Amphetamine availability predicts amphetamine-related mental health admissions: A time series analysis
|
|
- Briana Ferguson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 763538ANP / ANZJP ArticlesSara et al. research-article2018 Research Amphetamine availability predicts amphetamine-related mental health admissions: A time series analysis Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2018, Vol. 52(11) DOI: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2018 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions journals.sagepub.com/home/anp Grant Sara 1,2, Clifford Baxter 3, Patricia Menendez 4 and Julia Lappin 5,6 Editor s Choice Abstract Objective: Amphetamine use and availability have increased in Australia and there are concerns that this has led to more frequent hospital admissions with amphetamine-related psychosis. This study examines whether amphetaminerelated admissions to mental health units are more common at times of greater amphetamine availability. Methods: We conducted an ecological study using aggregate crime and health service data for NSW, Australia, from January 2000 to March Amphetamine-related criminal incidents (arrests or cautions for possession or use) were used as an indirect measure of amphetamine availability. Semiparametric time series analysis was used to compare monthly arrest rates to monthly hospitalisation rates for (1) amphetamine abuse or dependence, (2) amphetaminerelated psychosis and (3) any psychosis. Results: Amphetamine-related admissions to NSW mental health units have increased four- to fivefold since 2009 and comprised approximately 10% of all admissions to these units in early There was a significant association between arrests and amphetamine-related admissions. After adjustment for seasonal variation, this effect demonstrated a time lag of 1 2 months. There was no relationship between amphetamine arrests and overall admissions for psychosis. Conclusion: Greater amphetamine availability significantly predicts admissions for amphetamine use disorders and amphetamine-related psychosis. Better treatment strategies are needed to break the nexus between drug availability and drug-related harm. Keywords Methamphetamine, psychosis, hospital admission, time series, amphetamine Introduction Methamphetamine availability and use has increased substantially in Australia over the last 5 years (Degenhardt et al., 2017). Psychotic disorders are among the most serious harms associated with amphetamine misuse (Darke et al., 2008; McKetin et al., 2013) and have significant impacts for individuals, families and the health system. Around half of injecting amphetamine users meet the criteria for a current or lifetime psychotic disorder (Hides et al., 2015). More than 16% of Australians with a first hospitalisation for psychosis have comorbid amphetamine misuse, 10 times the rate of the age-matched Australian population (Sara et al., 2013). Amphetamine misuse is associated with more frequent hospital admissions and greater social disruption in people with enduring psychotic disorders such as 1 InforMH, NSW Ministry of Health, North Ryde, NSW, Australia 2 Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 3 Manly Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia 4 School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 5 National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 6 School of Psychiatry, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia Corresponding author: Grant Sara, InforMH, NSW Ministry of Health, PO Box 169, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. Grant.Sara@health.nsw.gov.au
2 Sara et al schizophrenia (Sara et al., 2014). Therefore, it is important to understand the extent to which changes in amphetamine availability and use contribute to an increased burden of psychosis in Australian populations and health services. This study examines whether hospital admissions with amphetamine-related psychoses are more common at times of greater amphetamine availability. We use arrests for amphetamine possession or use as a measure of amphetamine availability in the community. Drug-related arrests have been shown to be an indirect but valid measure of drug availability and to correlate with other measures including changes in purity and drug-related harms (Rosenfeld and Decker, 1999; Snowball et al., 2008). We have previously reported that fluctuations in amphetamine availability explained 50% of the variation in admissions to NSW public hospital mental health units with amphetamine-related psychosis between 2000 and 2009 (Sara et al., 2011). The increased amphetamine availability and use in Australia since 2010 (Degenhardt et al., 2017) and the change towards greater use of more potent forms such as crystal methamphetamine (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017) suggest that this evidence should be updated. This study examines NSW police and hospital data from 2000 to 2015 and applies a time series analysis approach to examining the relationship between availability (arrests) and harm (hospital admissions). Methods Aggregated data were obtained from routinely collected crime and health datasets and used with permission of the relevant data custodians. Amphetamine use and possession data ( Amphetamine Arrests ) were provided by NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics. This comprised the total number of criminal incidents of amphetamine possession and/ or use detected by or reported to NSW Police. In addition to arrests, criminal incidents include some cautions and persons diverted from court through the use of infringement notices or youth justice conferences. Mental Health admissions data were extracted from the NSW Health Information Exchange (HIE). Same day or overnight inpatient episodes of people aged years in designated adult acute mental health units were included. To ensure that the timing of admission reflected the timing of possible community exposure to amphetamines, the following were excluded: (1) acute adult units with a tertiary referral role (e.g. forensic units, neuropsychiatry units, day programmes, ECT suites); (2) admissions following transfer from another hospital, a nursing home or due to statistical type-change within a facility; and (3) episodes where greater than 1 week elapsed between admission to hospital and transfer to an acute mental health unit. Psychosis was defined by a primary diagnosis with an International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis code of psychotic disorder (F20-29), specific drug-induced psychoses (F1x.5, F1x.7) or affective psychoses where psychotic symptoms were specified (F30.2, F31.2, F31.5, F32.3, F33.3). Amphetamine use disorders were identified by primary or additional diagnosis codes for amphetamine abuse, dependence, intoxication or withdrawal. Amphetamine-induced psychosis diagnoses were recorded as both psychoses and amphetamine disorders. All diagnoses were routine clinical diagnoses as made and recorded by the team responsible for the clinical care of that hospital episode. Statistical analysis Monthly police and health data were compared using semiparametric time series analysis. Three outcome variables were examined separately: (1) hospital admissions with amphetamine abuse or dependence ( Amphetamine Abuse ), (2) hospital admissions with amphetamine-related psychosis ( Amphetamine Psychosis ) and (3) all hospital admissions with psychosis ( All