Chapter 6 Section 1. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure

Transcription

1 Chapter 6 Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure

2 Essential Question: How does studying the biology of the brain give us an understanding of our behavior?

3 Draw or type 2 things you already know about today s topic:

4 How the nervous system works Central nervous system (CNS)- the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord- nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain Peripheral nervous system (PNS)nerves branching beyond the spinal cord into the body

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6 Is this statement true or false? The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. True False

7 Neurons The long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain Transmission occurs whenever cells are stimulated past a minimum point and emit a signal. Either fires or does not fire

8 Parts of a neuron Dendrites- short, thin fibers that protrude from the cell body Receive impulses or messages and send them to the cell body Axon- carries the impulses from the cell body to the axon terminals Axon terminals- release neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites of the next neuron

9 Parts of a neuron Myelin sheath- insulates and protects the axon for some neurons speeds the transmission of impulses In cases of multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is gone. Nucleus Soma- contains nucleus and where incoming signals are integrated

10 Draw or type to label the diagram: Schwann Cell 7.

11 The Neuron Connection Synapse- the gap that exists between individual nerve cells Neurotransmitters- the chemicals released by neurons which determine the rate at which other neurons fire Examples of neurotransmitters Norepinephrine- is involved with memory and learning Endorphine- inhibits pain

12 Neuron Activity Intensity of neurons depends on how many other neurons are acting on it Afferent neurons- sensory neurons that relay messages from the sense organs to the brain (eyes, ears, nose, skin) Efferent neurons- motor neurons that send messages from the brain to the glands and muscles Interneurons- process signals, connecting only to other neurons, not to sensors or muscles

13 Voluntary and Involuntary activities Somatic nervous system (SNS)the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system (ANS)- the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal biological functions

14 Controls involuntary activities such as breathing and blinking: ANS SNS

15 Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic nervous system Prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity Parasympathetic Works to conserve energy and to enhance the body s ability to recover from strenuous activity

16 Using your notes, summarize what you ve just learned:

17 Chapter 6 Section 2 Studying the Brain Please pull out yesterday s notes:

18 Drag your dot to show if you re ready to move on:

19 Hindbrain Includes the following parts: Cerebellum Helps control posture, balance and voluntary movements Medulla Controls breathing, heart rate, and reflexes Pons Bridge between the spinal cord and brain Produces chemicals the body needs for sleep

20 What three parts make up the hindbrain?

21 Forebrain Includes the following parts: Thalamus Integrates sensory input relay station for all info that travels to and from the cortex Hypothalamus Controls functions of hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior Controls the bodies reaction to temperature

22 Forebrain Includes the following parts: Cerebral cortex Outer layer of the forebrain Cerebrum Inner layer of the forebrain Gives you the ability to learn and store complex and abstract information

23 Forebrain Limbic system Includes various structures that regulate our emotions and motivations (drives) Amygdala- controls violent emotions like rage or fear Hippocampus- is important for the formation of memories

24 Please review the parts of the forebrain (these will be important when we begin our unit assessment, then drag your dot to how you are feeling: Keep going, I understand I m a little confused Stop, I need help!

25 The Lobes of the Brain Corpus callosum- a band of fibers that joins the two sides or hemispheres of the cerebrum Lobes- are the different regions into which the cerebral cortex is divided

26 Lobes of the Brain Occipital lobe- visual signals are sent Parietal lobe- concerned with various information from the senses Temporal lobe- concerned with hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking Frontal lobe- concerned with organization, planning, and creative thinking

27 Left and Right Hemispheres Right and left sides of the brain complement each other Left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body Mathematical ability, where speech is located Right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body Controls visual and spatial relations Perceptual tasks Corpus callosum carries messages back and forth between the two hemispheres Severe seizure patients sometimes have this severed to control & lessen seizures Right and left can no longer communicate [ball]

28 Is this statement true or false? The temporal lobe is responsible for visual perception. True False

29 How Psychologists Study the Brain Recording Electroencephalograph (EEG)- is a machine used to record electrical activity of large portions of the brain Overall electrical activity can be measured and the rhythms of the brain differ depending on whether a person is awake, drowsy, or asleep

30 How Psychologists Study the Brain Stimulation Electrodes may be used to set off the firing of neurons as well as record it Has been used with terminal cancer patients to relieve their pain Used to control violent emotional behavior Tiny electric currents applied to temporal lobe

31 Images Computerized axial tomography (CT) An imaging technique used to study the brain to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration Radiation is absorbed depending on the density of the brain tissue Computers measure the amount of radiation absorbed and then transformed into 3-D images

32 Images Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Is an imaging technique used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks Injects radioactive solution into the blood and measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by the blood cells Show activity in different areas of the brain when a person is thinking, speaking, or looking at objects

33 Images Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A measuring technique used to study brain structure and activity Combines the features of CT and PET scans fmri- observes both the functions of different structures of the brain and which structures participate in specific functions

34 Draw or type 2 things you learned in today s lesson: