang, Tropial Researh and Eduation Center, University of Florida, SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; Fax: ; qrwang@mail.ifas.ufl.edu DOI: /LCSS Copyright & 2004 by Marel Dekker, In (Print); (Online)

3 2906 Cui, Wang, and Christie were added in solution to soil prior to planting. After 10 days, S 0 and fertilizer were thoroughly mixed and added to the soil. Plants were harvested after growing for 40 days in a greenhouse. Soil ph and shoot dry weight dereased signifiantly in respoe to S 0 appliation. Addition of Zn and Cd did not influene plant growth without S 0 supply. Shoot onentratio of Zn and Cd inreased signifiantly with Zn and Cd addition as well as S 0 supply. Cadmium addition did not lead to any hange in shoot Zn onentration. Shoot Cd onentration dereased in the 200 mg kg 1 Zn addition treatment ompared with the ontrol but remained unhanged in all Zn treatments when S 0 was applied. Shoot S onentration inreased with appliation of S 0, Zn, and Cd. Shoot Zn and Cd uptake by oilseed rape inreased signifiantly with the Zn and Cd addition. However, shoot Zn removal did not inrease signifiantly, and Cd removal dereased when S was applied. In onlusion, S 0 aidified the soil and inreased shoot onentratio of Zn and Cd, but its depressive effet on shoot biomass was so pronouned that it would not enhane phytoextration of Cd or Zn from this soil by oilseed rape. Key Words: Bioavailability; Heavy metals; Phytoremediation; Shoot uptake; Soil aidifiation. INTRODUCTION Soils an be ontaminated with Cd and Zn from sewage sludge or urban omposts, fertilizers, emissio from muniipal-waste ininerators, residues from metal smelting and refining, and other human ativities. Cadmium is a nonessential element for plants and is generally oidered as a toxi ontaminant in food for huma and animal feeds. [1] Zin is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but onentratio of Zn in ontaminated soils have frequently been found to exeed plant requirements and may ause phytotoxiity. [2] Exessive aumulation of Cd and Zn in soils must therefore be avoided or remediated to avoid their trafer to plants and food hai. [3] There is urrently no suitable method for removal of Cd and Zn from soils in the short term while preserving soil properties. Phytoextration is one option for remediation of metal-ontaminated soils, and the bioavailability of heavy metals is an important fator in the proess of phytoextration. [2 4] There are many soil properties that influene the bioavailability of soil Cd and Zn, inluding ph, types of minerals present, types and amounts of anio in the soil solution, organi-matter ontent, and Zn or

4 Effet of Elemental Sulphur on Cd, Zn, and S 2907 Cd arriers. [5 7] Soil ph is often one of the most important properties influening the mobility and bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils. [6,7] A derease in soil ph an be ahieved by appliation of mineral or organi aids or aidifying fertilizers suh as ammonium hloride. [8 10] However, these methods have limitatio due to their negative effets on soil s hemial, physial, and biologial properties. The use of S 0 has therefore been suggested for alleviation of these otraints and for soil aidifiation to inrease the solubility of metals in ontaminated soils. [11 13] However, there have been few studies that have evaluated the feasibility of this method as a tool for enhanement of metal uptake by plants growing in soils with different levels of Cd and Zn in addition to plant uptake of S. The objetives of our study were to investigate the tissue onentratio and uptake rates of Cd, Zn, and S in oilseed rape that was grown in soil experimentally ontaminated with different levels of Cd and Zn with and without appliation of S 0. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil Soil was olleted from the top 20 m of the profile in a field in Qinghe, Beijing, China. The soil was air-dried, ground, passed through a 2-mm sieve and had the following physio-hemial properties prior to the experiment: ph (in 0.01 M CaCl 2 ) 7.25, organi-matter ontent 12 g, total Zn 68 mg, and total Cd 0.8 mg kg 1. Plant Cultivation Oilseed rape (Brassia napus L. v. Siyueman) seeds were sown at a rate of 6 pot 1 and thinned to three seedlings in eah pot 1 week after germination. The experiment was arried out in a glasshouse with a 14 h (28 C)/10 h (15 C) day/night yle. Soil-moisture ontent was adjusted regularly by weight to about 60% of water-holding apaity and the plants were harvested after 40 days of growth. Experimental Design and Treatments The experimental treatments oisted of S 0 applied at two rates (0 and 200 mmol kg 1 ), Cd at two rates (0 and 20 mg kg 1 soil), and Zn at

