Biology and Behavior CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER OUTLINE

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Biology and Behavior CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER OUTLINE"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 2 Biology and Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE Biological psychology studies the cells, genes, and organs of the body, and the physical and chemical changes involved in behavior and mental processes. I. CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM What are neurons and what do they do? A. Neurons 1. There are two main cell types in the nervous system. a) Neurons are specialized to respond rapidly to signals and send signals of their own. b) Glial cells hold neurons together, guide their growth, maintain a stable chemical environment, provide energy, help restore damage, and respond to signals from neurons. 2. All cells have some features in common. a) An outer membrane selectively allows only some substances to pass in and out. b) The cell body contains the nucleus. c) Mitochondria turn oxygen and glucose into energy. 3. Neurons have special features that permit effective signal communication. a) An axon is a cell fiber that carries signals away from the cell body. Most neurons have just one axon. b) A dendrite is a cell fiber that receives signals from other neurons and carries information toward the neuron s cell body. Most neurons have many dendrites. B. Action Potentials 1. Action potentials are electrochemical pulses that shoot down the neuron s axon. They are all-or-none : A neuron either fires an action potential at full strength or does not fire at all. 2. After an action potential, there is a brief recovery time called a refractory period, during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential. 3. The speed of an action potential depends on the thickness of the axon and on the presence of myelin, a white, fatty substance that speeds up action potentials. C. Synapses and Communication Between Neurons 1. At the axon end the action potential causes bag-like vesicles to release stored chemicals called neurotransmitters into a space between the two neurons. 2. This space is called a synapse, a connection that is a narrow gap separating the axon of one neuron from the dendrites of another. It is the means by which two neurons communicate. 3. Released neurotransmitters float across the synapse to bind with receptors, proteins on a dendrite of a receiving neuron. 4. The interaction between neurotransmitters and receptors is very specific, like a lock and key. A specific receptor (a lock ) can only be stimulated by a specific neurotransmitter (a key ).

2 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior 27 II. 5. This interaction creates a signal called a postsynaptic potential (PSP) that might make action potentials in the receiving, or postsynaptic, neuron either more or less likely. A number of PSPs sum together at the junction of the cell body and the axon. Whether or not an action potential fires depends on the kind of signals that are most numerous. D. Organization of the Nervous System The nervous system is organized into two main parts: 1. The central nervous system (CNS), encased in bone, consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is the nervous system s central executive. 2. The peripheral nervous system, extends throughout the body and relays information to and from the brain. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: KEEPING IN TOUCH WITH THE WORLD How do sights and sounds reach my brain? The peripheral nervous system has two subsystems: A. The Somatic Nervous System The somatic nervous system carries signals between the senses and CNS and between the CNS and skeletal muscles. Sensory neurons bring information to the brain, and motor neurons send information from the brain to the muscles. B. The Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system (ANS) carries messages between the CNS and the heart, lungs, and other organs and glands. The ANS has two divisions: 1. The sympathetic system directs the body to spend energy (e.g., increased heart rate, faster breathing, sweating, sometimes called the fight-or-flight response) to react to stress. 2. The parasympathetic system directs the body s functions to conserve energy (e.g., slower heart rate, increased digestive activity). Parasympathetic activity helps calm a person after increased sympathetic arousal. 3. Both systems may act on the same body areas, with their relative balance regulating the state of the targeted organs. III. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: MAKING SENSE OF THE WORLD How is my brain "wired"? In the CNS different functions are performed by different networks of neurons. Clusters of neurons are called a nuclei, and pathways that connect the networks are bundles of axons called fiber tracts. A. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord receives and sends signals to and from the brain. 1. Reflexes are simple, involuntary behaviors controlled by spinal cord neurons, without requiring instructions from the brain. 2. Reflexes are controlled by a feedback system. Information about the consequences of an action goes back to the source of the action for further adjustment, if necessary. B. The Brain A number of tools have been developed for monitoring the brain s structure and activity: 1. The earliest technique is called an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures general electrical activity through electrodes on the scalp. 2. A newer technique is a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, which records the location of radioactive substances that were injected into the bloodstream. These show the location of brain activity during specific tasks.