Psychosis ). Generalised additive models (GAM; Wood, 2006) were used, comparing each outcome variable (Abuse or Psychosis) to the independent variable of amphetamine possession and use, after adjusting for seasonal variation and unmeasured factors via a smooth function s(t). The GAM model takes the form log( µ ) =α+ βseasonal + st ( ) + t ypoisson( µ ) t t K β l= 0 t l Amph useand possession + errors where α is the model s intercept, β = (January,..., November) measures the monthly seasonal effects and β measures the contemporaneous and lagged effects of Amphetamine use and possession. Lag terms were included because there is likely to be a time lag between a peak in drug availability and possible health effects, due to delays in distribution, use or the possible generation of cumulative health effects. The number of lagged terms (K) in the models was decided by model comparison using the Akaike information criterion (Akaike, 1998). The errors were assumed to follow an autoregressive model of order 1. The cumulative percentage increase in either Abuse or Psychosis associated with a unit increase in amphetamine use and possession on a given month was calculated, including lag effects by examining cumulative or total effect Cumulative effect = l= 0 t l beta l To account for possible unmeasured confounders affecting the response variable, the model includes a smooth varying temporal function s(t), which was estimated based K t l
3 1052 ANZJP Articles on generalised cross-validation (Peng et al., 2005, 2006). Finally, the errors in the models include an autoregressive process of order one (AR1) to account for the autocorrelation due to the time series nature of the measurements. Results Monthly data were available for 61 months from January 2000 to March 2015 inclusive. On average, there were 2482 eligible admissions to mental health units per month, of which 887 (36%) had a diagnosis of psychosis and 128 (5%) had any amphetamine-related diagnosis. There were an average of 39 admissions per month with Amphetamine Psychosis (1.6% of all admissions, 4.4% of All Psychosis). There was a steady increase in arrests and admission indicators from 2009 to 2015 (Figure 1). In 2009, there were 844 amphetamine-related admissions (2.7% of total), including 198 Amphetamine Psychosis admissions (1.8% of all psychosis admissions). By contrast, in the first quarter of 2015, amphetamine-related admissions comprised 9.9% of all mental health admissions, and Amphetamine Psychosis admissions comprised 10.0% of All Psychosis admissions. In the same period, there were on average 250 Amphetamine Arrests per month, increasing from 153 per month in 2009 to 607 per month in the first quarter of Table 1 summarises the time series analysis. There was a seasonal trend in admissions for Amphetamine Abuse, which were more common in summer months (December, January). The same trend was not seen for Amphetamine Psychosis. After controlling for seasonal trends, there was a significant positive relationship between Amphetamine Arrests and hospital admissions for Amphetamine Abuse and Amphetamine Psychosis. This association demonstrated a time lag, with Amphetamine Abuse and Amphetamine Psychosis admissions being significantly increased at 1 and 2 months following an increase in Amphetamine Arrests. Based on the estimated cumulative effects, each 10 unit (approximately 4%) increase in Amphetamine Arrests was associated with a 3% increase in admissions to mental health units with Amphetamine Abuse and a 4% increase in admissions for Amphetamine Psychosis. There was no significant relationship between Amphetamine Arrests and All Psychosis admissions. Conclusion We found a strong relationship between an indirect measure of amphetamine availability (criminal incidents of amphetamine possession and use) and rates of amphetamine-related admission to mental health units. In NSW, from 2000 to 2015, measures of amphetamine availability and amphetamine-related hospitalisation both increased four- to fivefold, rising steadily from a low in 2009 to the end of the observation period in These were large relative increases; however, amphetamine-related admissions to mental health units comprised a small minority of total mental health admissions. During the study period, less than 5% of admissions to mental health units included an amphetaminerelated diagnosis. The timing and scale of our findings are consistent with other Australian evidence. Since 2009 there have been steady increases in measures of amphetamine availability, including border seizures, clandestine laboratory detections and amphetamine seizure purity (Australian Crime Commission, 2017; Degenhardt et al., 2017). These have been mirrored by increases in amphetamine-related drug helpline calls, drug and alcohol treatment episodes and amphetamine-related hospitalisations (Degenhardt et al., 2017). Additional evidence is provided by waste-water analysis, which has emerged as a sensitive mechanism for monitoring spatial and temporal trends in illicit drug use (Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, 2017). These studies estimate that amphetamine use increased 3.4- to 4.8-fold in South East Queensland from 2009 to 2015 (Lai et al., 2016) and more than doubled in South Australia from 2011 to 2015 (Tscharke et al., 2016). The National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHDS) provides three-yearly measures of drug use in the Australian population. Self-reported amphetamine use has declined steadily since 2001, being overtaken by the use of cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy ) (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017). However, among amphetamine users, there is a continued trend towards greater frequency of daily or weekly use, greater frequency of injecting use and the use of crystal methamphetamine in place of powder or base forms (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017). These patterns of use are all associated with greater harms and specifically with an increased risk of psychosis (Hides et al., 2015; Lappin et al., 2016; McKetin et al., 2013). There was a small but significant time lag in our findings: increased amphetamine availability preceded increased amphetamine-related admissions by 1 2 months. This time lag is consistent with the typical time course of amphetamine-related psychoses. Brief or transient psychotic symptoms may occur within hours of amphetamine use (Curran et al., 2004), but symptoms sufficient to require hospital admission often occur in the context of prolonged or dependent use (Lappin et al., 2016; McKetin et al., 2013). This consistent time lag also makes some other possible explanations for our findings less likely, such as greater awareness and data capture by both police and health staff, or greater diversion of people from police to hospital at the time of amphetamine-related arrests. This study has a number of limitations. First, we have used the number of amphetamine-related arrests as our primary independent variable and treated this as an indirect measure of amphetamine availability. There is evidence supporting the validity of drug-related arrests as a measure of drug availability (Rosenfeld and Decker, 1999; Snowball
4 Sara et al Figure 1. Monthly measures of amphetamine availability (Arrests for amphetamine use and possession) and amphetamine-related admissions to mental NSW mental health units, January 2000 March 2015.
