Synapses and Neurotransmitters.
|
|
- Joel Baldwin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Synapses and Neurotransmitters
2 Communication Between Neurons Synapse: A specialized site of contact, and transmission of information between a neuron and an effector cell Anterior Motor Neuron Figure 45-5
3 Communication Between Neurons Electrical synapse Chemical synapse
4 Communication Between Chemical synapse Neurons Neurotransmitter: is a messenger of neurologic information from one cell to another.
5 Action of Neurotransmitter on Postsynaptic Neuron postsynaptic membrane contains receptor proteins for the transmitter released from the presynaptic terminal. The effect of neurotransmitter on the post synaptic neuron depend on the type of the receptor
6 Action of Neurotransmitter on Postsynaptic Neuron Two types of receptors Ion channels receptors Second messenger receptors
7 Ion Channels receptors transmitters that open sodium channels excite the postsynaptic neuron. transmitters that open chloride channels inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. transmitters that open potassium channels inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
8 Seconded messenger receptors (as example G-protein) 1. Opening specific ion channels Ion Channel 2. Activation of camp or cgmp 3. Activation of one or more intracellular enzymes 4. Activation of gene transcription.
9 Agonists and Antagonists
10 Agonists and Antagonists
11 Neurotransmitters Synthesis : esp. rate-limiting enzyme and/or substrate Clearance and inactivation Location and pathway Dysfunction and CNS pathology
12 Neurotransmitters More than 50 chemical substances does function as synaptic transmitters. small molecules which act as rapidly acting transmitters. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glycine, glutamate, NO. neuropeptides. endorphins, enkephalins, VIP, ect. hypothalamic releasing hormones. TRH, LHRH, ect. pituitary peptides. ACTH, prolactin, vasopressin, ect.
13 Fast Neurotransmitteres
14 Glutamate (L-glutamic acid) Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS 95% of excitatory synapses in the brain are glutamatergic Precursor for the GABA (major inhibitory neurotransmitter)
15 Enzymatic Pathways Involved in the Metabolism of Glutamate Glutamate Gluck et al, Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159;
16 Fast synaptic transmission Slow synaptic transmission
17 presynaptic Kainate Ca ++ NMDA postsynaptic Na + AMPA Kainate Kainate 95% of excitatory synapses in the brain are glutamatergic
18 mglur III mglur II Glutamate synapses glutamine (gln) Glia Glutamine synthetase glutamate (glu) gln glu EAAT1/2 Postsynaptic neuron EAAT3 gln glutaminase mglur I glu mglur I ketoglutarate Presynaptic neuron TCA glu (-) glu KA R glu NMDA R AMPA R KA R Zarate et al. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002;36:35-83
19 Glutamate and CNS disorders 1) Stroke Ischemia no ATP increase Glutamate Over activation NMDA R & AMPA R increase Ca+ cell death 2) dysfunction of glutamatergic transmission may also involve in schizophrenia-like symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, Depression and memory impairment
20 GABA Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS
21 GABA Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS Ionotropic GABA A Heterooligomeric protein complex that consists of several binding sites coupled to an integral Cl - channel Metabotropic GABA B G - protein coupled receptor, seven transmembrane domain protein
22 GABA-A- ionotropic receptor An integral chloride channel activated by competitive agonists: GABA and muscimol Blocked by convulsant bicuculine (competitive antagonist) and picrotoxin (noncompetitive antagonist) Allosterically modulated by benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which potentiate the effect of GABA
23 GABA A and ethanol Ethanol facilitates GABA ability to activate the receptor and prolongs the time that the Cl - channel remains open
24 GABA Synthesis Glutamate GAD GABA GABA is formed by the α-decarboxylation of glutamate in the reaction catalyzed by GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)
25 GABA Degradation GABA GABA-T succinic semialdehyde GABA is catabolized into the succinic semialdehade in the reaction catalyzed by GABA-T (GABA-Transaminase)
26
27 Acetylcholine Choline + Acetyl CoA ChAT Acetyl choline + CoA
28 Acetylcholine synapse
29 Acetylcholine receptors
30 Acetylcholine receptors
31 Drugs acting at cholinergic terminal
32 Acetylcholine Pathway Nucleus basalis
33 Acetylcholine Pathway arousal and reward enhancement of sensory perceptions sustaining attention Nucleus basalis