5 2908 Cui, Wang, and Christie three rates (0, 20, 200 mg kg 1 soil) in a multifatorial design. Thus there were 12 treatments in tripliate, giving a total of 36 pots. Fertilizer was applied at rates of 120 mg N (as NH 4 NO 3 ), 80 mg P (as KH 2 PO 4 ), and 120 mg K kg 1 (as KCl and KH 2 PO 4 ). Cadmium (as CdCl 2 ) and Zn (as ZnCl 2 ) were added in solution to portio of soil prior to potting, and 10 days later, elemental sulphur (S 0 ) and the fertilizers were thoroughly mixed and added to the soil. Eah pot ontained 1 kg of soil, whih was allowed to equilibrate for a period of 14 days in the glasshouse before the seeds were sown. Soil and Plant Analysis Soil samples were taken before the experiment and after the plants were harvested. Soil ph was measured on subsamples using a 1:2.5 soil:0.01 M CaCl 2 ratio using a ph meter. Total Zn and Cd were determined using aliquots of air-dried soil ground to <0.25 mm and digested with a mixture of onentrated HNO 3 :HClO 4 : HF (3:1:1 v/v/v), and total Zn and Cd were analyzed by indutively oupled plasma optial emission spetrosopy (ICP-OES) using a Perkin-Elmer Optima 2000 spetrophotometer. Plant shoots were harvested and ried with deionized water, oven-dried at 70 C for 48 h, ground with an agate mill, digested with a mixture of onentrated HNO 3 :HClO 4 (3:1 v/v); total Zn, Cd, and S were analyzed by ICP-OES. Statistial Analysis Data were subjeted to three-way ANOVA using the SAS pakage (version 8.1, SAS, In., Cary, NC, USA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil ph Soil ph dereased signifiantly in all S 0 appliation treatments with the largest derease ourring at a ombined addition of 200 mmol S, 20 mg Zn, and 20 mg Cd kg 1. Furthermore, the aidifying effet of S 0 on the soil was more pronouned when Cd or Zn was applied (Table 1). There were signifiant interatio between S 0 and Zn and between S 0 and Cd, but not between Zn and Cd. The soil aidifying effet of S 0 may

6 Effet of Elemental Sulphur on Cd, Zn, and S 2909 Table 1. Zn. Changes in soil ph after plant harvest in soil amended with S 0, Cd, and S 0 rate (mmol kg 1 ) Cd rate (mg kg 1 ) Zn rate (mg kg 1 ) Signifiane a S 0 rate Zn rate Cd rate S 0 Zn S 0 Cd Zn Cd S 0 Zn Cd b b b b a By analysis of variane. b p < p < ¼ not signifiant. be explained by the ativities of ertain groups of aidophili soil bateria, partiularly the genus Thiobaillus, whih an metabolize S 0 in the presene of O 2 and generate H þ and SO 2 4, leading to soil aidifiation. [11 14] Plant Growth Shoot dry weights dereased with S 0 appliation (Table 2). Addition of Zn or Cd did not influene the shoot biomass when S 0 was not applied. The signifiant interation between S 0 and Zn indiates the smaller shoot biomass at the low Zn appliation rate in the absene of added S. Kayser et al. [11] reported that shoot weight in some plants did not hange signifiantly with S 0 appliation. However, in the present study, aidifiation of the alareous soil may have depressed the growth of the oilseed rape.

7 2910 Cui, Wang, and Christie Table 2. Shoot biomass of oilseed rape (g pot 1 ) grown in soil amended with S 0, Cd, and Zn. S 0 rate (mmol kg 1 ) Cd rate (mg kg 1 ) Zn rate (mg kg 1 ) Signifiane a S 0 rate Zn rate Cd rate S 0 Zn S 0 Cd Zn Cd S 0 Zn Cd b a By analysis of variane. b p < p < ¼ not signifiant. Shoot Conentratio of Zin and Cadmium The onentration of Zn in oilseed rape shoots inreased with inreasing Zn addition and with S 0 appliation but was unaffeted by added Cd (Table 3). Shoot Cd inreased signifiantly with Cd addition and S 0 supply but dereased when 200 mg kg 1 Zn was applied in the absene of added S 0 ompared with the ontrol. However, when S 0 was applied, the shoot onentration of Cd was unaffeted by both appliation rates of Zn. Other studies have also found that inreasing onentratio of heavy metals in soils led to higher aumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues. [15,16] Without added S 0, inreasing Zn appliation rate led to a derease in shoot Cd onentration, a result that agrees with other studies that have indiated that Zn appliation an lower Cd onentratio in some plant speies. [17,18] In ontrast, as far as we know, there is no published information on the effets of inreasing levels of Zn appliation on Cd onentratio in plants with S 0 appliation to the soil. In the

8 Effet of Elemental Sulphur on Cd, Zn, and S 2911 Table 3. Shoot Zn, Cd, and S onentratio in oilseed rape grown in soil amended with S 0, Cd, and Zn. S 0 rate (mmol kg 1 ) Cd rate (mg kg 1 ) Zn rate (mg kg 1 ) Zn (mg kg 1 ) Cd (mg kg 1 ) S (g kg 1 ) ND a 66.9 ND ND 69.6 ND , ,470.9 ND 45.1 ND Signifiane b S 0 rate Zn rate Cd rate S 0 Zn S 0 Cd Zn Cd S 0 Zn Cd a ND ¼ not determined below detetion limit. b By analysis of variane. p < ¼ not signifiant.

