Neuropsychology 1 Coape Diploma Module Neuropsychology 1 (RFT) 1/29/2012 Chapter 5 Nervous System and Special Senses

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1 1 Neuropsychology ESSENTIAL REFERENCE TEXT Chapter 5 Nervous System and Special Senses 1

2 4 ESSENTIAL REFERENCE TEXT Chapters 1 to 7 5 Brain Website Genes and Cognition online: 6 Neuropsychology The brain is the organ that moves the muscles Movement = behaviour Behaviour is the primary function of the nervous system Behaviour is modified by feelings Feelings are generated in the brain 2

3 Leonardo da Vinci ( ) 7 Anatomical terms 8 Microscope not invented until the 1600s Studied what could be seen by the naked eye gross anatomy Anatomy is necessarily the most graphic of all the sciences Always been represented in pictures Described and named in terms of what things looked like in comparison to familiar objects Or their location in the body The scientific language of the time was predominantly Latin or Greek Anatomical terms 9 Hippocampus: campus=sea monster, hippos=horse (GREEK) Medulla: marrow (LATIN) C lli l hill (LATIN) Colliculus: hill (LATIN) Dendrite: branching, tree (GREEK) Corpus callosum: corpus=body, callosum=hard (LATIN) 3

4 Anatomical terms 10 Greek = diseases Diabetes = syphon Dys = disordered Oedema swelling Embolus = plug Aneurism = wide (A)taxia = order Latin = anatomy Mellitus = sweet Corpus = body Caudal = tail Medulla = marrow Colliculus = hill Nucleus = nut Anatomical terms 11 Anatomists vs. physiologists Anatomists structure, what it looks like, where it is in the body Physiologists what it does = functional units NEUROAXIS 12 4

5 13 NEUROAXIS anterior - located near or toward the head posterior - located near or toward the tail cranial - toward the beak or nose rostral - toward the beak or nose caudal - away from the beak or nose (toward the tail) dorsal - toward the back or top of the head ventral - toward the belly or bottom of the head superior -above inferior -below lateral -away from the midline and toward the side medial - toward the midline and away from the side proximal - close to the point of attachment and nearest the centre of the body distal - far from the point of attachment and furthest from the centre of the body ipsilateral - structures on the same side of the body contralateral - structures on opposite sides of the body

6 16 Autonomic Nervous System Neurons (100 billion) 100,000,000,000 Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons): to brain, touch, heat cold, pain etc. Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons): to a skeletal muscle that causes movement, they are called motor neurons. Interneurons: connect neurons to other neurons. Found only in the CNS. Account for the vast majority of all the neurons that make up the nervous system. 17 Afferent Neuron (Sensory Neuron) 18 Efferent Neuron (Motor Neuron) 6

7 Monosynaptic Reflex 19 Polysynaptic Reflex STUDENT SELF- STUDY AREA 7

8 22 Mushy mushroom 2% of body weight 20% all energy Light up a bulb CNS = 100 billion neurons most in the brain 60 trillion synapses 60,000,000,000, Entire CNS forms around hollow NEURAL TUBE DOG 15 days after conception HUMAN 28 days Pros = before Mesos = middle Rhombos = diamond shaped Become forebrain, midbrain & hindbrain Various parts of the neural tube elongate, wrinkle and fold, and some of the tissue surrounding it thickens to form the brain s final shape. 8

9 POST- NATAL Organisation of the Brain PRENATAL Hour Old Chick Embryo 40x 26 Myelencephalon Metencephalon Mesencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon 27 9

10 28 Encephalisation Cerebral cortex (grey matter) only 3mm thick in humans! Size matters! Encephalisation 29 70kg 500kg 30 10

11 32 Anatomists vs. physiologists! YOUR SENSE OF HAVING A BODY IS JUST A CLEVER ILLUSION! 33 HUMANS visual, auditory, sensory and primary motor cortex = ¼ cerebral cortex Areas outside of coloured areas = association cortices RULE larger association cortices = more intelligent 34 Somatotopic Organisation Homunculus Somatosensory Cortex 11

12

13 Right and left halves cerebral hemispheres separate We all have two brains Joined by 200 million nerve fibres Co-operate with each other Lateralised Contra-laterally 38 Lateralisation in Humans 39 Left Cerebral Hemisphere Right Cerebral Hemisphere Logical, unmoved by life s ups and downs, jolly, optimistic Emotional, fearful, mournful, pessimistic Deals with inputs one at a time Integrates many inputs at once Processes information in a linear and sequential manner Processes information more diffusely and simultaneously Deals with time Deals with space Responsible for verbal expression and language Responsible for gestures, facial movements, and body language Specialises in recognising words and numbers Specialises in recognising places, faces, objects, and music Does logical and analytical thinking Does intuitive and holistic thinking The seat of reason The seat of passion and dreams Crucial side for wordsmiths and engineers Crucial side for artists, craftsman, and musicians Seizures 40 13

14 41 Limbic system Physiological term, not an anatomical one Emotions Happiness, fear, anger etc Stereo one on each side NOT lateralised acts as ONE 42 Limbic system Cingulate cortex Interface between decision making cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex & limbic system Hippocampus Modulation of emotion-driven behaviours 43 14

15 Limbic system Amygdala Survival responses Feelings Anger, rage, FEAR Charges memory with meaning so remembered Hippocampus 44 Limbic system Hippocampus laying down and retrieving memories, especially those of emotional or personal events (PTSD) Memory halfway house ARE lateralised left and right 45 Limbic system Hypothalamus Homeostasis hunger, thirst, temperature Feelings pleasure with food etc. Bodily responses to emotional event Hippocampus 46 15

16 47 Limbic system Hypothalamus Direct link to sympathetic nervous system Pituitary stress hormones HPA (Hypothalamic Pituitary - Adrenal) axis 48 Organisation of the Brain POST- NATAL PRENATAL 49 Other structures Thalamus 2 egg-shaped structures in middle of brain Sensory switchboard all input goes to thalamus. Relayed to cerebral cortex 16

17 Other structures Brain stem Innermost core of brain Joins spinal cord to brain like plant stem Sensory & motor tracts cross 50 Medulla oblongata Reflex centres of heartbeat, breathing, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting etc. Other structures 51 Other structures Tegmentum Reticular formation arousal, sleep Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) species-specific behaviours fight, mate, herd sheep = motor patterns 52 17

18 Other structures Cerebellum little brain Learned, automatic behaviours Unconscious 10% brain mass 50% brain s neurons 53 Other structures Cerebellum Well developed in most species 54 CLASS WORKBOOK 55 18

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