FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 3 Alphabetical

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 3 Alphabetical"

Quentin Powell
5 years ago
Views:

1 FLASH CARDS Kalat s Book Chapter 3 Alphabetical

2 2-AG

3 2-AG Found in milk. Combination of arachidonic acid and glycerol. Stands for 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Calcium-dependent chemical that regulates metabolism; blocking it may reduce weight. Similar structure to marijuana.

4 acetylcholine

5 acetylcholine Also called ACh. First neurotransmitter discovered. Used in many areas. Among uses, makes muscles move.

6 acetylcholinesterase

7 acetylcholinesterase Also called AChE. Breaks down acetylcholine.

8 affinity

9 affinity How tightly drug binds to receptor.

10 agonist

11 agonist As opposed to an antagonist. Acts like a neurotransmitter. Binds and causes a receptor to trigger a response.

12 alcoholism

13 alcoholism Alcohol dependence. A type of problem drinking. Characterized by physical addiction and continued drinking despite impairments in health and social relationships.

14 amino acids

15 amino acids The building blocks to make proteins. Composed of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.

16 amphetamine

17 amphetamine Short for alpha-methylphenethylamine. A synthesized stimulant that is easily abused. Structured like dopamine, it is uptaken, pushes out more dopamine into synapse, continues euphoric effect.

18 anandamide

19 anandamide N-arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA. Neurotransmitter that is important for implantation in uterus, impacts feeding behavior, and may inhibit breast cancer cells.

20 antabuse

21 antabuse First drug approved to treat alcoholism. Causes nausea in subsequent drinking of alcohol. Inhibits alcohol processing.

22 antagonist

23 antagonist As opposed to an agonist. Binds to receptor and prevents or inhibits a response.

24 anterior pituitary

25 anterior pituitary The front part of the pituitary gland. Regulated by the hypothalamus, it secretes hormones such as TSH, FSH, LH, GH and prolactin.

26 autoreceptors

27 autoreceptors Part of the pre-synapse neuron that is sensitive to its own neurotransmitter. Acts as a feedback loop.

28 cannabinoids

29 cannabinoids Any chemical that impacts cannabinoid receptors. Best known is THC, found in marijuana.

30 catecholamines

31 catecholamines A group of neurotransmitters created from tyrosine. Tyrosine is converted into L-DOPA, and then into dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively.

32 cocaine

33 cocaine Highly addictive drugs used both as a local anesthetic and as a stimulant. Easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and might cause it to break down. Abused for its euphoric effect.

34 COMT

35 COMT Catechol-O-methyl transferase. Breaks down catecholamine neurotransmitters in the synapse. Some drugs used to treat Parkinson s disease inhibit COMT.

36 delta 9-THC

37 delta 9-THC Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Given to cancer patients to reduce nausea. Increases appetite.

38 dopamine transporter

39 dopamine transporter Reuptakes dopamine into pre-synaptic neuron.

40 efficacy

41 efficacy Maximum amount of effect of a drug.

42 endocrine glands

43 endocrine glands A system of glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

44 EPSP

45 EPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potential. Change in a post-synaptic neuron making it more likely to fire.

46 exocytosis

47 exocytosis As opposed to endocytosis. Movement of secretions out of a cell.

48 gap junction

49 gap junction A nexus. Allows a direct electrical connection between cells. Makes heart cells fire together. Also in astrocyte-astrocyte & neuron- glial connections. In neurons, an electrical synapse. When one cell is dying, it triggers neighboring healthy cells to also die (bystander effect).

50 g protein

51 g protein Guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Act like molecular switches that activate a cascade of events. Work together with hormones and neurotransmitters to create metabolic effects.

52 gases

53 gases Can be used as a neurotransmitter, such as carbon monoxide and nitric acid. Small amounts are used for neural signaling. Too much is highly toxic and can cause death.

54 hallucinogenic drugs

55 hallucinogenic drugs Includes psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. Cause changes in perception, thinking and emotion.

56 hormone

57 hormone Chemical released by endocrine gland into the blood. Can impact many cells and can have long-term effects.

58 IPSP

59 IPSP Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Firing of a neuron decreased the likelihood of a post-synaptic neuron firing.

60 ionotropic effects

61 ionotropic effects As opposed the metabotropic. Localized, short-term effect of a neurotransmitter or hormone on an ion channel.

62 ligand-gated channels

63 ligand-gated channels As opposed to voltage-gated. Ion channels that open because of a neurotransmitter or hormone.

64 MAO

65 MAO Stands for L-monoamine oxidases. Group of enzymes that break down monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine and adrenaline.

66 metabotropic effect

67 metabotropic effect As opposed the ionotropic. Generalized, long-term effect of a neurotransmitter or hormone on an ion channel or cell.

68 methadone

69 methadone Synthetic opioid used to treat heroin addiction.

70 methylphenidate

71 methylphenidate A stimulant used to treat ADHD. Better known as ritalin.

72 monoamines

73 monoamines Chemicals derived from amino acids. They include catecholamines and tryptamines, and act as neurotransmitters & neuromodulators.

