Welcome it is a great day to learn about the Brain
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1 Welcome it is a great day to learn about the Brain
2 What does the Brain do? Stand up Walk around every person you pass tell them a different function the brain performs Do this until you are told to stop
3 Why do we study the Brain? Back at your tables report back what you learned about what the brain does did you learn anything new?
4 We are going to start small and go big
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6 Just as I Thought, low self esteem Why can t my skull bumps be prettier? Phrenology Franz Gall-( ) Pseudoscience-based on false assumptions. Why so popular? Individual ability to change and develop Improved treatment of the insane (organic) Encouraged people to think scientifically
7 Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
8 What are the primary parts of a typical neuron? Nervous system Neurons Dendrites Soma Axon Terminal branches of Axon Myelin Sheath
9 Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement Brings information to the brain from the senses
10 Neuron The basic building block of the nervous system -- a nerve cell Neurons perform three basic tasks Receive information Carry the information Pass the information on to the next neuron
11 Neurons Neurons fire -- send an impulse down their length -- or they don t fire Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc.
12 Parts of the Neuron
13 Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites
14 Parts of the Neuron - Soma
15 Parts of the Neuron - Axon
16 Parts of the Neuron Myelin Sheath
17 Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
18 Time to Move Locate the person furthest from you Go to that person Introduce yourself
19 Pick an A and D A = Axon D= Dendrite With your partner explain the relationship between neurons
20 Neuron
21 Neuron
22 Neural Communication: The Neural Impulse
23 Action Potential A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron. A neural impulse Considered an on condition of the neuron
24 Refractory Period The recharging phase when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again
25 Resting Potential The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential The neuron is set and ready to fire
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29 Steps of Action Potential Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across the synapse. Reached its threshold- then fires based on the all-or-none response. Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge). The mixing of + and ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal. Process continues down axon to the axon terminal. Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.
30 Neuron firing like a Toilet 1. Like a Neuron, a toilet has an action potential. When you flush, an impulse is sent down the sewer pipe
31 Neuron firing like a Toilet 2. Like a neuron, a toilet has a refractory period. There is a short delay after flushing when the toilet cannot be flushed again because the tank is being refilled
32 Neuron firing like a Toilet 3. Like a Neuron, a toilet has a resting potential. The toilet is charged when there is water in the tank and it is capable of being flushed again 4. Like a Neuron, a toilet operates on the all-or-none principle it always flushes with the same intensity, no matter how much force you apply to the handle
33 All-or-None Principle The principle that if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity All action potentials are of the same strength. A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.
34 Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems Communication Between Neurons
35 Synapse The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron The action potential cannot jump the gap
36 Neurotransmitters A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not
37 Neurotransmitters
38 Common Neurotransmitters & Functions Neurotransmitter Function Examples of Malfunctions Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Muscle action, learning, memory Movement, learning, emotion, attention Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal Controls alertness & arousal Major inhibitory NT Deterioration assoc with Alzheimer s disease Excess receptors assoc with Schizophrenia; Lack produces Pakinson s disease Undersupply linked to depression; Prozac used to raise levels Undersupply can depress mood Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, insomnia Glutamate Major excitatory NT Oversupply produces migraines/seizures.
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42 Excitatory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) The second neuron is more likely to fire.
43 Inhibitory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) The second neuron is less likely to fire.
44 Threshold The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
45 How drugs alter neurotransmitters Affected at the synapses by either blocking or amplifying NT activity. AGONIST- amplify normal sensations of arousal or pleasure ANTAGONIST- block NT functioning; can cause paralysis
46 Human Neuron Party I need 5 volunteers
47 How Neuron s work video BqdFG4&feature=related
48 Neuron Dance Everyone stand up and line up around the room. Explain neuron parts as body parts. Do the Neuron WAVE!!!!!! Key points: Don t touch each other Don t fire till it reaches you! Say each neuron part as action potential reaches the proper part
49 Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems Neural Communication: The Neural Chain
50 Receptor Cells Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.
51 Sensory Nerves (aka AFFERANT) Nerves that carry information to the central nervous system Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
52 Interneurons Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output
53 Motor Nerves (aka EFFERANT) Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body
54 A Neural Chain
55 A Neural Chain
56 A Neural Chain
57 A Neural Chain
58 A Neural Chain
59 Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems The Structure of the Nervous System
60 Who wants some $$$$$??? I ll give you the dollar if you can catch it! What does this demonstrate about our Nervous System???
61 The Nervous System
62 Central Nervous System (CNS) The brain and spinal cord The brain is the location of most information processing. The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.
63 Spinal Cord
64 Divisions of the Nervous System
65 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The sensory and motor nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body Peripheral means outer region The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
66 Divisions of the Nervous System
67 Somatic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body s skeletal muscles Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles
68 Divisions of the Nervous System
69 Autonomic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
70 Divisions of the Nervous System
71 Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats Fight or flight response
72 Divisions of the Nervous System
73 Parasympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body Brings the body back down to a relaxed state
74 Divisions of the Nervous System
75 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
76 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
77 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
78 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
79 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
80 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
81 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
82 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System The Endocrine System
83 Endocrine System One of the body s two communication systems. A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood
84 Hormone Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects
85 Pituitary Gland The endocrine system s gland that, in conjunction with the brain, controls the other endocrine glands Called the master gland Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus
86 Endocrine System Pituitary Gland
87 Thyroid Gland Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body Located in the neck
88 Endocrine System Thyroid Gland
89 Adrenal Gland Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress Located just above the kidneys Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar.
90 Endocrine System Adrenal Gland
91 Pancreatic Gland Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood
92 Endocrine System Pancreatic Gland
93 Sex Glands Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development. Testosterone primary male hormone Estrogen primary female hormone Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.
94 Endocrine System Sex Glands
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