3 28 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) records radio frequency waves after exposure to a magnetic field providing clear pictures of the anatomical structure of the brain. 4. Functional MRI ( fmri) detects changes in blood flow to provide a moving picture of neuronal activities. 5. The newest techniques provide even more information about brain activity, structure, and functioning. These include diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). C. Thinking Critically: What Can fmri Tell Us about Behavior and Mental Processes? fmri scans show where brain activity occurs as people think and experience emotion. Like phrenology in the nineteenth century, which claimed that personality traits and other mental features could be determined from bumps on people s skulls, some feel that people will uncritically accept the claim that fmri scans also indicate how the mind works. 1. What am I being asked to believe or accept? fmri scans cannot indicate the anatomical locations in other words, the biological causes of particular thoughts and emotions. 2. Is there evidence available to support the claim? Although brain areas do light up when a person thinks or feels something, fmri scans of these areas are not precise. First, they do not directly measure brain cell activities but just reflect blood flow and oxygen in the brain that are related in some unknown way to neuron firings. Second, an fmri scan may miss brain cell activities that do not create simple increases in blood flow. Third, coordinated changes in millions of neurons are necessary before a detectable fmri signal occurs. Fourth, many of the results of fmri research depend on how the researchers decide to interpret them on judgments. And, finally, no one knows what it really means when certain brain areas appear to be activated during certain experiences. 3. Can that evidence be interpreted another way? Supporters point to important fmri research on brain mechanisms involved with experiencing empathy and learning by watching others. Mirror neuron mechanisms were found in parts of the brain including Broca s area. Neurons in these areas become activated not only when a person actually experiences something, but also when he/she watches someone else do or feel the same thing. Some fmri studies have found malfunctioning mirror mechanisms in people diagnosed with autism, a disorder that includes problems with language development, imitative skills, and empathy. 4. What evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives? As fmri technology continues to improve, knowledge about correlation and causation in fmri must also grow. Sharing information from fmri experiments will help to accomplish this. An fmri data center has been established to store research data for review. 5. What conclusions are most reasonable? fmri is an exciting tool that offers images of the structure and functioning of the brain. However, by itself, fmri probably will not be able to explain exactly how the brain creates behavior and mental processes. Critical thinking must always underlie analysis of results of fmri research. D. The Hindbrain The hindbrain is found just above the spinal cord and is composed of the following structures: 1. The medulla controls vital life functions (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, breathing).

4 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior The reticular formation is a web of neurons is involved in arousal and attention. 3. The cerebellum coordinates fine motor movements, stores a memory code for wellrehearsed behaviors, and participates in cognitive tasks such as reading. E. The Midbrain The tiny midbrain relays information from the eyes, ears, and skin and controls certain types of automatic behaviors. The midbrain and its connections to the forebrain permit the smooth initiation of movement. F. The Forebrain The forebrain, the largest part of the brain, regulates many complex aspects of behavior and mental phenomena. Interior structures include the following: 1. The thalamus processes inputs from sense organs (except for smell) and then relays sensory information to appropriate higher forebrain areas. It is the primary sensory relay into the rest of the brain. 2. The hypothalamus regulates many physiological feedback systems, coordinating hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior. It directly influences both the autonomic and the endocrine systems. It contains the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the brain s clock that sets biological rhythms for the body. 3. The limbic system includes the amygdale and the hippocampus. a) The amygdala is involved in memory and emotion. It links different kinds of sensory information together in memory. The amygdala also plays a role in fear and other emotions, linking emotions to sensations. b) The hippocampus is critical to the ability to form new memories. G. The Cerebral Cortex 1. The forebrain s outer surface, the cerebral cortex, is a thin sheet of neurons. In humans, the sheet folds in on itself, giving the brain its characteristic wrinkled appearance. 2. The cerebral cortex is divided down the middle, creating two halves called the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum connects the two halves. 3. The folds of cortex produce gyri (ridges) and sulci, or fissures (valleys or wrinkles), on the brain s outer surface. Several deep sulci make convenient markers for dividing the cortex of each hemisphere into four anatomical areas: the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. H. Sensory and Motor Cortex The sensory cortex and the motor cortex are two of the functional areas of the cortex. 1. Each region of the sensory cortex receives and processes input from a single sensory organ. a) Inputs from the eyes are sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. b) Inputs from the ears are sent to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. c) Inputs from the skin sensory organs connect to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. Neighboring body areas send somatosensory inputs to neighboring parts of the somatosensory cortex. This pattern of brain organization is called a homunculus. 2. Neurons in the motor cortex, in the frontal lobe, initiate voluntary movements of specific body parts. These neurons are organized so that the combined activity of neighboring groups of neurons controls movements of neighboring body regions. I. Focus on Research: The Case of the Disembodied Woman 1. What was the researcher s question? Why was an apparently healthy woman falling and dropping things? 2. How did the researcher answer the question?

