Axon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body

Transcription

1 Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor Axomembrane Stimuli Schwann cell Effector Myelin Cell body Ganglia Dendrite 4. What is the sodium potassium pump? 5. What is diffusion? Exocytosis? 6. Know the parts of a nerve impulse action potential know the graph 7. What is saltatory conduction? 8. What is the function of myelin? 9. What is polarity? 10. Explain the process of synaptic transmission. Know the diagrams 11. What ion is important for synaptic transmission to occur? 12. What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine? Norepinephrine? 13. If a neurotransmitter is not broken down by an enzyme, what happens to it? 14. What is integration? 15. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? 16. What are the two parts of the central nervous system? 17. Explain the difference between the voluntary and involuntary nervous system? 18. Explain the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system? 19. Explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system? 20. How is the central nervous system protected and cushioned? 21. What is the difference between gray and white matter? 22. Know the diagram of the brain parts and function 23. What is an endocrine gland? 24. Explain the neuroendocrine control centre. 25. Explain the 2 ways that the hormones involved in homeostasis are controlled. 26. What 2 hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland? Where are they made? 27. What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary? How are they regulated? 28. Why do nerve impulses not move backwards? 29. How do drugs work? What effect do they have on the body? 30. Which is not a correct association of structure and function? A. Axons-- outgoing signals -- delivers signals to control sensory organs such as eye movement C. Cell body nucleus and organelles D. Dendrites incoming signals E. Interneuron sums up in put before sending signals to muscle or gland 31. Dendrites A. Carry impulses away from a cell body B. Are always myelinated C. Are found only in the CNS D. Are solely responsible for nervous conduction E. Carry impulses toward a cell body 32. Damage to one nerve results in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness. This indicates that: A. The nerve contained sensory neurons B. The nerve contained motor neurons C. The nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons 33. In the axon, the nerve impulses travel A. Toward the cell body B. Away from the cell body 34. In a dissection, most nerve fibers appear gray and white because A. The neuron is gray or white coloured B. Sodium ions are part of the salt compound and they flow along the surface C. They rapidly die and dead tissues soon become gray or white D. It is mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat 35. Which of the following structures does NOT pertain to neurons? A. Hypothalamus B. Schwann cells C. Myelin 36. The sodium-potassium pump is primarily responsible for the A. Resting potential B. Action potential C. Excretion of salts D. The damage was to a central body in a ganglion E. The damage was to the spinal cord interneuron C. In both directions D. Away from the synapse D. Nodes of Ranvier D. Contraction of muscle fibres E. Maintaining isotonic water balance 37. A nerve impulse is A. Movement of a sodium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip B. Movement of a potassium ion all the way form dendrite to axon tip C. Movement of an electron all the way from dendrite to axon tip D. A change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the surfaces of the neuron membrane, a charge that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow

2 38. The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is A. The action potential is graduated and a weak stimulus causes a small change in polarity B. Weak stimuli only open sodium gates, strong stimuli also open potassium gates C. The axon fires at a greater frequency D. A strong stimulus does not allow repolarization but sends a constant flow of ions E. All of the above are correct 39. In the diagram above of a nerve impulse, number 1 indicates the movement of A. Na + to the inside B. Na + to the outside 40. In the diagram above, number 2 indicates the movement of A. Na + to the inside B. Na + to the outside 41. In the diagram above, number 3 represents A. Depolarization B. Repolarization C. Action potential 42. In the diagram above, number 5 represents A. Depolarization B. Repolarization C. Action potential C. K + to the inside D. K + to the outside C. K + to the inside D. K + to the outside D. Threshold E. Resting potential D. Threshold E. Resting potential 43. Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential? A. There is a rapid change in polarity from about -65mV to about + 40 mv B. It can be produced by an electric shock or a sudden change in ph C. The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40mV D. Depolarization occurs when sodium gates open and allow sodium ions to enter the cell E. Potassium gates open after the sodium gates and allow potassium ions to leave the cell 44. At a synapse A. A synaptic vesicles fuse with the post synaptic membrane B. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane C. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft D. Neurotransmitters are actively transported across the synaptic cleft E. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, and neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft 45. Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft and A. Always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron B. Always excite the postsynaptic neuron C. Either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron D. Integrate the presynaptic action potential E. Are carried along the membrane surface of the next neuron 46. The likely effect on a neuron of two excitatory signals and twenty inhibitory signals is A. Transmission of a nerve impulse B. Transmission of a nerve impulse releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters at the next synapse C. Prohibiting the axon from firing at all D. Confused integration 47. The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft is A. Acetylcholinesterase B. Monoamine oxidase C. Lipase D. Maltase 48. Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is NOT dependent on A. The presence of calcium ions B. A neurotransmitter substance C. A synaptic cleft D. A presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane E. A depolarization and repolarization wave 49. The primary functions of the spinal cord involve A. Intelligence and memory B. Speech, taste, smell, vision, and hearing C. Reflex actions and communication between the brain and spinal nerves D. Controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance E. Local control and decision-making for local anatomy

3 50. A nerve is A. A neuron B. Composed of sensory axons and motor dendrites C. Composed of the long fibres of long axons D. A part of the central nervous system E. Any cell located in the brain or spinal region 51. A reflex action A. Is an automatic, involuntary response B. Does not require the CNS C. Is normally controlled consciously 52. Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS? A. Sensory neuron B. Receptor D. Has no protective value E. Is only found in humans C. Interneuron 53. Administration of norepinephrine would A. Dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood B. Slow heartbeat C. Stimulate the digestive system to supply more sugar to the blood D. Cause the pupil of the eye to contract E. Promote an overall relaxed state 54. Which of these is NOT true of the autonomic nervous system? A. It controls heartbeat, peristalsis, and secretion of glands B. It is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems C. It is composed only of fibres that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body D. The impulses require two motor neurons to reach their destination E. The system coordinates organ responses 55. Which of these phrases is mismatched? A. Synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters B. Ganglia cell bodies outside the CNS C. Autonomic nervous system mixed nerves D. Nodes of Ranvier unmyelinated regions of a nerve E. Membrane potential Na + and K For the most part it is proper to associate the A. Sympathetic nervous system with acetylcholine and emergencies B. Parasympathetic nervous system with norepinephrine and emergencies C. Sympathetic nervous system with norepinephrine and emergencies D. Parasympathetic nervous system with acetylcholine and emergencies E. Sympathetic nervous system with feelings of compassion and sympathy 57. The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called A. Cerebrospinal membranes B. Meninges C. Ventricles D. Epithelium E. Gray matter 58. In the diagram above, the structure at a is a(n);; 59. In the diagram above, the structure at b is a(n) 60. In the above diagram, the structure at c is a(n):

4 61. In the above diagram, the structure at d is a(n): 62. Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration A. Medulla oblongata B. Hypothalamus C. Cerebellum 63. An impulse travelling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the A. medulla oblongata B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus 64. Which one is not DIRECTLY needed for nerve conduction? A. Dendrites B. Axons C. Cell membrane 65. Which one does NOT move during nerve conduction? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Positive charges 66. Which one is the opposite of the true situation for a resting neuron? A. Positive on both sides of the membrane B. Positive on outside of the membrane and negative on inside C. Negative on both sides of the membrane D. Negative on the outside and positive and the inside D. Cerebrum E. Pons D. Cerebellum E. Cerebrum D. Nucleus E. Ions D. Negative charges E. Ions 67. Which one has nothing to do with an action potential A. A resting potential B. Permeability of specific ions C. A Na/K pump 68. Fill in the table to indicate the functions of the brain AREA OF THE BRAIN Cerebrum FUNCTION D. A cell membrane E. Glycogen Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Corpus callosum Meninges Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland

5 69. Label the following diagrams