34 Acetylcholine Pathway arousal and reward enhancement of sensory perceptions sustaining attention Nucleus basalis Alzheimer s disease loss of cholinergic cells in nucleus basalis
35 Neuromodulators
36 Biogenic Amines
37 The biosynthetic pathway for the catecholamine neurotransmitters 08/20/2008 Lerant: Catecholamines
38 Biogenic Amines Synapses MAO : Monoamine Oxidase
39 Dopamine
40 Dopamine receptors G protein-coupled receptors D1 excite D2 inhibit Mainly presynabtic (Autoreceptor) D3 inhibit D4 inhibit D5 excite
41 3. Dopaminergic (DA) synapse 08/20/2008 Lerant: Catecholamines
42 Dopamine Pathways
43 DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS Striatum Nucl. accumbens Prefrontal CTX Nigrostriatal pathway Mesolimbic pathway Mesocortical pathway Substrantia nigra of midbrain Ventral tegmental area of midbrain Lerant: Catecholamines 2008
44 Striatum DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS Degeneration of nigro-striatal DA system Nucl. accumbens Prefrontal CTX and Decreased DAergic trans-mission in the basal ganglia will lead to Parkinson Disease Nigrostriatal pathway Mesolimbic pathway Mesocortical pathway Substrantia nigra of midbrain Ventral tegmental area of midbrain Lerant: Catecholamines 2008
45 DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS Striatum PLEASURE, REWARD AND BEHAVIOR REINFORCING PATHWAY Nigrostriatal pathway Nucl. accumbens Mesolimbic pathway Prefrontal CTX Mesocortical pathway Substrantia nigra of midbrain Ventral tegmental area of midbrain Lerant: Catecholamines 2008 PLEASURE, REWARD AND BEHAVIOR REINFORCING PATHWAY
46 DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS Striatum PLEASURE, REWARD AND BEHAVIOR REINFORCING PATHWAY Nigrostriatal pathway Nucl. accumbens Mesolimbic pathway Prefrontal CTX natural Mesocortical pathway drug-induced Substrantia nigra of midbrain Ventral tegmental area of midbrain cocaine Lerant: Catecholamines 2008
47 DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS Striatum PLEASURE, REWARD AND BEHAVIOR REINFORCING PATHWAY Nigrostriatal pathway Nucl. accumbens Mesolimbic pathway Prefrontal CTX natural Mesocortical pathway drug-induced Hyperactivity Substrantia of nigra mesolimbic pathway: of midbrain - positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, etc) Ventral tegmental area of midbrain cocaine Lerant: Catecholamines 2008
48 DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS PATHWAY INVOLVED IN MOTIVATION TO Striatum EXPLORE THE ENVIRONMENT: CURIOSITY, INTEREST, COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY, DRIVE FOR SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT. Nucl. accumbens Relative hypofunction in schizophrenia: Primary mesocortical dopamine deficiency will increase the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS like Cognitive blunting, social isolation, apathy, anhedonia Prefrontal CTX Nigrostriatal pathway Mesolimbic pathway Mesocortical pathway Substrantia nigra of midbrain Ventral tegmental area of midbrain Lerant: Catecholamines 2008
49 Norepinephrine
50 Norepinephrine receptors α family Current Nomenclature of Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes Β family
51 Subtype Differentiation β1- The dominant receptor in heart and adipose tissue equally sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine. β2- Responsible for relaxation of vascular, uterine, and airway smooth muscle. Less sensitive to NE as compared to E. β3- Insensitive to commonly used β adrenergic receptor antagonists. Previously referred to as the atypical β adrenergic receptor. (The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, 2003) α1- Postsynaptic. 1A and 1B subtypes defined by their differential affinity for agents such as WB4101 & phentolamine. No 1C subtype. α2- Postsynaptic & presynaptic. First thought to be exclusively presynaptic. 2A & 2B subtypes differentiated by their affinity for agents such as prazosin & oxymetazoline. Helpful rule of thumb- A drug needs to be at least ten-fold selective for one subtype over the other subtypes to be considered a useful subtype selective agent.
52 Noradrenergic (NE) synapse 08/20/2008 Lerant: Catecholamines
53 Norepinephrine Pathway
54 Norepinephrine Pathway LC noradrenergic system is highly responsive external stimuli attention Learning/memory and seep/wake cycle Anxiety and stress response In FRONTAL CORTEX: Mood regulation Hypofunction of pathway Depression
55 NE: Locus Ceruleus FRONTAL CTX β1 postsynaptic receptor In FRONTAL CORTEX: Mood regulation. Hypofunction of pathway: Depression α2 postsynaptic receptor In FRONTAL CORTEX: Attention, working memory, information processing.