5 30 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior Dr. Sacks conducted a case study of Christina to check her sensory feedback from her joints and muscles. 3. What did the researcher find? Christina s sensory neurons that usually supply kinesthetic information had stopped working. 4. What do the results mean? Our sense of our bodies comes not just from seeing them, but also from proprioception. 5. What do we still need to know? Dr. Sack s research provided detailed information on what neurological problem Christina experienced, but it did not show what caused her condition. Did megadoses of vitamin B6 contribute to Christina s problem and, if so, why? Are there other causes of this kinesthetic disorder? J. Association Cortex 1. Most of the cortex in each lobe is association cortex, with no specific sensory inputs or direct motor outputs. Rather, the association cortex combines inputs from various senses and is involved in many different mental processes. a) Some regions of the association cortex are specifically involved in language processing. (1) Broca s area is a region of association cortex, usually in the left frontal lobe. Damage to this region causes difficulty speaking smoothly and grammatically, a condition called Broca s aphasia. (2) Wernicke s area is a region of the association cortex, usually in the left temporal lobe. Damage to this region leaves fluency intact but makes it difficult to understand the meaning of words or to speak understandably. b) Other association areas in the front of the brain called the prefrontal cortex are involved in complex, higher-level thought processes. K. The Divided Brain: Lateralization 1. The physically separate left and right hemispheres perform different functions. 2. Most sensory and motor pathways cross as they enter or leave the brain. As a result, the left hemisphere receives information from and controls movements of the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere does the same for the left side of the body. 3. Studies of split-brain patients highlight the different functions of the two hemispheres. a) The left and right hemispheres communicate through the corpus callosum, a bundle of over a million fibers. To relieve seizures in some epilepsy patients, a split-brain operation cuts the corpus callosum. In such patients, the two hemispheres operate somewhat independently of each other. b) Special techniques were used to present information to only the left or right hemisphere of split brains. Patients could verbally name only those objects shown to the left hemisphere; they could use their hands to recognize objects shown to either hemisphere. This suggested that the left hemisphere, more than the right, is specialized for language. c) The right hemisphere appears to be specialized for tasks involving spatial relationships and recognizing human faces. d) Because of the corpus callosum connection, the two hemispheres work closely together. L. Plasticity in the Central Nervous System 1. Brains show synaptic plasticity, adding or changing synapses due to one s experiences. This may be a physical basis for forming memories and learning new things.

6 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior Brain damage is hard to repair because the adult nervous system does not automatically replace damaged cells and restore lost functions. A number of surgical techniques have tried to help damaged central nervous systems. a) Fetal brain tissue grafts have not been successful in humans over the long term. b) Transplants of brain tissue from other species have been rejected by humans. c) Scientists are currently concentrating on coaxing neural stem cells that exist in adult brains to form new neurons. Current work tries to solve the problem that glial cells and proteins block new neurons from making replacement synaptic connections for those that have been lost or damaged. (1) When a protein called Nogo is blocked in rats, neurons were able to make new connections. (2) Brain grafts can be made more effective by adding naturally occurring proteins called growth factors, which promote the survival of neurons and survival of neurons. (3) To promote neural plasticity, special mental and physical exercise programs seem to help rewire damaged brains. IV. LINKAGES: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANGING BRAIN A. PET and fmri scans, which measure neuronal activity, have shown that brain functioning changes with age. 1. Newborns brain activity is high in the thalamus and low in the part of the forebrain related to smooth movement. This pattern of brain activity and motor function resembles that seen after the brain damage in Huntington s disease patients. 2. In the second and third months, brain activity increases in regions of the cortex. This is paralleled by a loss of reflexes not under cortical control. 3. In the eighth and ninth months, brain activity increases in the frontal cortex, paralleled with the apparent blossoming of cognitive activity. 4. The brain matures through adolescence, creating more efficient communication in major fiber tracts. B. Synaptic plasticity, not the growth of new cells, is associated with development. In the first years of life the number of synapses and dendrites increases greatly, then drops in early adolescence. The brain overproduces neural connections, then prunes unneeded ones. C. In studies on rats the richness of the environment, in other words experience, determines the number of synapses that are developed and retained throughout life. V. THE CHEMISTRY OF BEHAVIOR: NEUROTRANSMITTERS How do biochemicals affect my mood? Different sets of neurons use different neurotransmitters. About 100 neurotransmitters have been identified. A group of neurons that communicate using the same neurotransmitter is called a neurotransmitter system. A. Three Classes of Neurotransmitters 1. Small molecules a) Acetylcholine is used by sets of neurons involved in controlling movement of the body, in making memories, and in slowing the heartbeat and activating the digestive system. Alzheimer s disease may result from disruptions of this system. b) Norepinephrine affects arousal, wakefulness, learning, and mood. Disruptions of this system have been linked to depression. c) Serotonin affects sleep, mood, aggression, and impulsive behaviors. Serotonin levels can be affected by what is eaten. (1) Malfunctions in serotonin systems can result in mood and appetite problems seen in some types of obesity, premenstrual tension, and depression.