9 2912 Cui, Wang, and Christie present study, the shoot Cd onentration did not hange signifiantly under different levels of Zn appliation with added S 0. Soil appliation of S 0 led to inreased shoot onentratio of Cd and Zn. This may have been due partly to an inrease in the solubility of soil Zn and Cd and an inrease in their bioavailability due to soil aidifiation by S. MLaughlin et al. [16] reported that inreasing SO 2 4 in soil inreased shoot Cd onentratio. A similar inrease in soil SO 2 4 may have resulted from appliation of S 0 in the present experiment. Addition of S 0 to ontaminated soils has been reported to inrease onentratio of heavy metals and S in plants. [11,13] In the present study, S appliation inreased shoot onentratio of Zn and Cd in all treatments spiked with Zn or Cd, and this agrees well with the results of Kayser et al. [11] and Tihy et al. [13] The other fator that an affet shoot onentratio of the metals is shoot biomass, this an be taken into aount by alulating the quantities of the metals taken up by the shoots. Shoot Sulphur Conentratio As expeted, shoot S onentratio responded to S 0 appliation, probably due to inreased uptake of SO 2 4 from the soil and also inreased with Zn and Cd addition (Table 3). Using hydroponi ulture, Coolong and Randle [1] found that total S in field mustard (Brassia rapa) shoots was higher with Zn supply than in ontrols without Zn supply when the plants were exposed to Zn levels ranging from 1 to 25 mg L 1. In the present study, the shoot onentratio of S inreased signifiantly with Zn addition whether or not S 0 was applied. This result onflits with Kumar and Singh [15] who found that total S in soybean dereased signifiantly with inreasing Zn levels from 5 to 10 mg kg 1. The effets of Zn or Cd supply on total S in plants may depend on numerous fators, suh as Zn, Cd, S, and fertilizer soures, rop-growth onditio, and plant speies. Shoot Uptake of Zin and Cadmium Shoot Zn and Cd uptake inreased signifiantly with Zn and Cd addition (Table 4). However, S 0 appliation had no effet on shoot Zn uptake, and it depressed shoot Cd uptake despite the inreases in shoot onentratio of the metals reported above. The drasti redution in shoot biomass produed by S 0 appliation has therefore prevented the S treatment from inreasing the rate of removal of Cd or Zn from the soil by phytoextration using oilseed rape. Other studies [19] in whih both

10 Effet of Elemental Sulphur on Cd, Zn, and S 2913 Table 4. Shoot Zn and Cd uptake (mg pot 1 ) in oilseed rape grown in soil amended with S 0, Cd, and Zn. S 0 rate (mmol kg 1 ) Cd rate (mg kg 1 ) Zn rate (mg kg 1 ) Zn (mg kg 1 ) Cd (mg kg 1 ) ND a ND ND ND ND ND 43.9 Signifiane b S 0 rate Zn rate Cd rate S 0 Zn S 0 Cd Zn Cd S 0 Zn Cd a ND ¼ mean not determined (see Table 3). b By analysis of variane p < ¼ not signifiant.