5 1054 ANZJP Articles Table 1. Generalised additive model examining the association between amphetamine availability (Amphetamine Arrests) and admission to a NSW mental health unit with amphetamine-related harms or psychosis, Amphetamine Abuse Amphetamine Psychosis All Psychosis Parameters Estimate SE t p Estimate SE t p Estimate SE t p Intercept <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** Calendar month January * <0.001*** February ** March ** April *** <0.001*** May <0.001*** June ** July <0.001*** August <0.001*** September October <0.001*** November ** December Amphetamine arrests Current month Lag 1 Month * * Lag 2 Month * <0.001*** SE: standard error. Calendar month figures show seasonal variation, with December as the reference month. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p <
6 Sara et al et al., 2008; Warner and Coomer, 2016). However, variations in arrests may also be influenced by changes in the prioritisation of policing activities or changes in awareness and data collection regarding amphetamines. The use of arrest figures in this way has been debated because of evidence that police activity may be more focused on disadvantaged or marginalised groups (Warner and Coomer, 2016). While acknowledging the limitations of the measure used, it is important to note that there is no perfect measure of the community availability of illicit drugs. Household surveys are open to response bias, are insensitive to hotspots and marginalised groups, and have insufficient temporal resolution for this type of analysis. Drug purity data is also influenced by changes in police activity or practice. Drug price data is primarily obtained from sentinel drug user surveys, and unit drug prices often remain relatively stable despite changes in drug availability (Caulkins, 2007). The consistency of the NSW arrests data with other Australian data on drug seizures, purity and harms provides some convergent validation of the measure used. Second, we used routinely recorded clinical diagnoses of amphetamine abuse, dependence or psychosis as our primary dependent variables. Diagnoses recorded in routine clinical care are likely to underestimate the true prevalence of substance use disorders and may be influenced by changing awareness among clinicians or clinical coders. It is possible that the increase in Amphetamine Psychosis admissions without a corresponding increase in All Psychosis admissions is consistent with changes in awareness and diagnostic practice rather than a true increase in amphetamine-related psychoses. However, the high occupancy and fixed bed numbers of typical acute mental health units mean that genuine increases in demand may be reflected in a change in diagnostic mix rather than an increase in the total number of admissions. Third, the study used an ecological design, comparing aggregate state-wide data on arrests and admissions. We cannot demonstrate a link between availability and harms in individuals or specific geographical regions. We cannot identify whether increased arrests or admissions reflect a greater number of individuals or merely a greater number of events per individual. The changing pattern of amphetamine use in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017) suggests that the increased harms may be occurring in the smaller group of individuals with more frequent or dependent amphetamine use. While acknowledging these limitations, the apparent link between greater amphetamine availability and more frequent admissions has implications for clinical care and for policy. It has been argued that amphetamines have been a major factor in increasing demand and acuity in mental health inpatient services (Australian Senate Select Committee on Mental Health, 2006). We found a substantial relative increase, but a modest absolute increase in amphetamine-related admissions. Admissions with amphetamine-related psychoses accounted for 5 10% of all psychosis admissions, and changes in amphetamine availability were not associated with an increase in overall admissions for psychosis. However, when bed occupancy is high, even modest increases in demand may have a major impact on service capacity. Rates of substance use are influenced by personal, cultural and economic factors, including market signals such as availability and price (Johnson and Golub, 2007). Do our findings therefore provide an argument for a greater focus on strategies to reduce amphetamine availability, in order to reduce psychosis and other harms? We would argue that they do not. Amphetamine availability in Australia has continued to increase despite significant investments in precursor controls, border interceptions and policing (Australian Crime Commission, 2017). Large amphetamine seizures have not been associated with any reduction in amphetamine-related harms (Wan et al., 2016). If arrests for amphetamine possession led to reductions in amphetamine use, our study should have found an inverse correlation between arrests and admissions rather than the positive correlation observed. Instead, our findings underline the challenge of limiting or reducing drug-related harms at a time of greater drug availability. Possible interventions may include early education and harm reduction strategies which facilitate engagement and treatment of at-risk individuals as early as possible in their substance use histories. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and contingency management have been shown to be effective psychological treatments for amphetamine dependence (Lee and Rawson, 2008). Longterm residential rehabilitation can reduce amphetamine use and harm (McKetin et al., 2012). There are no proven pharmacotherapies for people with established amphetamine dependence (Darke and Farrell, 2016); however, supply control with prescription amphetamines has been proposed as a less harmful alternative with potential to regulate purity and reduce policing costs (Dobry and Sher, 2012). In conclusion, this study has demonstrated a strong correlation between fluctuations in amphetamine availability (as measured by arrests) and amphetamine-related admissions to mental health units. Hospital admission for amphetamine-related psychosis has increased four- to fivefold during a period of apparently increasing amphetamine availability. Globally, amphetamine use continues to rise. Strategies are needed to break the nexus between amphetamine availability and amphetamine-related harms, including psychosis. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