7 32 Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior (2) Antidepressant medications such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are thought to act on serotonin systems to relieve some of the symptoms of depression. d) Dopamine is used by sets of neurons involved in controlling movement, and damage to these systems contributes to shakiness experienced by people with Parkinson s disease. Other dopamine systems are involved in the experiencing of reward, or pleasure, which is vital in shaping and motivating behavior. Certain other dopamine systems are suspected to be responsible for the perceptual, emotional, and thought disturbances associated with schizophrenia. e) GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain it slows down the brain s neural activity. (1) Some drugs amplify the inhibitory action of GABA. One example is alcohol, which results in impairments of thinking, judgment, and motor skills. Drugs that interfere with GABA s inhibitory effects produce intense repetitive electrical discharges, known as seizures. (2) Impaired GABA systems are thought to contribute to severe anxiety, Huntington s disease, and epilepsy. f) Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its release is associated with the ability of a synapse to strengthen its connection between two neurons, perhaps as part of the physical basis of memory formation. (1) Overactivity of glutamate synapses can cause neurons to die by exciting them to death. Blocking glutamate receptors immediately after brain trauma can prevent permanent brain damage. (2) Glutamate may contribute to the loss of brain cells in Alzheimer s disease. 2. Peptides: Hundreds of chemicals called peptides have been found to act as neurotransmitters. Examples of these are endorphins, which are used in brain systems involved in pain perception. Opiate drugs (e.g., morphine) relieve pain by binding to endorphin receptors. 3. Gases: Two toxic gases that contribute to air pollution have been recently discovered to act as neurotransmitters: nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Rather than bind to receptors, these gases affect the chemical reactions inside nearby neurons. Nitric oxide is not stored in vesicles and can be released from any part of the neuron. Nitric oxide appears to be one of the neurotransmitters responsible for penile erection and the formation of memories. VI. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: COORDINATING THE INTERNAL WORLD How can my hormones help me in a crisis? A. Like the nervous system, the endocrine system is specialized for cell-to-cell communication. Cells of endocrine glands release chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream. Then, cells of target organs use specific receptors to detect specific hormones, causing specific cell responses. 1. The hypothalamus in the brain controls the pituitary gland, which controls endocrine organs in the body. An endocrine organ s hormone product affects cells of a specific target organ of the body. 2. Each part of the system uses hormones to signal the next or to provide feedback for subsequent hormonal regulation. a) When threat is perceived, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary to release the hormone ACTH into the bloodstream. b) ACTH causes the adrenal gland to release the hormone cortisol. (1) Adrenal hormones and sympathetic arousal together result in the fight-orflight response (e.g., faster heart rate, increased energy use) to help the body respond to danger.

biological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40

biological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40 biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,

More information

Organization of the nervous system. The withdrawal reflex. The central nervous system. Structure of a neuron. Overview

Organization of the nervous system. The withdrawal reflex. The central nervous system. Structure of a neuron. Overview Overview The nervous system- central and peripheral The brain: The source of mind and self Neurons Neuron Communication Chemical messengers Inside the brain Parts of the brain Split Brain Patients Organization

