Lesmahagow High School Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication - Learning Outcomes Key Area 2 Perception and Memory

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1 Key Area 1 Divisions of the nervous system and parts of the brain Name the structures included in the CNS State the function of the nervous system State 2 ways motor responses are made Name the divisions within the peripheral nervous system State the function of each of these divisions Describe how homeostatic control is brought about Describe the antagonistic actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on: Heart rate Breathing rate Peristalsis Intestinal secretions State the systems which control the fight or flight and rest and digest responses Identify the central core, limbic system and cerebral cortex in a diagram State the 2 structures of the central core State the functions of these structures State 2 components of the limbic system State 3 functions of the limbic system State 3 functions of the cerebral cortex Describe the localisation of the 3 functions parts of the cerebral cortex State that the brain has two hemispheres. Describe the function of the two hemispheres and how those two hemispheres communicate with each other Page 1 of 6

2 Key Area 2 Perception and Memory State what is meant by perception State the 3 areas of perception State 2 ways objects can be segregated Give 3 examples of visual cues State that the image received from each eye is different and give the term to describe this Explain how binocular disparity can be used to judge distance Explain how perceptual constancy can be used to judge distance State how objects are better recognised Describe how shape descriptions stored in memories can help to recognise unfamiliar objects State what is meant by perceptual set Give 3 examples which can influence perceptual set State what is meant by memory Describe the pathway (3 stages) for new information entering the brain State the difference between sensory memory and STM in terms of length of time information is held for and capacity State what is meant by memory span State what is meant by the serial position effect State how information is maintained in the STM State how information can be lost from the STM Describe what is meant by chucking and its function Name and describe 3 ways information is transferred from the STM to the LTM State what is meant by encoding Describe 2 methods of encoding information Explain the use of contextual cues in retrieval of information Describe the 4 types of memory State where each of the 4 types of memory are located in the brain Page 2 of 6

3 Key Area 3 The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters at synapses Be able to identify the following structures in a diagram: Dendrites Cell body Axons Myelin sheath State the function of the above structures State what is what meant by myelination State the difference in impulse conduction between 2 year olds and adolescents and adults Describe and explain the effects of destroyed myelin sheaths State 4 functions of glial cells Describe the role of neurotransmitters State 3 structures with which neurones connect with and where this occurs Describe the process of chemical transmission at a synapse using the following key words: vesicles, synaptic cleft, receptors, impulse, diffuse, nerve endings State how neurotransmitters can be removed Explain the need to remove these neurotransmitters State the 2 types of signals State the structure which determines the type of signal Describe what is meant by weak stimuli State the structure which filters out weak stimuli Describe what is meant by summation State what is meant by a converging neural pathway State what is meant by a diverging neural pathway State what is meant by a reverberating neural pathway Identify the above pathways in a diagram State what is meant by plasticity of response State 3 occasions when plasticity of response would occur Page 3 of 6

4 Key Area 3 The cells of the nervous system and neurotransmitters at synapses (CONTINUED) State the role of endorphins State 4 ways endorphin levels in the body can be increased State 3 effects increased levels of endorphins can have on the body State what is meant by the reward pathway Describe dopamine s role in the reward pathway. Name 2 neurotransmitter related disorders Describe how agonists, antagonists and other drugs (inhibitors) work when treating neurotransmitter related disorders State the type of drugs that can alter a person s neurochemistry State the 4 ways in which use of recreational drugs can alter a person s neurochemistry. State 4 ways recreational drugs can effect neurotransmitter action State the link between recreational drugs and the reward circuit Describe what is meant by sensitisation and what it can lead to Describe what is meant by desensitisation and what it can lead to Page 4 of 6

5 Key Area 4 Communication and Social Behaviour State the name of the experiment which determines infant attachment State the age when attachment becomes evident Describe the responses of a child who has secure attachment (description should include the entry and exit of mother and stranger) Describe the responses of a child who has insecure attachment (description should include the entry and exit of mother and stranger) Explain why early infant attachment is important Explain the importance of a human s long period of dependency on adults Describe the link between parental control as children develop and the child s social competence as an adult Name the 2 types of communication Give examples of non-verbal communication Explain the importance of non-verbal communication State 2 further functions of non-verbal communication State 3 important features of verbal communication Describe the importance of language and the use of symbols State what is meant by learning Explain how a motor pathway can be established State 2 ways human behaviour may be learned State what is meant by trial and error State 3 techniques which can be seen in the trial and error process State what is meant by: o Reinforcement o Shaping o Extinction State what is meant by: o Generalisation o Discrimination Page 5 of 6

6 State what is meant by: o Social facilitation o De-individuation o Internalisation o Identification Page 6 of 6