7 1056 ANZJP Articles ORCID id Grant Sara References Akaike H (1998) A new look at the statistical model identification. In: Parzen E, Tanabe K and Kitagawa G (eds) Selected Papers of Hirotugu Akaike. New York: Springer, pp Australian Crime Commission (2017) Illicit Drug Data Report Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Crime Commission. Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (2017) National Wastewater Monitoring Program: Report 1. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Government. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2017) National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016: Detailed Findings. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian Senate Select Committee on Mental Health (2006) A National Approach to Mental Health: From Crisis to Community (First Report). Canberra, ACT, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. Caulkins JP (2007) Price and purity analysis for illicit drug: Data and conceptual issues. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 90: S61 S68. Curran C, Byrappa N and McBride A (2004) Stimulant psychosis: A systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 185: Darke S and Farrell M (2016) Which medications are suitable for agonist drug maintenance? Addiction 111: Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, et al. (2008) Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug and Alcohol Review 27: Degenhardt L, Sara G, McKetin R, et al. (2017) Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine-related harms in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review 36: Dobry Y and Sher L (2012) Stimulant substitution in methamphetamine dependence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46: Hides L, Dawe S, McKetin R, et al. (2015) Primary and substance-induced psychotic disorders in methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Research 226: Johnson BD and Golub A (2007) The potential for accurately measuring behavioral and economic dimensions of consumption, prices, and markets for illegal drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 90: S16 S26. Lai FY, O Brien J, Thai PK, et al. (2016) Trends in methamphetamine residues in wastewater in metropolitan and regional cities in south-east Queensland, Medical Journal of Australia 204: Lappin J, Roxburgh A, Kaye S, et al. (2016) Increased prevalence of selfreported psychotic illness predicted by crystal methamphetamine use: Evidence from a high-risk population. International Journal of Drug Policy 38: Lee NK and Rawson RA (2008) A systematic review of cognitive and behavioural therapies for methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Review 27: McKetin R, Lubman DI, Baker AL, et al. (2013) Dose-related psychotic symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry 70: McKetin R, Najman JM, Baker AL, et al. (2012) Evaluating the impact of community-based treatment options on methamphetamine use: Findings from the Methamphetamine Treatment Evaluation Study (MATES). Addiction 107: Peng RD, Dominici F and Louis TA (2006) Model choice in time series studies of air pollution and mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A 169: Peng RD, Dominici F, Pastor-Barriuso R, et al. (2005) Seasonal analyses of air pollution and mortality in 100 US cities. American Journal of Epidemiology 161: Rosenfeld R and Decker S (1999) Are arrest statistics a valid measure of illicit drug use? The relationship between criminal justice and public health indicators of cocaine, heroin and marijuana use. Justice Quarterly 16: Sara G, Burgess P, Malhi G, et al. (2011) Amphetamine availability and admissions for psychosis in NSW, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45: Sara G, Burgess P, Malhi G, et al. (2013) Differences in associations between cannabis and stimulant disorders in first admission psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 147: Sara G, Burgess PM, Malhi G, et al. (2014) Stimulant and other substance use disorders in schizophrenia: Prevalence, associations and impacts in a population sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48: Snowball E, Moffat S, Weatherburn D, et al. (2008) Did the heroin shortage increase amphetamine use? A time series analysis. Crime and Justice Bulletin 114: 1 8. Tscharke BJ, Chen C, Gerber JP, et al. (2016) Temporal trends in drug use in Adelaide, South Australia by wastewater analysis. Science of the Total Environment 565: Wan W-Y, Weatherburn D, Wardlaw G, et al. (2016) Do drug seizures predict drug-related emergency department presentations or arrests for drug use and possession? International Journal of Drug Policy 27: Warner BD and Coomer BW (2016) Neighborhood drug arrest rates: Are they a meaningful indicator of drug activity? A research note. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40: Wood SN (2006) Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. London: Chapman & Hall; CRC Press.
Drug related hospital stays in Australia
Prepared by Funded by Amanda Roxburgh and Courtney Breen, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre the Australian Government Department of Health Recommended Roxburgh, A. and Breen, C (217). Drug-related
More informationDrug-related hospital stays in Australia
Drug-related hospital stays in Australia 1993 2012 Prepared by Funded by Amanda Roxburgh and Lucy Burns, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing
More informationDrug-related hospital stays in Australia
Drug-related hospital stays in Australia 1993-213 Prepared by Amanda Roxburgh and Lucinda Burns, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Funded by the Australian Government Department of Health Introduction
More informationILLICIT DRUG REPORTING SYSTEM DRUG TRENDS BULLETIN
ILLICIT DRUG REPORTING SYSTEM APRIL 17 Forms of methamphetamine used in SA and recent use over time: 7-16 Authors: Antonia Karlsson, Rachel Sutherland, Kerryn Butler & Courtney Breen. National Drug and
More informationAuthor: Laura A Scott and Lucy Burns, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales
EDRS april 2011 Author: Laura A Scott and Lucy Burns, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Suggested citation: Scott, L. A. & Burns, L. (2011). Has ecstasy peaked? A
More informationCocaine and Methamphetamine related drug-induced deaths in Australia, 2011
Cocaine and Methamphetamine related drug-induced deaths in Australia, 2011 Recommended citation: Roxburgh, A. and Burns, L (2015). Cocaine and methamphetamine related drug-induced deaths in Australia,
More informationEcstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System drug trends bulletin April 2013 Supplement
Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System April 2013 Supplement Revisiting recruitment issues in Australia s remote Top End: Psychostimulant users, price and proposed changes Authors: Elizabeth Whittaker,
More informationKey findings for drug use patterns & drug markets
EDRS participants & Recruitment Key findings for drug use patterns & drug markets Risk behaviours Help seeking Implications 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of EDRS participants
More informationillicit drug reporting system drug trends bulletin Key findings from the 2015 IDRS: a survey of people who inject drugs Introduction
illicit drug reporting system October 0 Key findings from the 0 IDRS: a survey of people who inject drugs Authors: Jennifer Stafford, Courtney Breen and Lucinda Burns Drug and Alcohol Research Centre,
More informationWhat is Drug Trends? funded by the Australian Government under the Substance Misuse Prevention and Service Improvement Grants Fund
What is Drug Trends? funded by the Australian Government under the Substance Misuse Prevention and Service Improvement Grants Fund Outline How do we monitor drug trends in Australia Aims Methodology Drug
More informationMeasuring the Illegal Drug Economy of Australia in a National Accounts Framework: Some Experimental Estimates Drug Policy Modelling Program Symposium
Measuring the Illegal Drug Economy of Australia in a National Accounts Framework: Some Experimental Estimates Drug Policy Modelling Program Symposium Friday March 16, 2012 Derick Cullen and Adam Gajewski
More informationA Snapshot of Substance Use: Licit and Illicit Drug Use Yesterday among People Who Inject Drugs in Australia ( ).