More information

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Brain & Spinal Cord Review: Nervous System Parallel Distributed Processing Composition of the CNS Nuclei: Clusters of neurons in the CNS ( neighborhoods ) Fiber Tracts/Pathways:

More information

The Nervous System. Biological School. Neuroanatomy. How does a Neuron fire? Acetylcholine (ACH) TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

The Nervous System. Biological School. Neuroanatomy. How does a Neuron fire? Acetylcholine (ACH) TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS Biological School The Nervous System It is all about the body!!!! It starts with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON. Synapse Neuroanatomy Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that

More information

Psychology in Your Life

Psychology in Your Life Sarah Grison Todd Heatherton Michael Gazzaniga Psychology in Your Life SECOND EDITION Chapter 2 The Role of Biology in Psychology 1 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2.1 How Do Our Nervous Systems Affect

More information

Name: Period: Test Review: Chapter 2

Name: Period: Test Review: Chapter 2 Name: Period: Test Review: Chapter 2 1. The function of dendrites is to A) receive incoming signals from other neurons. B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. C) coordinate

More information

1. Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus; also called the soma.

1. Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus; also called the soma. 1. Base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing 2. tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue 3. A thick band of axons that connects the

More information

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body Sends messages from the brain to the

More information

Lesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1

Lesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions

More information

Acetylcholine (ACh) Action potential. Agonists. Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters.

Acetylcholine (ACh) Action potential. Agonists. Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine (ACh) The neurotransmitter responsible for motor control at the junction between nerves and muscles; also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. (See

More information

Chapter 6. Body and Behavior

Chapter 6. Body and Behavior Chapter 6 Body and Behavior Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure How the nervous system works Central nervous system (CNS)- the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord- nerves that run up and down

More information

Name: Period: Chapter 2 Reading Guide The Biology of Mind

Name: Period: Chapter 2 Reading Guide The Biology of Mind Name: Period: Chapter 2 Reading Guide The Biology of Mind The Nervous System (pp. 55-58) 1. What are nerves? 2. Complete the diagram below with definitions of each part of the nervous system. Nervous System

More information

Chapter 6 Section 1. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure

Chapter 6 Section 1. The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Chapter 6 Section 1 The Nervous System: The Basic Structure Essential Question: How does studying the biology of the brain give us an understanding of our behavior? Draw or type 2 things you already know

More information

Neural Communication. Neural Communication. Myers PSYCHOLOGY - Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior. Definitions

Neural Communication. Neural Communication. Myers PSYCHOLOGY - Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior. Definitions Myers PSYCHOLOGY - Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior 1. Neural communication - Neurons - How Neurons Communicate - How Neurotransmitters Influence Us 2. The nervous system 3. The endocrine system 4.

More information

Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7)

Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7) Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7) What is a neuron? What is the cell body? What is the axon? The basic building block of the nervous system, the individual nerve cell that receives, processes and transmits

More information

synapse neurotransmitters Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands

synapse neurotransmitters Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands neuron synapse The junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron Building block of the nervous system; nerve cell Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic

More information

Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1

Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1 Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1 Chapter Test 1. A cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells via an electrochemical process is called a(n) a. neuron b. hormone c. glia d. endorphin Answer:

More information

Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral

More information

fmri (functional MRI)

fmri (functional MRI) Lesion fmri (functional MRI) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Brainstem CT (computed tomography) Scan Medulla PET (positron emission tomography) Scan Reticular Formation MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Thalamus

More information

General Psychology Biology & Behavior: The Brain

General Psychology Biology & Behavior: The Brain General Psychology Biology & Behavior: The Brain These are general notes designed to assist students who are regularly attending class and reading assigned material: they are supplemental rather than exhaustive

More information

Chapter 3. Biological Processes

Chapter 3. Biological Processes Biological Processes Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne What s It For? Biological Solutions Communicating internally Initiating and coordinating behavior Regulating growth and other internal functions

More information

Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1

Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1 Okami Study Guide: Chapter 2 1 Chapter in Review 1. The human nervous system is a complex biological system designed for nearly instantaneous communication among billions of neurons throughout the body.

