WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

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1 The Nervous System

2 WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The nervous system is made of: the brain & the spinal cord the nerves the senses

3 There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body to do work Why is it important that in the nervous system there is an electrical current?

4 Electrical communication = Speed!

5 The nervous system allows you to react to a stimulus. A stimulus is a change in the environment. stimulus: A bright light Response: pupil constricts

6 Your reactions are you do not have to think about your reactions. Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink.

7 Every response to stimulus 4 stages: Detect the stimulus Conduct a signal process the signal response

8 The Nervous System breaking it down

9 2 parts to the nervous system Brain Spinal cord

10 The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

11 The CNS Body s control center Organizes incoming information from sensory organs and receptors Issues outgoing commands to various parts of the body

12 coordinates everything in the body. is made of more than 10 billion nerves! is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull. An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make.

13 The spinal cord receives messages from the body. The spinal cord sends messages to the brain. The spinal cord relays messages from the brain to the target. The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

14 Secret Life of the Teenage Brain

15 controls all of the activities of the body

16 The CNS Connected to the rest of the body by nerves that make up the...

17 Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal cord Sensory pathways Motor pathways Somatic (voluntary) nervous system Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system Sympathetic arousal & energy production fight or flight Parasympathetic calming & back to maintenance rest & digest Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division

18 The body s control center. THE BRAIN

19 the most complex living structure in the universe Society for Neuroscience weighs about 1400 g (3 lbs) made up of about 100 billion neurons Male brains about 10% larger than female brains. (no correlation between brain size and intelligence)

20 Organization of the brain The An inside brain is look composed reveals of 3 main parts: additional the cerebrum detail: of (consciousness), the brain stem: the cerebellum, and the midbrain stem (the pons unconscious brain"). medulla oblongata

21 The Brain - terms Cerebrum sulcus gyri Corpus callosum Brain stem cerebellum

22 Regions higher order functions

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24 COMPARTMENTALIZED AND SPECIALIZED

25 Problem solving/ reasoning What if neurons die here?

26 Rudimentary to higher levels (the unconscious brain) The Brain Stem medulla oblongata: regulating center Cardiac (heartbeat), respiratory (breathing), vasoconstriction (blood pressure), and reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping.

27 superior to the medulla, inferior to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum Pons: (relay station) conducts signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and carries sensory signals up into the thalamus. Brain Stem deals primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture also contains the sleep paralysis center of the brain and plays a role in generating dreams.

28 the midbrain - the smallest region in the brain Acts as a relay station for auditory and visual information as well as motor control, sleep/wake, alertness and temp. regulation. Dopamine produced in the midbrain plays a role in motivation and habituation.

29 diencephalon posterior forebrain structures composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus at the upper end of the brain stem, situated between the cerebrum and the brain stem The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis. It connects with many regions of the brain and is responsible for controlling thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, blood pressure, emotions and circadian rhythms. It links the nervous system to the Endocrine System. The thalamus processes and relays movement and sensory information.

30 cerebellum dorsal and inferior to the cerebrum Fine tuning of Motor control: The cerebellum contributes to your balance maintains muscle tone and posture, provides smooth, coordinated body movement, precision and accurate timing.

31 cerebrum the conscious brain The largest part of the brain. It coordinates sensory data and motor functions It controls higher brain functions, which include: intelligence, reasoning, personality learning and memory

32 Lobes of the cerebrum are named from the skull bones they lie beneath.

33 Divided into two hemispheres, separated by the corpus callosum right hemisphere left hemisphere Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum major bridge of nerve fibers connecting the hemispheres

34 Cerebrum divided hemispheres left controls right side of the body right controls left side of the body

35 Hemisphere dominance Left hemisphere language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details detailed activities required for motor control Right hemisphere pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

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37 Motor controls skeletal muscles & motor function Sensory produce feelings/sensations Association analyze and interpret sensory experiences & link to memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgment and emotion. Specific regions perform specific functions. Regions of function are divided into: motor, sensory and association areas.

38 Frontal eye field Broca s area

39 Sensory and motor strips

40 Motor strip and homunculus Motor strip

41 YOUR CEREBRUM'S SENSORY STRIP 1.Leg 2.Forearm 3.Wrist 4.Hand 5.Thumb 6.Eye 7.Nose 8.Face 9.Lips The band of "neurons" embedded in your cerebrum or cerebral cortex is called your "SENSORY STRIP." This part of your brain controls your five senses of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing. 10.Tongue 11.Primary visual cortex 12.Where images are first processed 13.Sex organs and feet

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43 Sensory homunculus Motor homunculus Size directly corresponds to the amount of information being transmitted to and from the brain.

44 Limbic system Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory Amygdala involved in recognizing emotional content of facial expression

45 Interconnecting parts of the brain that are associated with the control of emotions and memory. generates our feelings, emotions, and motivations. It is also important in learning and memory.

46 INTERRUPTIONS IN NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION

47 dyslexia Learning difficulties such as Dyslexia (difficulties with reading), Dysgraphia (difficulties with writing) and Dyscalculia (difficulties with mathematics) are often associated with lack of brain access and lack of brain and sensory integration.

48 This is symbolised by the two red parallel lines in the picture (for more information see How to improve learning? and the SureReading booklet). Many children with Dyslexia make reversals: b for d, on for no. The reason is often because they are left eye dominant. You can test this by giving them a piece of paper with a hole in the centre and ask them to hold the piece of paper with their arms stretched out. Now ask them to look at you through the hole. You will see only one eye, their dominant eye and if this is the left eye it explains the reversals as the left eye processes information from right to left (see arrow in the picture). If however the child is right eye dominant and makes reversals, then this points at lack of brain integration.

49 When the brain is not integrated, this means that there are not enough connections between both sides of the brain, so that only one eye is looking at the word instead of both eyes. You can test this by putting a book in your child s extreme left visual field and ask him to read a bit. As the left eye will look at the word the child could see and say b, whereas in the right visual field he will see and say d. Because of the visual confusion many dyslexic children also have problems with writing and spelling. In reading they often have excellent comprehension (a right brain skill) but have problems with decoding, the process of sounding out a word, letter by letter, ie c-a-t. They often find phonics and auditory discrimination difficult, which are both skills that are processed predominantly in the left brain. Dyslexic children tend to process the world more with the right brain than with the left brain (see picture above).

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