illicit drug reporting system july 2016 A Snapshot of Substance Use: Licit and Illicit Drug Use Yesterday among People Who Inject Drugs in Australia (2006-2015). Authors: Amy Peacock 1,2, Bethany Lusk
More informationStatistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2007
Statistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2007 Summary For the first time, this annual statistical bulletin presents information on drug misuse among both adults and children. The topics covered include: Prevalence
More informationMental health: targeting new investment
Mental health: targeting new investment July, 2018 The Victorian mental health care system is at a critical point. A history of chronically under-funded services have led to a system which is not meeting
More informationEmma Black and Louisa Degenhardt National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales
Acknowledgements The authors were supported by the NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, with core funding provided by the NSW Department of Health, the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority and the Motor
More informationA reduction in the availability of heroin in Australia
A reduction in the availability of heroin in Australia RICHARD P. MATTICK Professor of Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, and Director
More informationStatistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2008
Statistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2008 Summary This annual statistical report presents information on drug misuse among both adults and children. It includes a focus on young adults. The topics covered
More informationbulletin criminal justice Police drug diversion in Australia Key Points Jennifer Ogilvie and Katie Willis
criminal justice bulletin Police drug diversion in Australia Key Points Jennifer Ogilvie and Katie Willis Diversion involves the redirection of offenders away from conventional criminal justice processes.
More informationKey findings from the 2014 IDRS: a survey of people who inject drugs
illicit drug reporting system october 0 Key findings from the 0 IDRS: a survey of people who inject drugs Authors: Jennifer Stafford and Lucy Burns, Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New
More informationtrends bulletin ecstasy and related drug Key findings An overview of the 2011 EDRS: What is happening to ecstacy and related drugs in Australia?
ecstasy and related drug trends october bulletin Authors: Natasha Sindicich and Lucy Burns, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Funded by the Australian Government
More informationTaking Stock of the 2009 PoA Research and Trend Analysis Branch
Taking Stock of the 2009 PoA Research and Trend Analysis Branch Eliminate or reduce significantly and measurably: The five targets Illicit cultivation of opium, coca, cannabis Illicit demand of drugs and
More informationCocaine. Key Points 60 ILLICIT DRUG DATA REPORT
Cocaine Key Points The total weight of cocaine detected at the border in 2006 07 increased by over 600 percent. However, it is still lower than the peak detected weight recorded in 2001 02. More than half
More informationdrug trends bulletin Driving behaviours among people who inject drugs in South Australia, Key findings december 2011 ISSN
drug trends december 2011 bulletin Authors: Rachel Sutherland and Lucy Burns, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Funded by the Australian Government Department of
More informationEcstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System drug trends bulletin July 2012
Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System July 2012 Criminal activity among regular ecstasy users in Australia: Prevalence and predictors. Authors: Rachel Sutherland and Lucy Burns National Drug and Alcohol
More informationCocaine Use Among a Sample of Police Detainees
TRENDS & ISSUES in crime and criminal justice No. 276 May 2004 Cocaine Use Among a Sample of Police Detainees Lee Milner and Kiah McGregor The use of cocaine in Australia, among both the general population
More informationMissed opportunities for early intervention in first episode psychosis in methamphetamine users. Dr Julia Lappin, NDARC & UNSW School of Psychiatry
Missed opportunities for early intervention in first episode psychosis in methamphetamine users Dr Julia Lappin, NDARC & UNSW School of Psychiatry Today s talk: Methamphetamine & Psychosis What is psychosis?
More information2002 AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS DATA ON ACCIDENTAL DRUG-INDUCED DEATHS DUE TO OPIOIDS
OPIOID OVERDOSE DEATHS IN AUSTRALIA 2002 Edition 2002 AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS DATA ON ACCIDENTAL DRUG-INDUCED DEATHS DUE TO OPIOIDS O This bulletin provides data on accidental opioid deaths in
More informationEMBARGOED NOT FOR RELEASE PRIOR TO AM WEDNESDAY OCTOBER
Media Release National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre EMBARGOED NOT FOR RELEASE PRIOR TO 12.05 AM WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 14 2015 Crystal methamphetamine use increases by six per cent among people who inject
More informationSt Vincent s Hospital Sydney, Drug and Alcohol Service, S-Check Clinic
St Vincent s Hospital Sydney, Drug and Alcohol Service, S-Check Clinic Evaluation Report Never Stand Still Art Social Sciences Centre for Social Research in Health Loren Brener, Joanne Bryant, Hannah Wilson,
More informationModels of good practice in drug treatment in Europe. Project group
Models of good practice in drug treatment in Europe ( moretreat 2006329 ) Project group Hamburg, London, Rome, Stockholm, Vienna, Warsaw, Zurich Project duration: 17 months from April 2006 August 2008
More informationOVERDOSE DEATHS IN AUSTRALIA COCAINE AND METHAMPHETAMINE MENTIONS IN ACCIDENTAL DRUG-INDUCED DEATHS IN AUSTRALIA,
VERDSE DEATHS IN AUSTRALIA 2002 Edition CCAINE AND METHAMPHETAMINE MENTINS IN ACCIDENTAL DRUG-INDUCED DEATHS IN AUSTRALIA, 1997-2002 Recent years have seen an increase in the number of persons sampled
More informationDeveloping a drug monitoring system for New Zealand: IDMS
Developing a drug monitoring system for New Zealand: IDMS 2006-2016 NDEWS webinar "Examining Global Drug Early Warning Systems 26 th September 2017 Chris Wilkins SHORE & Whariki Research Centre College
More informationSUPPORTING WORKERS TO ADDRESS METHAMPHETAMINE IN QUEENSLAND (SWAM) Dr Nikola Ognyenovits Jeff Buckley Michelle Taylor Karen Hassan
SUPPORTING WORKERS TO ADDRESS METHAMPHETAMINE IN QUEENSLAND (SWAM) Dr Nikola Ognyenovits Jeff Buckley Michelle Taylor Karen Hassan Acknowledgement to Country. Firstly, a brief history of methamphetamine!