56 Serotonin
57 Serotonin synthesis
58 Serotonin Pathway
59 Serotonin Receptors
60 Serotonin Pathway Almost 17 type of receptor Wide spread
61 Serotonin Pathway Almost 17 type of receptor Wide spread mood, sleep, sexuality, impulsivity, aggression, stress, drug abuse
62 Serotonin Pathway Almost 17 type of receptor Wide spread Serotonin system dysfunction involve in : Depression, Schizophrenia, OCD, Eating Disorders, Autism
63 Antipsychotics Clozapine Risperidone Olanzapine Anxiolytics Buspirone Gepirone Antiemetics Ondansetron Granisetron Anti-migraine Sumatriptan Potent antagonist actions at 5-HT 2A receptors, in addition to D 2 antagonism Partial 5-HT 1A agonists Effective for treating GAD, OCD 5-HT 3 antagonist used for Minimizing chemotherapyinduce nausea 5-HT 1 agonist, exerts some Selectivity on 5-HT 1D receptors
64 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
65 dopamine neuron dopamine Substantia nigra 5HT2A receptor serotonin 5HT2A receptor serotonin neuron Raphe
66 Newer Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers I. Serotonin-Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Venlafaxine, Milnacipran, Duloxetine DRI SRI SNRI NRI
67 II. Serotonin Receptor Antagonist/Reuptake Inhibitor (SARIs) Nefazodone, Trazodone SARI (nefazodone) actions at 5HT synapses NRI SRI Nefazodone 5HT2 5HT1A 5HT2A
68 Nitric Oxide
69 Nitric Oxide NH 2 COOH NH Arginine C NH 2 NH Nitric Oxide Synthase (NADPH, THB) NO Citrulline NO is a diffusible bioactive gas produced from arginine by nitric oxide synthase NOS-1 (nnos) Constitutive Neuronal Ca ++ -dependent NOS-2 (inos) Inducible Mostly Glial Ca ++ -independent Pro-inflammatory NOS-3 (enos) Constitutive/Inducible Vascular endothelium Ca ++ -dependent
70 Nitric Oxide (NO) NO is a diffusible bioactive gas produced from arginine by nitric oxide synthase NO is widely distributed in brain and peripheral tissues NO is not stored and synthesis is regulated by the enzyme activity
71 Nitric Oxide Regulation of blood flow - Neuron-derived NO plays a major role in the regulation of blood flow, vasodilation and increased blood flow At the cellular level, NO can changes intracellular metabolic functions that modify neuronal excitability and influence neurotransmitter release In the brain, NO acts as a neuromodulator to control behavioral activity, influence memory formation, and intensify responses to painful stimuli May be responsible for glutamate induced neurotoxicity
The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions
The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions Lobes in a lateral view of left hemisphere Atlas Fig.2-11 The Insula The Hidden Lobe Atlas Fig. 2-11 Atlas Fig. 2-39 Lobes in a lateral view of left
More informationSynapses and Neurotransmitters
Synapses and Neurotransmitters Communication Between Neurons Synapse: A specialized site of contact, and transmission of information between a neuron and an effector cell Anterior Motor Neuron Figure 45-5
More information- Neurotransmitters Of The Brain -
- Neurotransmitters Of The Brain - INTRODUCTION Synapsis: a specialized connection between two neurons that permits the transmission of signals in a one-way fashion (presynaptic postsynaptic). Types of
More informationNeurotransmitter Systems III Neurochemistry. Reading: BCP Chapter 6
Neurotransmitter Systems III Neurochemistry Reading: BCP Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Normal function of the human brain requires an orderly set of chemical reactions. Some of the most important
More informationThe Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions
The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions The Cerebral cortex consists of 2 cerebral hemisphere and each hemisphere consists of 5 lobes (frontal, parietal,temporal,occipital,insular lobe which
More informationNeuron types and Neurotransmitters
Neuron types and Neurotransmitters Faisal I. Mohammed. PhD, MD University of Jordan 1 Transmission of Receptor Information to the Brain the larger the nerve fiber diameter the faster the rate of transmission
More informationIntroduction to CNS 1
Introduction to CNS 1 Types of ion channels 1- voltage-gated 2-legends-gated Voltage-gated channel A voltage Sensor component of the protein controls the gating (broken arrow) of the channel. Voltage-gated
More informationThe Nervous System Mark Stanford, Ph.D.