More information

Psychology Unit II: The Brain and Biology

Psychology Unit II: The Brain and Biology Psychology Unit II: The Brain and Biology NATURE or NURTURE What are the effects of biochemistry on behavior? VOCABULARY Central Nervous System (CNS): The central nervous system is the part of the nervous

More information

Modules 4 & 6. The Biology of Mind

Modules 4 & 6. The Biology of Mind Modules 4 & 6 The Biology of Mind 1 Neuron - 100 Billion - Communication System Glial cells Cell body (nucleus) Dendrites Axon Axon Terminals (terminal buttons) Synaptic cleft 3 4 Communication Within

More information

Nervous System and Brain Review. Bio 3201

Nervous System and Brain Review. Bio 3201 Nervous System and Brain Review Bio 3201 Dont worry about: glial cells Oligodendrocytes Satelite cells etc Nervous System - Vital to maintaining homeostasis in organisms - Comprised of : brain, spinal

More information

Neural Communication. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Communication in the Nervous System. 4 Common Components of a Neuron

Neural Communication. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Communication in the Nervous System. 4 Common Components of a Neuron Neural Communication Overview of CNS / PNS Electrical Signaling Chemical Signaling Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic = sensory & motor Autonomic = arousal state Parasympathetic =

More information

Chapter 2 Neuroscience, Genetics and Behavior. Neural Communication. Neural Communication. Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

Chapter 2 Neuroscience, Genetics and Behavior. Neural Communication. Neural Communication. Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 2 Neuroscience, Genetics and Behavior James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Neural Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links

More information

To understand AD, it is important to

To understand AD, it is important to To understand AD, it is important to know a bit about the brain. This part of Unraveling the Mystery gives an inside view of the normal brain, how it works, and what happens during aging. The brain is

More information

Psychology study guide chapter 2

Psychology study guide chapter 2 Psychology study guide chapter 2 Phrenology Developed by Franz Gall in the early 1800 s Study of bumps on the skull and the relationship to mental abilities and character traits Yielded one big idea: different

More information

Neuroscience. Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior 1/11/2010. The Brain and Behavior

Neuroscience. Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior 1/11/2010. The Brain and Behavior Neuroscience The Brain and Behavior Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior I. How is the Nervous System Organized? II. Methods of Studying the Brain III. How Does the Brain Function? IV. What Effects Do

More information

III. Studying The Brain and Other Structures

III. Studying The Brain and Other Structures III. Studying The Brain and Other Structures 1. Accidents (case study) In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain. Gage s doctor

More information

Myers Psychology for AP*

Myers Psychology for AP* Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which

More information

Human Nervous System

Human Nervous System Human Nervous System A network of interconnected parts that controls behavior & connects us to the world Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System consists

More information

PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1

PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1 PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1 1 What is a neuron? 2 Name and describe the functions of the three main parts of the neuron. 3 What do glial cells do? 4 Describe the three basic

More information

Chapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !

Chapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. ! Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems

More information

Parts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain

Parts of the Brain. Hindbrain. Controls autonomic functions Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc. Upper part of hindbrain Parts of the Brain The human brain is made up of three main parts: 1) Hindbrain (or brainstem) Which is made up of: Myelencephalon Metencephalon 2) Midbrain Which is made up of: Mesencephalon 3) Forebrain

More information

AP Psychology Chapter 3 Test

AP Psychology Chapter 3 Test AP Psychology Chapter 3 Test Please make all marks on the Scan-Tron provided. Multiple Choice 1. In the opening vignette, what did the 5 million people who had fallen ill at the beginning of the 20 th

More information

The Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral

The Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central versus Peripheral Central Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Everything else Somatic versus Autonomic Somatic Nerves serving conscious sensations

More information

Ways we Study the Brain. Accidents Lesions CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI

Ways we Study the Brain. Accidents Lesions CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI The Brain Ways we Study the Brain Accidents Lesions CAT Scan PET Scan MRI Functional MRI Accidents Phineas Gage Story Personality changed after the accident. What this this tell us? That different part

More information

PSYCH 260 Exam 2. March 2, Answer the questions using the Scantron form. Name:

PSYCH 260 Exam 2. March 2, Answer the questions using the Scantron form. Name: PSYCH 260 Exam 2 March 2, 2017 Answer the questions using the Scantron form. Name: 1 1 Main Please put in their proper order the steps that lead to synaptic communication between neurons. Begin with the