More informationThe influence of depression on treatment for methamphetamine use
SUPPLEMENT The influence of depression on treatment for methamphetamine use Frances J Kay-Lambkin, Amanda L Baker, Nicole M Lee, Linda Jenner and Terry J Lewin Methamphetamine use is common internationally,
More informationChanges in indicators of methamphetamine use and. property crime rates in Oregon
Changes in indicators of methamphetamine use and property crime rates in Oregon Meredith L. Bliss, Research Analyst, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission Salem, Oregon 17 February 2004 Nothing in this report
More informationAN OPTIMAL REGULATORY MIX FOR METHAMPHETAMINE PRECURSORS?
AN OPTIMAL REGULATORY MIX FOR METHAMPHETAMINE PRECURSORS? Janet Ransley Griffith University Responding to methamphetamine problems How should governments respond to the problem of domestic, illicit production
More informationStatistical Bulletin. The methamphetamine market: police detainee perspectives. Trends in reported methamphetamine use. April 2018
Statistical Bulletin 06 ISSN 2206-7302 April 2018 Abstract The data in this report were collected as part of the Australian Institute of Criminology s Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program, which
More informationWhat is harm reduction?
What is harm reduction? The International Harm Reduction Association (IHRA) defines harm reduction as the policies, programmes and practices that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of psychoactive
More informationGisev et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:920
Gisev et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:920 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Offending, custody and opioid substitution therapy treatment utilisation among opioid-dependent people in contact with the criminal
More informationBROMLEY JOINT STRATEGIC NEEDS ASSESSMENT Substance misuse is the harmful use of substances (such as drugs and alcohol) for non-medical purposes.
13. Substance Misuse Introduction Substance misuse is the harmful use of substances (such as drugs and alcohol) for non-medical purposes. The term substance misuse often refers to illegal drugs, but, some
More informationFACT SHEET 1 IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
FACT SHEET 1 IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 1,648,195 sq. km. Azerbaijan (432 km/268 mi) and Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the north-west; Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan
More informationEarly Intervention Teams services for early psychosis
Early Intervention Teams services for early psychosis Early intervention services work with people who are usually between 14 and 35, and are either at risk of or are currently experiencing a first episode
More informationS. O Brien, E. Black, L. Degenhardt, A. Roxburgh, G. Campbell, B. de Graaff, J. Fetherston, R. Jenkinson, S. Kinner, C. Moon and N.
S. O Brien, E. Black, L. Degenhardt, A. Roxburgh, G. Campbell, B. de Graaff, J. Fetherston, R. Jenkinson, S. Kinner, C. Moon and N. White AUSTRALIAN DRUG TRENDS 26 Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting
More informationMethamphetamine Use in Australia: What the data tells us about patterns of use & users. methamphetamine
Methamphetamine Use in Australia: What the data tells us about patterns of use & users methamphetamine Ann Roche Professor and Director National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA) www.nceta.flinders.edu.au
More informationOverlap between youth justice supervision and alcohol and other drug treatment services
Overlap between youth justice supervision and alcohol and other drug treatment services 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2016 Stronger evidence, Overlap between youth justice supervision and alcohol and other drug
More informationDual Diagnosis. Themed Review Report 2006/07 SHA Regional Reports East Midlands
Dual Diagnosis Themed Review Report 2006/07 SHA Regional Reports East Midlands Contents Foreword 1 Introduction 2 Recommendations 2 Themed Review 06/07 data 3 Additional information 13 Weighted population
More informationRisks of alcohol-attributable hospitalisation and death in Australia over time: Evidence of divergence by region, age and sex
Risks of alcohol-attributable hospitalisation and death in Australia over time: Evidence of divergence by region, age and sex Richard Pascal, Wenbin Liang, William Gilmore, Tanya Chikritzhs National Drug
More informationIndonesia Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
Indonesia Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Tun Nay Soe Programme Coordinator, Global SMART Programme (East Asia) UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific 20 February
More informationMarijuana in Washington, DC. Arrests, Usage, and Related Data
Marijuana in Washington, DC Arrests, Usage, and Related Data Jon Gettman, Ph.D. The Bulletin of Cannabis Reform www.drugscience.org November 5, 2009 1 Introduction This state report is part of a comprehensive
More informationEvidence table for systematic reviews
Evidence table for systematic reviews Topic: CB use and dependence Reviewer: CMF Abbreviations: y- years Reference Research Parameters Population Outcomes Funding Additional comments Bibliographic reference
More informationOffice of National Drug Control Policy
Office of National Drug Control Policy Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse State of Oklahoma Profile of Drug Indicators October 2008 ONDCP Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse staff compiled this profile
More informationA Preliminary Report on Trends and Impact. Mike McGrath. January Montana Attorney General
Methamphetamine in Montana A Preliminary Report on Trends and Impact January 2007 Mike McGrath Montana Attorney General 1 Methamphetamine in Montana A Preliminary Report on Trends and Impact January 2007
More informationNational Drug Intelligence Bureau. Environmental Science and Research
National Drug Intelligence Bureau & Environmental Science and Research Wastewater Analysis for Illicit Drug Use A Joint Presentation Chemical Analysis of Wastewater Samples to Monitor the Use of Illicit
More informationWorld Drug Report 2017
World Drug Report 2017 DEMAND Global trends in estimated number of drug users and people with drug user disorders, 2006-2015 Global trends in the estimated prevalence of drug use and prevalence of people
More informationAlcohol and Other Drugs Area Profile. Data as at November 2017