The Nervous System Functional Neuroanatomy and How Neurons Communicate Mark Stanford, Ph.D. Santa Clara Valley Health & Hospital System Addiction Medicine and Therapy Services The Nervous System In response
More informationBrain Neurotransmitters
Brain Neurotransmitters * Chemical substances released by electrical impulses into the synaptic cleft from synaptic vesicles of presynaptic membrane * Diffuses to the postsynaptic membrane * Binds to and
More informationNeurophysiology and Neurochemistry in PsychoGeriatrics
Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine CME in Psychiatry Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry in PsychoGeriatrics Nicola Maggio, MD, PhD Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Department
More informationObjectives. 1. Outline the criteria that need to be met before a molecule can be classified as neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters Objectives 1. Outline the criteria that need to be met before a molecule can be classified as neurotransmitter 2. Identify the major neurotransmitter types 3. Mechanism of action of important
More informationBrain Neurotransmitters
Brain Neurotransmitters Brain neurotransmitters Chemical substances released by electrical impulses into the synaptic cleft from synaptic vesicles of presynaptic membrane Diffuses to the postsynaptic membrane
More informationPSY 302 Lecture 6: The Neurotransmitters (continued) September 12, 2017 Notes by: Desiree Acetylcholine (ACh) CoA + Acetate Acetyl-CoA (mitochondria) (food, vinegar) + Choline ChAT CoA + ACh (lipids, foods)
More informationSynaptic transmission
Outline Synaptic transmission Sompol Tapechum M.D., Ph.D. Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. sisth@mahidol.ac.th 2 Structure of synapse Modes of synaptic
More informationThe Nervous System. Chapter 4. Neuron 3/9/ Components of the Nervous System
Chapter 4 The Nervous System 1. Components of the Nervous System a. Nerve cells (neurons) Analyze and transmit information Over 100 billion neurons in system Four defined regions Cell body Dendrites Axon
More informationClasses of Neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters
1 Drugs Outline 2 Neurotransmitters Agonists and Antagonists Cocaine & other dopamine agonists Alcohol & its effects / Marijuana & its effects Synthetic & Designer Drugs: Ecstasy 1 Classes of Neurotransmitters
More informationChapter 4. Psychopharmacology. Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004
Chapter 4 Psychopharmacology This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of
More informationMohammad Tarek. Wahab Al-tekreeti Tamer Barakat. Faisal Mohammad
15 Mohammad Tarek Wahab Al-tekreeti Tamer Barakat Faisal Mohammad Things to remember Types of synapse: Neuron types and neurotransmitters When it happens between an axon and dendrites it is called axodendritic
More informationIt s Not Just Serotonin: Neurosignaling in Mental Illness
It s Not Just Serotonin: Neurosignaling in Mental Illness Barbara J. Limandri, DNSc, APRN, BC Professor of Nursing Linfield College Learning Outcomes Distinguish between metabotropic and ionotropic neuroreceptors
More informationSession ID: 1001 June 14, 2012
It s Not Just Serotonin: Neurosignaling in Mental Illness Barbara J. Limandri, DNSc, APRN, BC Professor of Nursing Linfield College Learning Outcomes Distinguish between metabotropic and ionotropic neuroreceptors
More informationSection: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice. 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n):
Section: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n): p.155 electron microscope. light microscope. confocal microscope. nissle-stained microscopic procedure. 2. Electron
More informationAdvanced Neurotransmitters & Neuroglia
Advanced Neurotransmitters & Neuroglia Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. 2017 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, MD Lundbeck, LLC. February
More informationPETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
More informationCommunication Between
Communication Between Neurons Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The electrical changes taking place within a neuron, as described in the previous section, are similar to a light switch being turned on. A stimulus starts
More informationNeurotransmitter Systems I Identification and Distribution. Reading: BCP Chapter 6
Neurotransmitter Systems I Identification and Distribution Reading: BCP Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Normal function of the human brain requires an orderly set of chemical reactions. Some of the
More informationAntidepressants and Sedatives. David G. Standaert, M.D., Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School
Antidepressants and Sedatives David G. Standaert, M.D., Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Depression A frequent problem, affecting up to 5% of the population Common presentations
More informationNeurochemistry of psychiatric disorders. Dr. Radwan Banimustafa
Neurochemistry of psychiatric disorders Dr. Radwan Banimustafa Introduction Neurochemistry is the study of chemical interneuronal communication. Wilhelm and Santiago in the late 19 th century stated that
More informationExam 2 PSYC Fall (2 points) Match a brain structure that is located closest to the following portions of the ventricular system
Exam 2 PSYC 2022 Fall 1998 (2 points) What 2 nuclei are collectively called the striatum? (2 points) Match a brain structure that is located closest to the following portions of the ventricular system
More information11/10/16. Neurotransmitters and their Receptors. Professor Abercrombie, Chapter 6, Neuroscience, 4 th ed, D. Purves et el.