More information

Chapter 3 Biological Psychology

Chapter 3 Biological Psychology Chapter 3 Biological Psychology Introduction Reductionism? Scientists in many fields use a strategy called reductionism; they attempt to explain complex phenomena by reducing them to combinations of simpler

More information

Biocomputer Wired for Action MWABBYH CTBIR LOBES

Biocomputer Wired for Action MWABBYH CTBIR LOBES Biocomputer Wired for Action MWABBYH CTBIR LOBES 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 Biocomputer Wired for Action MWABBYH CTBIR LOBES 100

More information

10/15/2010. Biology and Behavior Behavioral neuroscience: Biology and Behavior. The Nervous System

10/15/2010. Biology and Behavior Behavioral neuroscience: Biology and Behavior. The Nervous System Biology and Behavior Behavioral neuroscience: 2-1 Biology and Behavior To survive, human beings must be able to perform three interrelated activities: sensing events, or stimuli; processing stimuli; and

More information

Practice test 1 spring 2011 copy

Practice test 1 spring 2011 copy Practice test 1 spring 2011 copy Student: 1. The fundamental units of the nervous system are nerve cells, called: A. axons B. glial cells C. neurons D. neurotransmitters 2. Which of the following is NOT

More information

18. The visual cortex is located in the: A) occipital lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) parietal lobe.

18. The visual cortex is located in the: A) occipital lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) parietal lobe. Name: Date: 1. A biological psychologist would be more likely to study: A) how you learn to express emotions. B) how to help people overcome emotional disorders. C) life-span changes in the expression

More information

Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar

More information

Sincerely, Ms. Paoloni and Mrs. Whitney

Sincerely, Ms. Paoloni and Mrs. Whitney Dear Students, Welcome to AP Psychology! We will begin our course of study focusing on the nervous system with a particular emphasis on how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors. In preparation

More information

3/20/13. :: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 39 :: How Is the Nervous System Organized? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System

3/20/13. :: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 39 :: How Is the Nervous System Organized? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System :: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 39 :: How Is the Nervous System Organized? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System The nervous system is organized into several major branches, each

More information

Bio11: The Nervous System. Body control systems. The human brain. The human brain. The Cerebrum. What parts of your brain are you using right now?

Bio11: The Nervous System. Body control systems. The human brain. The human brain. The Cerebrum. What parts of your brain are you using right now? Bio11: The Nervous System Body control systems Nervous system Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Sends a hormone as a messenger to the target organ Can target several organs

More information

Human Nervous System. The nervous system has three functions

Human Nervous System. The nervous system has three functions Chapter 37 Human Nervous System The nervous system has three functions 1) Receive sensory input from both external and internal stimuli 2) Perform integration. (Coordinating all of the various inputs of

More information

Forebrain Brain Structures Limbic System. Brain Stem Midbrain Basil Ganglia. Cerebellum Reticular Formation Medulla oblongata

Forebrain Brain Structures Limbic System. Brain Stem Midbrain Basil Ganglia. Cerebellum Reticular Formation Medulla oblongata Brain structures (1) Cut out the following cards (2) Identify the three major divisions of the brain (as defined by your book). Initially, try this without any form of aid such as your textbook. (3) Organize

More information

Curricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior

Curricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Curricular Requirement 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Name: Period: Due Key Terms for CR 3: Biological Bases of Behavior Key Term Definition Application Acetylcholine (Ach) Action potential Adrenal glands

More information

Welcome it is a great day to learn about the Brain

Welcome it is a great day to learn about the Brain Welcome it is a great day to learn about the Brain What does the Brain do? Stand up Walk around every person you pass tell them a different function the brain performs Do this until you are told to stop

More information

Brain Structures. Some scientists divide the brain up into three parts. Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

Brain Structures. Some scientists divide the brain up into three parts. Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain The Brain Phineas Gage Play The Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage (12:03) Module #25 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). http://www.learner.org/resources/series1 42.html

More information

Page 1. Neurons Transmit Signal via Action Potentials: neuron At rest, neurons maintain an electrical difference across

Page 1. Neurons Transmit Signal via Action Potentials: neuron At rest, neurons maintain an electrical difference across Chapter 33: The Nervous System and the Senses Neurons: Specialized excitable cells that allow for communication throughout the body via electrical impulses Neuron Anatomy / Function: 1) Dendrites: Receive