Alcohol and Other Drugs Area Profile Data as at November 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS AREA PROFILE...4 2 ANALYSIS NOTES...4 3 ABOUT ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS...5 4 TARGET POPULATIONS...6
More informationNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE Centre for Clinical Practice SCOPE Clinical guideline title: Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management Quality standard title:
More information[ ASSESSING THE BURDEN OF ILLICIT DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE:] Macomb County Office of Substance Abuse. A Focus on Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse
2010 Macomb County Office of Substance Abuse Planning Contracting Monitoring [ ASSESSING THE BURDEN OF ILLICIT DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE:] A Focus on Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse 22550 Hall Road Clinton
More informationWORLD DRUG REPORT 2004 WORLD DRUG REPORT. presented by Thomas Pietschmann UNODC, Research and Analysis Section
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2004 presented by Thomas Pietschmann UNODC, Research and Analysis Section 1 OVERVIEW: ALL DRUGS CONSUMPTION 2 Estimates of annual prevalence of drug use at the global level in the late
More informationAppendix 1: Data elements included in the AODTS NMDS for
Appendixes Appendix 1: Data elements included in the AODTS NMDS for 2004 05 The detailed data definitions for the data elements included in the AODTS NMDS for 2004 05 are published in the National Health
More informationEstimates of the Prevalence of Opiate Use and/or Crack Cocaine Use, 2008/09: Sweep 5 report
Estimates of the Prevalence of Opiate Use and/or Crack Cocaine Use, 2008/09: Sweep 5 report Project team: Gordon Hay 1 Maria Gannon 1 Jane Casey 1 Tim Millar 2 Produced by 1- The Centre for Drug Misuse
More informationFACT SHEET SERBIA (REPUBLIC OF)
FACT SHEET SERBIA (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 88,509 sq. km 2,362 km (total) Hungary: 175 km, Romania: 548 km, Bulgaria: 361 km, FYR of Macedonia: 283 km, Albania: 114 km, Montenegro: 249 km, Bosnia
More informationRise in LSD use among Regular Psychostimulant Users: Why the increase and is it a cause for concern?
Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System december 2013 Rise in LSD use among Regular Psychostimulant Users: Why the increase and is it a cause for concern? Authors: Gavin Entwistle, Natasha Sindicich
More information1.1 Overview Evolution of the World Drug Problem
1.1 Overview 1.1.1 Evolution of the World Drug Problem Vigilance is needed to respond to year-onyear expansion in some market sectors The long-term stabilization which occurred in drug markets continued
More information2014 Key Australian findings: psychostimulant drug market
214 Key Australian findings: psychostimulant drug market Natasha Sindicich & Lucy Burns National Drug Trends Conference Maritime museum, Sydney Monday, 2 th October, 214 Funded by the Australian Government
More informationOPIOID TRENDS IN PIERCE COUNTY. February 2017
OPIOID TRENDS IN PIERCE COUNTY February 2017 Prepared by the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington Report written under contract with Tacoma Pierce County Health Department by Caleb
More informationCannabis use and adverse outcomes in young people: Summary Report
Cannabis use and adverse outcomes in young people: Summary Report CAYT Impact Study: Report No. 7 Sally Bridges, Julia Hall and Chris Lord with Hashim Ahmed and Linda Maynard 1 The Centre for Analysis
More informationComponents of good drug policy
Components of good drug policy Dr Caitlin Hughes National Drug Summit 2 March 2015 Parliament House What would a good policy look like? No silver bullet or one recipe to solve the drug problem But there
More informationMental health and Aboriginal people and communities
Mental health and Aboriginal people and communities 10-year mental health plan technical paper Contents Background...1 Aboriginal communities and the experience of poor mental health...2 Policy and program
More informationDrug Abuse Trends Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp Drug Abuse Trends Minneapolis/St.
More informationAnnual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ) Part III: Extent, patterns and trends in drug use
Annual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ) Part III: Extent, patterns and trends in drug use Report of the Government of: Reporting Year: Completed on (date): Please return completed questionnaire to: arq@unodc.org
More informationWELCOME TO THE CRACKS IN THE ICE WEBINAR SERIES
www.cracksintheice.org.au WELCOME TO THE CRACKS IN THE ICE WEBINAR SERIES www.cracksintheice.org.au Supporting frontline workers with key information & resources about crystal methamphetamine Allan Trifonoff
More informationINTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE CONTROL COMMISSION C I C A D
INTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE CONTROL COMMISSION C I C A D Secretariat for Multidimensional Security FIFTY-FIFTH REGULAR SESSION April 29 - May 1, 2014 Washington, D.C. OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.55 CICAD/doc.2094/14
More informationPrimary Health Networks
Primary Health Networks Drug and Alcohol Treatment Activity Work Plan 2016-17 to 2018-19 Hunter New England & Central Coast Please note: This Activity Work Plan was developed in response to the HNECC PHN
More informationForensic Mental Health and Prison Risk Management
Forensic Mental Health and Prison Risk Management Dr Garry Kidd Forensic Psychologist and Head Department of Psychology James Cook University (Townsville, Cairns, Singapore) garry.kidd@jcu.edu.au 1 Overview
More informationStatistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) 1 April March 2012
Statistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) 1 April 2011 31 March 2012 4th October 2012 Vol. 1: The Numbers Executive Summary Of the 197,110 clients aged 18 and over in treatment
More informationSources of Consequence Data Related to Non-medical Use of Prescription Drugs (National and Local)
National Data Sources Data Source Description of Data Source Online Analysis CDC Wide Ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research (CDC WONDER) National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital
More informationDrugs Offences. Offences Involving Controlled Drugs
Offences Involving Controlled Drugs Drugs Offences March 211 The majority of offences involving controlled drugs, often referred to as illegal drugs, can be broken down into distinct groups of offences,
More informationMENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT
OUR PLAN FOR MENTAL HEALTH SUPPORT BUILDING BETTER LIVES Mental health issues have an impact that can be felt through the entire community. The Liberal-led Government has reversed the neglect and underinvestment
More informationSubmission to Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement Inquiry into Crystal Methamphetamine (Ice)
Submission to Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement Inquiry into Crystal Methamphetamine (Ice) About WANADA The Western Australian Network of Alcohol and other Drug Agencies (WANADA) is the
More informationPrimary Health Networks
Primary Health Networks Drug and Alcohol Treatment Activity Work Plan 2016-17 to 2018-19 South Eastern Melbourne PHN When submitting this Activity Work Plan 2016-2018 to the Department of Health, the PHN
More informationPERSPECTIVES ON DRUGS Characteristics of frequent and high-risk cannabis users
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction UPDATED 28. 5. 2013 PERSPECTIVES ON DRUGS Characteristics of frequent and high-risk cannabis users Cannabis is Europe s most commonly used illicit
More informationHA Corporate Scholarship Program:
HA Corporate Scholarship Program: Substance Abuse Service in Psychiatry Ronnie Pao 02-10-10 The Maudsley Hospital Marina House Community Drug & Alcohol Team London Borough of Southwark Provides a Tier
More informationDrug Abuse Trends Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
Drug Abuse Trends Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota January 28 Carol Falkowski Chemical Health Division Minnesota Department of Human Services Numerous indicators of methamphetamine (meth) abuse, particularly
More informationand practice: Three AIC examples Dr Adam Tomison
The impact of research on policy and practice: Three AIC examples Dr Adam Tomison Director 1. Labour trafficking (non-sexual forced labour or slavery) Only 2 prosecuted cases of labour trafficking in Australia
More informationThe epidemiology of cannabis use and cannabis-related harm in Australia add_
RESEARCH REPORT doi:1.1111/j.136-443.21.293.x The epidemiology of cannabis use and cannabis-related harm in Australia 1993 27add_293 1..9 Amanda Roxburgh 1, Wayne D. Hall 2, Louisa Degenhardt 1, Jennifer
More informationKey findings from the 2014 Illicit Drug Reporting System
Key findings from the 214 Illicit Drug Reporting System Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney Monday 2 th October 214 Jenny Stafford and Lucy Burns Funded by the Australian Government under the Substance
More informationKeyfacts - Substance use
Keyfacts - Substance use Social and emotional wellbeing workers web resource What are substance use There are two main types of substance use disorders : substance misuse and substance dependence. A substance
More informationWorking to Reform Marijuana Laws
MARIJUANA DECRIMINALIZATION TALKING POINTS TALKING POINT #1: Decriminalizing marijuana frees up police resources to deal with more serious crimes. Working to Reform Marijuana Laws 60,000 individuals are
More informationADAI Research Brief SPOKANE COUNTY DRUG USE EPIDEMIOLOGY
ADAI Research Brief No. 4-6 February 24 SPOKANE COUNTY DRUG USE EPIDEMIOLOGY LOCATION AND POPULATION OVERVIEW County is located on the Eastern border of Washington 7 miles south of the Canadian border.
More informationDrug Misuse Research Division
Drug Misuse Research Division Contents Occasional Paper p No. 12/ 9/ 2003 2004 Trends in treated problem drug use in the seven health board areas outside the Eastern Regional Health Authority, 1998 to
More informationSteve Allsop Director National Drug Research Institute. Preventing and responding to drug problems: where does the evidence take us?
National Drug Research Institute Preventing Harmful Drug Use in Australia Steve Allsop Director National Drug Research Institute Preventing and responding to drug problems: where does the evidence take
More informationPopulation planning for alcohol and other drug services: the national Drug and Alcohol Clinical Care & Prevention (DA-CCP) project
Population planning for alcohol and other drug services: the national Drug and Alcohol Clinical Care & Prevention (DA-CCP) project History and context Service planning poorly done How many services do
More informationEcstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System drug trends bulletin
Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System JULY 2016 Stimulant and depressant overdose among a sample regular psychostimulant users in Australia, 2007-2015 Authors: Rachel Sutherland, Gavin Entwistle and
More informationAn overview of the 2015 Ecstasy and Related Drugs. Reporting System. Ecstasy and Related Drugs. drug trends bulletin October 2015
Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System October 2015 An overview of the 2015 Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System Authors: Natasha Sindicich, Courtney Breen and Lucinda Burns National Drug and
More informationDRUGS, ALCOHOL & MENTAL HEALTH, HOW THEY CONNECT
DRUGS, ALCOHOL & MENTAL HEALTH, HOW THEY CONNECT Robert Graham, Staff Specialist in Addiction Medicine (with thanks to Dr Thao Lam and Pip Bowden) Drug Health, Western Sydney Local Health District Robert.Graham@health.nsw.gov.au
More informationTHE DEMAND FOR METHADONE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT IN AUSTRALIA
THE DEMAND FOR METHADONE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT IN AUSTRALIA Wayne Hall Technical Report N o. 28 The Demand for Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Australia Wayne Hall Director National Drug and Alcohol
More information9. In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, it is important to take into account A. the user's gender. B. availability and price.
02 Student: 1. The Canadian government, in the early 1900s had virtually no laws regulating the sale and use of drugs. In general the government took a "hands-off" approach that has been referred to as
More informationStatistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2009
Statistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2009 Copyright 2009, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All Rights Reserved. The NHS Information Centre is England s central, authoritative source of health
More informationTHE IMPACT OF SUBSTANCE USE
THE IMPACT OF SUBSTANCE USE Sarah Dobbie, Jade Llewellyn & Tom Wiles 13/09/2016 TaskForce Community Agency Inc. Who Are We? Taskforce Community Agency is a not-for-profit organisation providing counselling,
More information