PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1

Transcription

1 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1 1 What is a neuron? 2 Name and describe the functions of the three main parts of the neuron. 3 What do glial cells do? 4 Describe the three basic steps of nerve activation. 5 Distinguish between resting potential and action potential. (What chemical actions create the neuron s resting potential? What chemical changes cause the action potential?) 6 What does the author mean by the term graded potential? 7 To what does the all-or-none law refer?

2 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 2 8 a. What is the nature and importance of the myelin sheath? b. Which disorder results from damage to it? 9 What is the difference between an inhibitory and an excitatory neuron? 10 Indicate what happens when there is too much or too little of each of the neurotransmitters listed in the table on p List the three different major types of neurons. What does each do?

3 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 3 12 Draw two neurons, such that they could communicate. Labeling the following parts of both neurons: cell membrane, cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, synaptic vesicle, axon terminals, synapse. Also label the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. 13 Explain how neurons communicate. Feel free to refer to your diagram above. 14 How do the functions of the central and peripheral divisions of the nervous systems differ? 15 What are the main structures of the central nervous system?

4 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 4 16 Imagine you just touched a piping hot stove with your finger. Explain why you pull your finger off the stove before you feel pain? How would the answer be different if the stove was warm rather than piping hot? 17 Describe four methods used to study brain-behavior relations. 18 List the parts and describe the functions of each part of the brain comprising the hindbrain. Make a quick sketch to identify the locations of each.

5 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 5 19 Describe the roles played by the ascending and descending reticular formation. What occurs with damage to this structure? 20 Describe the structural characteristics and functions of the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 21 What roles do the hippocampus and amygdala play in psychological functions? 22 Sketch the locations of the four lobes of the brain, the motor, sensory and association cortices (plural of cortex).

6 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 6 23 What are the two speech areas? Where are they located? How is each involved in speech? 24 What do the motor and sensory cortices allow us to do? 25 Describe the role of the frontal cortex in higher mental functions, including executive functions. Include reference to the prefrontal cortex in your answer. 26 What is hemispheric lateralization? What functions are localized in the left and right hemispheres? 27 Be sure you can identify the locations of the different parts of the brain on a model or on a brain itself. (You ll get some practice in lab.)

7 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 7 28 What is neural plasticity? How do age, environment, and behavior affect plasticity? 29 Describe the ways in which neural function can be restored following damage. 30 You are walking down the street and someone approaches you with a gun. You panic, turn around and run the other way. Describe the parts of the brain that are involved, beginning with walking down the street. (You ll need to continue on another sheet of paper.) 31 Your elderly father is beginning to show signs of memory loss. Discuss the parts of the brain that might be involved in his symptoms. 32 A patient who has had a severe stroke is diagnosed as having damage to Broca's area. The other side of the brain is not damaged. The patient shows signs of partial paralysis in the arm, leg, and face muscles on one side. Which side? Explain why. 33 Discuss the parts of Helen Keller's brain that might have been damaged that would explain her disabilities.

8 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 8 34 In which lobe is the part of the brain that receives the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back? 35 If, as a result of a serious automobile accident, your ability to think, reason, and problem solve was seriously impaired, what part of your brain was most likely damaged? 36 Karen Ann Quinlan was a woman who, as a result of mixing tranquilizers and alcohol, became what is called "brain dead". Describe the parts of her brain that were most likely damaged. Be specific. Provide a plausible explanation of why she continued to live even after life supports were withdrawn. 37 Describe the basic logic of twin and adoption studies. Be sure you are familiar with the following terminology: 1 neurons 25 midbrain 49 blood-brain barrier 2 central nervous system (CNS) 26 reticular activating system (RAS) 50 myelin sheath 3 peripheral nervous system 27 hindbrain 51 resting potential (PNS) 4 forebrain 28 cerebellum 52 threshold 5 cerebral cortex 29 pons 53 action potential 6 cerebral hemispheres 30 medulla 54 absolute refractory period 7 corpus callosum 31 cerebral ventricles 55 receptor sites 8 frontal lobe 32 interneurons 56 reuptake 9 motor cortex 33 reflex 57 endorphins 10 prefrontal cortex 34 synapse 58 lesion 11 Broca s area 35 somatic nervous system 59 electroencephalography 12 aphasia 36 limbic system 60 computed tomography 13 parietal lobe 37 hypothalamus 61 magnetic resonance imaging 14 temporal lobe 38 amygdala 62 positron emission tomography 15 Wernicke s area 39 hippocampus 63 functional MRI (fmri) 16 occipital lobe 40 autonomic nervous system 64 transcranial magnetic stimulation 17 sensory cortex 41 sympathetic division 65 split-brain surgery 18 association cortex 42 parasympathetic division 67 lateralization 19 basal ganglia 43 dendrites 20 dopamine 44 synaptic cleft Additional terms 21 basal forebrain 45 axons 68 sulcus 22 acetylcholine 46 synaptic vesicles 69 gyrus 23 thalamus 47 neurotransmitters 70 motor tracts 24 brain stem 48 glial cells