Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress in a large cohort of middle aged men and women

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1 Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress in a large cohort of middle aged men and women Adam Bibbey, BSc 1 Douglas Carroll 1, Tessa J. Roseboom 2, Anna C. Phillips 1, Susanne R. de Rooij 2 1 University of Birmingham, United Kingdom 2 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

2 Background Stable personality traits: - biological substrates - affect stress perception Previous evidence inconclusive This may reflect a range of methodological problems: small sample sizes predominance of young student samples restricted range of trait scores dichotomized trait variables failure to adjust statistically for a range of possible confounding variables

3 Present Aims Revisit the issue of personality and biological stress reactivity in a substantial cohort who had undergone stress testing and in whom personality traits were measured using the Big Five Inventory. Sample size and age Subjective ratings of stress Cortisol and cardiovascular measures Control confounders

4 Big Five Trait Taxonomy 1) Neuroticism: tendency toward negative affectivity and an inclination toward impulsive behavior. 2) Agreeableness: willingness to be helpful and trusting, and to possess a pro-social orientation. 3) Openness : imaginative, creative, attentive to inner feelings, prefer variety, and are flexible in their thinking 4) Extraversion : energetic, sociable, and assertive. 5) Conscientiousness : organization, self-discipline, and determination. (McCrae and Costa, 1987)

5 Methods Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study Overarching aim: Examine effects of intrauterine famine exposure in the winter of on health in later adulthood Stress testing N = Big Five Inventory N = 601 Combined sample N = 389 Removal of participants exposed to famine in early gestation N=37 Final sample N= 352

6 Characteristics of final sample M/N SD/% Age (years) Sex (female) Socio-economic status (ISEI-92) Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) Alcohol (units of per week) Current smoker Anti-hypertensive medication Anti-depressant or anxiolytic

7 Stress Testing Protocol de Rooij et al, 2006

8 Results Stress significantly perturbed biological activity Salivary cortisol (nmol/l) Heart rate (bpm) Systolic blood pressure (mmhg) Baseline Average post task Baseline Average task F (1,266) = 41.64, p <.001, η 2 =.135 F (1,350) = , p <.001, η Time 2 = Baseline Average task Baseline Average task Time Time F (1,351) = , p <.001, η 2 =.788 F (1,351) = , p <.001, η 2 =.473 Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg)

9 Personality and cortisol Regression models for neuroticism, agreeableness, openness and cortisol reactivity Neuroticism and cortisol reactivity β t p R 2 Unadjusted Model Adjusted Adjusted Agreeableness and cortisol reactivity Unadjusted Model Adjusted Adjusted Openness and cortisol reactivity Unadjusted Model Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted 1: sex, age, SES Adjusted 2: alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, use of anti -hypertensive medication, use of anti-depressant or anxiolytic medication, perceived commitment to the stress task, and baseline cortisol.

10 Individuals high on neuroticism, and low on agreeableness and openness demonstrated blunted cortisol responses

11 Personality and heart rate Regression models for neuroticism, agreeableness, openness and heart rate reactivity Neuroticism and heart rate reactivity β t p R 2 Unadjusted Model < Adjusted < Adjusted Agreeableness and heart rate reactivity Unadjusted Model Adjusted Adjusted Openness and heart rate reactivity Unadjusted Model Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted 1: sex, age, SES Adjusted 2: alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, use of anti -hypertensive medication, use of anti-depressant or anxiolytic medication, perceived commitment to the stress task, and baseline heart rate

12 Individuals high on neuroticism, and low on agreeableness and openness also had blunted heart rate responses

13 Personality and blood pressure Regression models for neuroticism, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure β t p R 2 Neuroticism and SBP reactivity Unadjusted Model < Adjusted < Adjusted Neuroticism and DBP reactivity Unadjusted Model Adjusted Adjusted SBP= systolic blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure Adjusted 1: sex, age, SES Adjusted 2: alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, use of anti -hypertensive medication, use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication, perceived commitment to the stress task, and baseline SBP/DBP

14 Individuals high on neuroticism demonstrated blunted blood pressure reactivity

15 Personality and stress task ratings In contrast, high neuroticism and low openness were associated with higher reported stress, and lower reported control following exposure to stress tasks Self-report task ratings Stressfulness Control r p r p Neuroticism.27 < <.001 Openness <.001

16 Results Overview Cortisol + HR reactivity Neuroticism Agreeableness Openness SBP + DBP reactivity Neuroticism Self reported stressfulness Self reported control Neuroticism Openness

17 Discussion Negative constellation of personality traits associated with diminished stress reactions of both of the HPA axis and cardiovascular system. Blunted Stress Reactivity Carroll et al, 2011 Lovallo, 2011 Worth noting that the adverse health and behavioural corollaries identified with blunted reactivity are also for the most part, associated with this negative personality profile and, in particular, neuroticism. Depression- Bienvenu et al, 2004: Obesity- Sutin et al, 2011: Addiction- Terraccino et al, 2008: Disordered eating- Bamber et al, 2000

18 Hypothesis: peripheral marker of dysregulation in the brain systems that support emotion and motivation. Paradox: Self-report and biological responses Neuroticism: Repeated adverse perceptions Chronic stress Allostasis Openness: Emotional suppression Task variety preference Suggest drivers of subjective stress reactions are different from those that drive physiological stress reactivity.

19 University of Birmingham Prof. Doug Carroll Dr Anna Phillips Acknowledgements University of Amsterdam Prof. Tessa Roseboom Dr Susanne de Rooij Funding

20 Thank you for listening Adam Bibbey ESRC-funded Doctoral Researcher University of Birmingham Tel: +44 (0)

21 References Bamber, D., Cockerill, I.M., Carroll, D., The pathological status of exercise dependence. Br. J. Sports Med. 34, Bienvenu, O.J., Samuels, J.F., Costa, P.T., Reti, I.M., Eaton, W.W., Nestadt, G., Anxiety and depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality: A higher- and lower-order personality trait investigation in a community sample. Depress. Anxiety 20, Carroll, D., Phillips, A.C., Lovallo, W.R., 2011b. The behavioural and health corollaries of blunted physiological reactions to acute psychological stress: Revising the reactivity hypothesis. In: Wright, R.A., Gendolla, G.H.E. (Eds.), How Motivation Affects Cardiovascular Response: Mechanisms and Applications. APA Press, Washington, DC. de Rooij, S.R., Painter, R.C., Phillips, D.I., Osmond, C., Tanck, M.W., Bossuyt, P.M., Roseboom, T.J., Cortisol responses to psychological stress in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, Lovallo, W.R., Do low levels of stress reactivity signal poor states of health? Biol. Psychol. 86, McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Validation of a five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 52, Sutin, A.R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A.B., Terracciano, A., Personality and obesity across the adult life span. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 101, Terracciano, A., Lockenhoff, C.E., Crum, R.M., Bienvenu, O.J., Costa, P.T., Jr., Five-Factor Model personality profiles of drug users. BMC Psychiatry 8, 22.

Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress Bibbey, Adam; Carroll, Douglas; Roseboom, TJ; Whittaker, Anna; De Rooij, SR

Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress Bibbey, Adam; Carroll, Douglas; Roseboom, TJ; Whittaker, Anna; De Rooij, SR Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress Bibbey, Adam; Carroll, Douglas; Roseboom, TJ; Whittaker, Anna; De Rooij, SR DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.018 License: Creative Commons:

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