74 neuromodulators

75 neuromodulators A chemical that is released by a neuron to regulate widespread neural activity. Some, like dopamine, histamine and acetylcholine also can be neurotransmitters (direct neural connectors at chemical synapses).

76 neuropeptides

77 neuropeptides Chemicals and neurotransmitters (like glutamate) that are packed together and stored in soma and dendrites. They signal neurons through g-protein receptors.

78 nicotine

79 nicotine Extremely addictive chemical used as a insecticide and in cigarettes. In low doses it s a stimulant; toxic at high doses. A nightshade plant.

80 nitric oxide

81 nitric oxide Nitrogen monoxide. A byproduct of combustion engines, lightning and cell production. Act as a vasodilator (lasting only a few seconds), protects the liver, and increases if you live in higher altitudes.

82 nucleus accumbens

83 nucleus accumbens Pleasure center because of its role in reward, pleasure & laughter. Part of basal ganglia; an NA in each hemisphere. Each has two structures (core & shell); use GABA as neurotransmitter. Medium spiny neurons. Also in aggression, fear and placebo effect.

84 opiate drugs

85 opiate drugs Class of narcotic drugs that includes codeine, heroin, morphine, oxycodone and hydrocodone.

86 oxytocin

87 oxytocin Neuromodulator involved in childbirth, bonding and milk production. Perhaps involved in empathy and trust.

88 peptide hormones

89 peptide hormones Includes those secreted from pituitary gland, such as ACTH, prolactin, vasopressin and oxytocin.

90 pituitary gland

91 pituitary gland Small gland (size of pea) on bottom of hypothalamus. Secretes peptide hormones. Anterior pituitary secretes HGH, TSH, ACTH, beta-endorphin, LH, & prolactin. Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin & vasopressin.

92 posterior pituitary

93 posterior pituitary Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.

94 postsynaptic neuron

95 postsynaptic neuron The neuron stimulated by another neuron.

96 presynaptic neuron

97 presynaptic neuron The neuron that stimulates another neuron.

98 protein hormone

99 protein hormone Also called a peptide hormone.

100 purines

101 purines Includes adenine, guanine, xanthine, caffeine and uric acid.

102 reflexes

103 reflexes Involuntary action that occurs automatically and without need for thinking. Infantile reflexes last for several months before disappearing. Lifelong reflexes include coughing, sneezing, startle and scratching.

104 reflex arc

105 reflex arc Shortest behavior unit. Sensory neuron activate motor neuron (linked by an interneuron). Path doesn t go thru brain.

106 releasing hormones

107 releasing hormones Controls release of another hormone.

108 reuptake

109 reuptake Clearing a synapse by pumping neurotransmitter back into presynaptic neuron.

110 second messenger

111 second messenger Process by which epinephrine (and others) change cell activity. Molecules relay signals from outside to inside cell.

112 self-stimulation of the brain

113 self-stimulation of the brain Rats implanted with electrodes in the lateral posterior hypothalamus push level compulsively. In humans, can be used as operant reinforcer.

114 spatial summation

115 spatial summation As opposed to temporal summation. A method for encoding magnitude. Neuron is triggered by the firing of multiple neurons at the same time.

116 spontaneous firing rate

117 spontaneous firing rate Resting rate that a neuron fires. Increase or decrease in firing rate can code separate features (fire more for green, fire less for red).

118 stimulant drugs

119 stimulant drugs Temporarily improves attention, mood and alertness. Increases heart rate, blood pressure and arousal. Includes uppers such as caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine and MDNA.

120 synapse

121 synapse Gap between neurons. Can be chemical or electrical.

122 temporal summation

123 temporal summation As opposed spatial summation. A method for encoding magnitude. Neuron is triggered by a neuron firing repeatedly.

124 tolerance

125 tolerance The more you use a drug the less impact it has.

126 transmitter-gated channels

127 transmitter-gated channels Neurotransmitter- gated channels. Also called ligand ion-gated channels.

128 transporters

129 transporters Proteins that move neurotransmitters across cell membranes during reuptake.

130 Type I alcoholism

131 Type I alcoholism Adult or late-onset alcoholism. Less genetic, affect men and women about equally. Characterized by binge drinking, becomes more severe over time. Less severe than Type II.

132 Type II alcoholism

133 Type II alcoholism Child or early-onset alcoholism. Strong genetic link, often starts in early teens, impacts many more men than women, more severe impairment. Often abused drugs too.

134 vasopressin

135 vasopressin Arginine vasopressin. Secreted by posterior pituitary to retain water and constrict blood vessels.

136 vesicles

137 vesicles Small bubble, envelope or sack in a cell. Often refers to storage of neurotransmitters.

138 withdrawal

139 withdrawal Symptoms from discontinuing a drug. Caused by drug tolerance.

140

Notes are online at The Neuron

Notes are online at The Neuron Notes are online at http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~clovett/neuronotescogs17.pdf A. What is a neuron? The Neuron 1. A neuron is a type of cell that receives and transmits information in the Central Nervous System