11 2914 Cui, Wang, and Christie EDTA and S have been applied to the soil have indiated that the EDTA was more effetive than S in mobilizing lead (Pb) and Zn for extration by Indian mustard and wheat, but S made a useful ontribution to metal removal by ating synergistially with the EDTA. Thus it seems that S appliation on its own may not be effetive, but perhaps it an be used in ombination with a helating agent to inrease soil-metal bioavailability for phytoextration. CONCLUSIONS Elemental S dereased soil ph and inreased shoot onentratio of Zn and Cd of oilseed rape but did not signifiantly enhane the uptake of the metals. Shoot onentratio of S inreased with inreasing supply of elemental S, Cd, and Zn. The results indiate that adding elemental S to soil an inrease Zn and Cd onentratio, but shoot uptake of the metals may not inrease beause of a marked depression in shoot biomass. Appliation of S 0 alone may therefore be ineffetive for enhanement of phytoremediation of alareous soils by oilseed rape. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the National Natural Siene Foundation of China (Projet ) and the Chinese Aademy of Sienes Knowledge Innovation Projet (KZCX ) for their generous finanial support. REFERENCES 1. Coolong, T.W.; Randle, W.M. Zin onentration in hydroponi solution ulture influenes zin and sulfur aumulation in Brassia rapa L. J. Plant Nutr. 2003, 26, Lok, K.; Jasen, C.R. Eotoxiity of zin in spiked artifiial soils versus ontaminated field soils. Environ. Si. Tehnol. 2001, 35, Shwartz, C.; Ehevarria, G.; Morel, J.L. Phytoextration of admium with Thlaspi aerulese. Plant Soil 2003, 249, Bunzl, K.; Trautmanheimer, M.; Shramel, P.; Reifenhauser, W. Availability of arseni, opper, lead, thallium and zin to various vegetables grown in slag-ontaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30,

12 Effet of Elemental Sulphur on Cd, Zn, and S Basta, N.T.; Tabatabai, M.A. Effet of ropping systems on adsorption of metals by soils. II.. Effet of ph. Soil Si. 1992, 153, Harter, R.D. Effet of soil ph on adsorption of lead, opper, zin, and nikel. Soil Si. So. Am. J. 1983, 47, Ziper, C.; Komarneni, S.; Baker, D.E. Speifi admium sorption in relation to the rystal hemistry of lay minerals. Soil Si. So. Am. J. 1988, 52, Huang, J.W.W.; Chen, J.J.; Berti, W.R.; Cunningham, S.D. Phytoremediation of lead-ontaminated soils: role of syntheti helates in lead phytoextration. Environ. Si. Tehnol. 1997, 31, Salt, D.E.; Blaylok, M.; Kumar, N.P.B.A.; Dushenkov, V.; Eley, B.D.; Chet, I.; Raskin, I. Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for removal of toxi metals from the environment using plants. Biotehnology 1995, 13, Wasay, S.A.; Barrington, S.F.; Tokunaga, S. Remediation of soils polluted by heavy metals using salts of organi aids and helating agents. Environ. Tehnol. 1998, 19, Kayser, A.; Wenger, K.; Keller, A.; Attinger, W.; Felix, H.R.; Gupta, S.K.; Shulin, R. Enhanement of phytoextration of Zn, Cd, and Cu from alareous soil: the use of NTA and sulfur amendments. Environ. Si. Tehnol. 2000, 34, Seidel, H.; Ondrushka, J.; Morgetern, P.; Stottmeister, U. Bioleahing of heavy metals from ontaminated aquati sediments using indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bateria: a feasibility study. Water Si. Tehnol. 1998, 37, Tihy, R.; Fajtl, J.; Kuzel, S.; Kolar, L. Use of elemental sulphur to enhane admium solubilization and its vegetative removal from ontaminated soil. Nutr. Cyl. Agroeosyst. 1997, 46, Lee, A.; Boswell, C.C.; Watkion, J.H. Effet of partile size on the oxidation of elemental sulfur, thiobailli numbers, soil sulfate and its availability to pasture. N.Z. J. Agri. Res. 1988, 31, Kumar, V.; Singh, M. Sulfur and zin interatio in relation to yield, uptake, and utilization of sulfur in soybean. Soil Si. 1980, 130, MLaughlin, M.J.; Lambrehts, R.M.; Smolders, E.; Smart, M.K. Effets of sulfate on admium uptake by Swiss hard. II. Effets due to sulfate addition to soil. Plant Soil 1998, 202, Grant, C.A.; Bailey, L.D. Effets of phosphorus and zin fertiliser management effets on admium aumulation in flaxseed. J. Si. Food Agri. 1997, 73,

13 2916 Cui, Wang, and Christie 18. Oliver, D.P.; Hannam, R.; Tiller, K.G.; Wilhelm, N.S.; Merry, R.H.; Coze, G.D. The effets of zin fertilization on admium onentration in wheat grain. J. Environ. Qual. 1994, 23, Cui, Y.S.; Wang, Q.R.; Dong, Y.T.; Li, H.F.; Christie, P. Enhaned uptake of soil Pb and Zn by Indian mustard and winter wheat following ombined soil appliation of elemental sulphur and EDTA. Plant Soil 2004, 261,

Published in: Plant and Soil. Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal

Published in: Plant and Soil. Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Enhanced uptake of soil Pb and Zn by Indian mustard and winter wheat following combined soil application of elemental sulphur and Cui, Y. S., Wang, Q. R., Dong, Y. T., Li, H. F., & Christie, P. (2004).