Chapter 6, Neuroscience, 4 th ed, D. Purves et el. Neurotransmitters and their Receptors Professor Abercrombie, 2016 Events from neurotransmitter release to postsynaptic excitation or inhibition Sequence
More informationNeurochemistry. Dr. Radwan Banimustafa
Neurochemistry Dr. Radwan Banimustafa Introduction Neurochemistry is the study of chemical inter-neuronal communication. Wilhelm and Santiago in the late 19 th century stated that the brain consists of
More information9.98 Neuropharmacology January (IAP) 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.98 Neuropharmacology January (IAP) 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Neuropharmacology: The
More informationFinal Exam PSYC2022. Fall (1 point) True or False. The DSM-IV describes the symptoms of acute intoxication with cannabis.
Final Exam PSYC2022 Fall 1998 (2 points) Give 2 reasons why it is important for psychological disorders to be accurately diagnosed. (1 point) True or False. The DSM-IV describes the symptoms of acute intoxication
More informationNEUROBIOLOGY ALCOHOLISM
NEUROBIOLOGY ALCOHOLISM THERE HAS BEEN A MAJOR THEORETICAL SHIFT IN MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT IN ALCOHOLISM Driven by animal models of intermittent ethanol administration followed by termination, then access
More informationDrugs, The Brain, and Behavior
Drugs, The Brain, and Behavior John Nyby Department of Biological Sciences Lehigh University What is a drug? Difficult to define Know it when you see it Neuroactive vs Non-Neuroactive drugs Two major types
More informationCh. 45 Continues (Have You Read Ch. 45 yet?) u Central Nervous System Synapses - Synaptic functions of neurons - Information transmission via nerve
Ch. 45 Continues (Have You Read Ch. 45 yet?) u Central Nervous System Synapses - Synaptic functions of neurons - Information transmission via nerve impulses - Impulse may be blocked in its transmission
More informationCOGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A
COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A Neurotransmitters Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Exocytosis ~20 Amino Acids Used for Protein Synthesis Non-essential (Our bodies can make them) Alanine (A) Arginine (R) Asparagine (N) Aspartate
More informationReview of Neurochemistry What are neurotransmitters?
Review of Neurochemistry What are neurotransmitters? In molecular terms, neurotransmitters are molecules that ( ) and of neurons by, for example, increasing or decreasing enzymatic activity or altering
More informationPsych 181: Dr. Anagnostaras
Psych 181: Dr. Anagnostaras Lecture 5 Synaptic Transmission Introduction to synaptic transmission Synapses (Gk., to clasp or join) Site of action of most psychoactive drugs 6.5 1 Synapses Know basic terminology:
More informationNeurotransmitters acting on G-protein coupled receptors
Neurotransmitters acting on G-protein coupled receptors Part 1: Dopamine and Norepinephrine BIOGENIC AMINES Monoamines Diamine Overview of Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors Criteria for defining a
More informationPHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS MOOD STABILIZING AGENTS ANXIOLYTICS SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS MOOD STABILIZING AGENTS ANXIOLYTICS SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS Yogesh Dwivedi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology Psychiatric Institute Department of Psychiatry
More informationCogs 107b Systems Neuroscience lec9_ neuromodulators and drugs of abuse principle of the week: functional anatomy
Cogs 107b Systems Neuroscience www.dnitz.com lec9_02042010 neuromodulators and drugs of abuse principle of the week: functional anatomy Professor Nitz circa 1986 neurotransmitters: mediating information
More informationIONOTROPIC RECEPTORS
BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS ZSOLT LIPOSITS 1 NEURAL COMMUNICATION http://sciencecore.columbia.edu/s4.html 2 Post-synaptic mechanisms Receptors-signal transduction-messengers 3 TRANSMITTER
More informationNeurochemistry 2. Loewi s experiment
Neurochemistry 2 Loewi s experiment Cengage Learning 2016 AP reaches the axon terminal and activates voltage-gated Ca++ channels (3 major classes). Ca++ influx results in exocytosis of neurotransmitters
More informationChapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons. Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire
Chapter 45: Synapses Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons Chad Smurthwaite & Jordan Shellmire The Chemical Synapse The most common type of synapse used for signal transmission in the central
More informationDRUG TREATMENT OF PARKINSON S DISEASE. Mr. D.Raju, M.pharm, Lecturer
DRUG TREATMENT OF PARKINSON S DISEASE Mr. D.Raju, M.pharm, Lecturer PARKINSON S DISEASE (parkinsonism) is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects t h e b a s a l g a n g l i a - and is associated with
More informationLujain Hamdan. Tamer Barakat. Faisal Mohammad
17 Lujain Hamdan Tamer Barakat Faisal Mohammad Review : Summary of synaptic transmission: 1) Action potential arrives to presynaptic terminals of a nerve and causes depolarization by opening Ca 2+ voltage-gated
More informationFundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C Warm Up What is a neurotransmitter? What is the
More informationBIOL455 COMPARITIVE NEUROBIOLOGY LECTURE#7 DR. OLLIE HULME! FALL 2010! UBC
BIOL455 COMPARITIVE NEUROBIOLOGY LECTURE#7 DR. OLLIE HULME! FALL 2010! UBC Days: MWF, 12-1, room 201! Same old details! Ollieʼs Office hours:! Fri 1.30-4.30pm (may change)! room 3308 Biosciences! Lindsayʼs
More informationRick Gilmore :16:57
260-2017-02-13 Rick Gilmore 2017-02-13 10:16:57 Prelude Prelude https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mah_nà_mah_nà Today s Topics Neurotransmitters Quiz 2 on Friday. Review Exam 1 on Friday. The influx of which
More informationNeurotransmitters. Chemical transmission of a nerve signal by neurotransmitters at a synapse
Neurotransmitters A chemical released by one neuron that affects another neuron or an effector organ (e.g., muscle, gland, blood vessel). Neurotransmitters are small molecules that serve as messengers
More informationSynaptic Communication. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Synaptic Communication Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News The first exam is next week on Friday! Be sure to checkout the sample exam on the course website. 2
More informationBasics of Pharmacology
Basics of Pharmacology Pekka Rauhala Transmed 2013 What is pharmacology? Pharmacology may be defined as the study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems Pharmacodynamics The mechanism(s)
More informationESSENTIAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Carl Salzman MD Montreal
ESSENTIAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 2011 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Carl Salzman MD Montreal EVOLVING CONCEPTS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Psychotic illness with delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder and deterioration;
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM 1 CHAPTER 10 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I 1 Ch 10 A Ch 10 B This set CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 BASIC STRUCTURE and FUNCTION Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.
More informationNotes: Synapse. Overview. PSYC Summer Professor Claffey PDF. Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the
PSYC 170 - Summer 2013 - Professor Claffey Notes: Synapse PDF Overview Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the - chemical signal is the Presynaptic - refers to that sends/receives
More informationDania Ahmad. Tamer Barakat + Dania Ahmad. Faisal I. Mohammed
16 Dania Ahmad Tamer Barakat + Dania Ahmad Faisal I. Mohammed Revision: What are the basic types of neurons? sensory (afferent), motor (efferent) and interneuron (equaled association neurons). We classified
More informationWhat are the 6 types of neuroglia and their functions?!
Warm Up! Take out your 11C Notes What are the 6 types of neuroglia and their functions?! Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal Cells Satellite Cells Schwann Cells Oligodendrocytes Support, brace, & nutrient transfer
More informationPhysiology Neuromodulators
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Physiology - 10 - Neuromodulators Revision: Neurotransmitters: 1- Fast 2- Slow; work mainly through second messengers, those are Neuromodulaters because they came out from the cortex
More informationAmino Acid Neurotransmitters. Paul Glue
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Paul Glue Objectives Review: Relative abundance of AAs vs monoamines Pharmacology of glutamate, GABA Postulated role of glutamate, GABA dysfunction in neuropsych disorders
More informationPsychology 210. Chemical Messengers. Types of NTs. Properties of Neurotransmitters. Cholinergic Neurons. Small molecule NTs.
Psychology 210 Lecture 3 Kevin R Smith Chemical Messengers Neurotransmitters Act on neurons locally At one synapse Neuromodulators Act on clusters of neurons May not be in the immediate vicinity of where
More informationFull file at TEST BANK. R.H. Ettinger. Eastern Oregon University. Psychopharmacology. 1/e. R.H. Ettinger
TEST BANK R.H. Ettinger Eastern Oregon University Psychopharmacology 1/e R.H. Ettinger Eastern Oregon University Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam
More informationBIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 Lecture 3. Synaptic Transmission p. 1
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 Lecture 3. Synaptic Transmission p. 1 Terms you should know: synapse, neuromuscular junction (NMJ), pre-synaptic, post-synaptic, synaptic cleft, acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholine
More informationChapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed.,
Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,
More informationNervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters
Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons Structure of neurons Soma Dendrites Spines Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Neurons Structure of neurons Axon collaterals 1 Neurons Structure of neurons
More informationprocesses in the central nervous system (CNS), affecting many of the during the course of ethanol treatment. Ethanol stimulates the release of
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Neuroscience research is essential for understanding the biological basis of ethanol-related brain alterations and for identifying the molecular targets for therapeutic compounds
More informationNEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3
NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow
More informationSynaptic transmission
Michael J. Fox Hollywood actor John Nash Nobel prize laureate 1994 Synaptic transmission Sompol Tapechum, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital sisth@mahidol.ac.th www.ps.si.mahidol.ac.th
More informationPortions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells
CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Chapter 7 Outline Neurons and Supporting Cells Activity in Axons The Synapse Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Other
More informationAction Potentials and Synaptic Transmission. BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Review of action potentials Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus Dendrites Cell body In saltatory conduction, the nerve impulses
More informationChemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9
Chemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9 I) INTRO A) Nervous system discussed so far 1) Specific 2) Fast B) Other systems extended in space and time 1) Nonspecific 2) Slow C) Three components that
More informationPart 2: How Your Brain and Nervous System Work
Part 2: How Your Brain and Nervous System Work with Dr. Ritamarie Loscalzo Medical Disclaimer: The information in this presentation is not intended to replace a one onone relationship with a qualified
More informationI. OVERVIEW DIRECT. Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are divided into two groups according to the type of
THE CHOLINERGIC NEURON 1 I. OVERVIEW DIRECT Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are divided into two groups according to the type of ACTING neuron involved in their mechanism of action.
More informationRecreational Chemistry
Recreational Chemistry Well I'm fading away And I can't find the way to the door So I'll sit here on my bed all day While I'm whiling away The best part of a day on the floor I'll sit here on my head all
More informationSummarized by B.-W. Ku, E. S. Lee, and B.-T. Zhang Biointelligence Laboratory, Seoul National University.
Chapter 2. The Cellular l and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 3 rd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2008. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,
More informationCommunication Between Neurons *
OpenStax-CNX module: m46503 1 Communication Between Neurons * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationSynapse. 1. Presynaptic Terminal Button 2. Postsynaptic Membrane 3. Vesicles 4. Synaptic Cleft 5. Neurotransmitters 6.
Synapse 1. Presynaptic Terminal Button 2. Postsynaptic Membrane 3. Vesicles 4. Synaptic Cleft 5. Neurotransmitters 6. Receptor Sites For communication between neurons to occur, an electrical impulse must
More informationChapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition
Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga,, R. B. Ivry,, and G. R. Mangun,, Norton, 2002. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,
More informationBiopsychology 2012 sec 003 (Dr. Campeau)
Biopsychology 2012 sec 003 (Dr. Campeau) Study Guide for First Midterm What are some fun facts about the human brain? - there are approximately 100 billion neurons in the brain; - each neuron makes between
More informationNEURAL TISSUE (NEUROPHYSIOLOGY) PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA Neural Tissue Contains 2 kinds of cells: neurons: cells that send and receive signals neuroglia (glial cells): cells that support and protect neurons Neuron Types Sensory
More informationPSYCH 260 Exam 2. March 2, Answer the questions using the Scantron form. Name:
PSYCH 260 Exam 2 March 2, 2017 Answer the questions using the Scantron form. Name: 1 1 Main Please put in their proper order the steps that lead to synaptic communication between neurons. Begin with the
More informationNotes are online at The Neuron
Notes are online at http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~clovett/neuronotescogs17.pdf A. What is a neuron? The Neuron 1. A neuron is a type of cell that receives and transmits information in the Central Nervous System
More informationAdrenergic agonists Sympathomimetic drugs. ANS Pharmacology Lecture 4 Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed College of Pharmacy/University of Sulaimani
Adrenergic agonists Sympathomimetic drugs ANS Pharmacology Lecture 4 Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed College of Pharmacy/University of Sulaimani 2017-2018 Adrenergic agonists The adrenergic drugs affect receptors that
More informationOmar Ismail. Dana Almanzalji. Faisal Mohammad
11 Omar Ismail Dana Almanzalji Faisal Mohammad Neuronal classification: Neurons are responsible for transmitting the action potential to the brain. The speed at which the action potential is transmitted
More informationNEUROTRANSMITTERS. Contraction of muscles to move our bodies Release hormones Psychological states of thinking and emotions
NEUROTRANSMITTERS NEURONS Neurons don t actually touch Separated by a tiny fluid-filled gap called a synapse Neural impulses must be ferried across the synapse by chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
More informationQUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 7 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY [THE SYNAPSE AND PHARMACOLOGY]
QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 7 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY [THE SYNAPSE AND PHARMACOLOGY] Learning Objectives: Explain how neurons communicate stimulus intensity Explain how action potentials are conducted along
More information9/28/2016. Neuron. Multipolar Neuron. Astrocytes Exchange Materials With Neurons. Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system)
Neuron Multipolar Neuron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-psbnu5xago to :38 Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system) 10X more numerous than neurons but one-tenth the size make up
More informationADHD Medications & How They Work. Gail C. Rodin, Ph.D. January 21, 2008
ADHD Medications & How They Work Gail C. Rodin, Ph.D. January 21, 2008 Agenda How the (ADHD) Brain Works (or doesn t) Neurons and neurotransmitters NE & DA: the major players in ADHD Channel vs. state
More informationMOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DRUG ADDICTION. Sylvane Desrivières, SGDP Centre
1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DRUG ADDICTION Sylvane Desrivières, SGDP Centre Reward 2 Humans, as well as other organisms engage in behaviours that are rewarding The pleasurable feelings provide positive reinforcement
More informationAt a Glance. Background Information. Lesson 3 Drugs Change the Way Neurons Communicate
Lesson 3 Drugs Change the Way Neurons Communicate Overview Students build upon their understanding of neurotransmission by learning how different drugs of abuse disrupt communication between neurons. Students
More informationFLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 3 Alphabetical
FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 3 Alphabetical 2-AG 2-AG Found in milk. Combination of arachidonic acid and glycerol. Stands for 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Calcium-dependent chemical
More informationNeurons have cell membranes that separate them from the environment outside the neuron.
Neural Communication Lecture 11 A. Resting Potential In this section, we will consider the basic unit of the nervous system the neuron and how neurons communicate with each other. The story of neural communication
More informationReceptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me. Agenda. What We Know About Pain 9/7/2012
Receptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me Cathy Carlson, PhD, RN Northern Illinois University Agenda We will be going through this lecture on basic pain physiology using analogies, mnemonics,
More informationIon Channels (Part 2)
Ion Channels (Part 2) Graphics are used with permission of : adam.com (http://www.adam.com/) Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co (http://www.awl.com/bc) -57- Quiz Question #2: Ion Channels This question asks
More informationNeurotransmitter Systems II Receptors. Reading: BCP Chapter 6
Neurotransmitter Systems II Receptors Reading: BCP Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Normal function of the human brain requires an orderly set of chemical reactions. Some of the most important chemical
More informationNeurotransmitters and physiology of synapses
Neurotransmitters and physiology of synapses Rostislav Tureček Institute of Experimental Medicine, CAS Department of Auditory Neuroscience turecek@biomed.cas.cz Neuronal communication 1) Electrical signals
More informationReview of Neurochemistry
Review of Neurochemistry UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS YEAR III SEMINAR VJ Temple 1 CEREBRAL METABOLISM What are some
More informationSynapse. Structure & Function. Neurotransmitter Sequence. Integration. History: 10/4/12 original version
Synapse History: 10/4/12 original version Structure & Function (This content is covered in Sinjin's presentation, see link in calendar) Neurotransmitters Synaptic cleft Post-synaptic potential Excitation
More informationThe Nervous System. Anatomy of a Neuron
The Nervous System Chapter 38.1-38.5 Anatomy of a Neuron I. Dendrites II. Cell Body III. Axon Synaptic terminal 1 Neuron Connections dendrites cell body terminal cell body cell body terminals dendrites
More informationCogs 107b Systems Neuroscience Lecture 7: 02/02/16 neuromodulators and drugs of abuse principle of the week:
Cogs 107b Systems Neuroscience www.thiscourse.com/ucsd/cogs107b/wi16 Lecture 7: 02/02/16 neuromodulators and drugs of abuse principle of the week: funcdonal anatomy neurotransmitters: mediating information
More informationAutonomic Nervous System. Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry
Autonomic Nervous System Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry Peripheral Nervous System A. Sensory Somatic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous System 1. Sympathetic Nervous
More information