More information

Basic Brain Structure

Basic Brain Structure The Human Brain Basic Brain Structure Composed of 100 billion cells Makes up 2% of bodies weight Contains 15% of bodies blood supply Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and glucose Brain Protection Surrounded by

More information

Body control systems. Nervous system. Organization of Nervous Systems. The Nervous System. Two types of cells. Organization of Nervous System

Body control systems. Nervous system. Organization of Nervous Systems. The Nervous System. Two types of cells. Organization of Nervous System Body control systems Nervous system Nervous system Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Sends a hormone as a messenger to the target organ Slower acting Longer lasting response

More information

Organization of the nervous system. [See Fig. 48.1]

Organization of the nervous system. [See Fig. 48.1] Nervous System [Note: This is the text version of this lecture file. To make the lecture notes downloadable over a slow connection (e.g. modem) the figures have been replaced with figure numbers as found

More information

Overview of Brain Structures

Overview of Brain Structures First Overview of Brain Structures Psychology 470 Introduction to Chemical Additions Steven E. Meier, Ph.D. All parts are interrelated. You need all parts to function normally. Neurons = Nerve cells Listen

More information

The CNS and PNS: How is our Nervous System Organized?

The CNS and PNS: How is our Nervous System Organized? Honors Biology Guided Notes Chapter 28 Nervous System Name 28.10 28.19 The CNS and PNS: How is our Nervous System Organized? ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS Define Cephalization and Centralization. What type of

More information

CHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System. Anatomy of the CNS

CHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System. Anatomy of the CNS CHAPTER 13&14: The Central Nervous System Anatomy of the CNS in human consists of brain and spinal cord as stated earlier neurons have little support from their extracellular matrix and depend on glial

More information

2) All of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour can be traced to the activity of the a. neurons. b. ganglia. c. genes. d. nerve fibres.

2) All of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour can be traced to the activity of the a. neurons. b. ganglia. c. genes. d. nerve fibres. Chapter 2 Biology and Behaviour 1) The specialized cell that transmits signals throughout the nervous system is called the a. neuron. b. glial cell. c. myelin. d. neurotransmitter. Correct: The neuron

More information

Unit 3 REVIEW. Name: Date:

Unit 3 REVIEW. Name: Date: Name: Date: 1. A person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of A) lateralization. B) hemispherectomy.

More information

Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior

Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior Neuroscience The Brain and Behavior Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior I. How Do Genetic Factors Affect Behavior? II. Does Our Evolutionary Heritage Influence Current Behavior? III. How is the Nervous

More information

CNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts

CNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts CNS composed of: Grey matter Unmyelinated axons Dendrites and cell bodies White matter Myelinated axon tracts The Brain: A Quick Tour Frontal Lobe Control of skeletal muscles Personality Concentration

More information

Cephalization. Nervous Systems Chapter 49 11/10/2013. Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells

Cephalization. Nervous Systems Chapter 49 11/10/2013. Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells Nervous Systems Chapter 49 Cephalization Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells Nervous system organization usually correlates with lifestyle Organization of the vertebrate

More information

Neuroscience. Biological psychology: a branch of psych concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

Neuroscience. Biological psychology: a branch of psych concerned with the links between biology and behavior. Biological psychology: a branch of psych concerned with the links between biology and behavior. The Nervous System: Nervous system: the body s speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of

More information

WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The Nervous System WHAT ARE the COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The nervous system is made of: the brain & the spinal cord the nerves the senses There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body

More information

Chapter 4. The Brain

Chapter 4. The Brain Chapter 4 The Brain The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) receives, processes, interprets and stores info (taste, sound, smell, color etc.) Sends information to muscles, glands and internal organs

More information

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONCEPT 2: THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN IS REGIONALLY SPECIALIZED Images of the human brain in popular culture almost always focus on the cerebrum, the part of the brain whose surface lies just

More information

Chapter 8. The Nervous System

Chapter 8. The Nervous System Chapter 8 The Nervous System The Nervous System Consists of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Principle Parts of Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Components: brain and spinal cord

More information

NERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8

NERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8 NERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8 CAN AN INJURED SPINAL CORD BE FIXED? Injuries to the spinal cord disrupt communication between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body

More information

UNIT 5 REVIEW GUIDE - NERVOUS SYSTEM 1) State the 3 functions of the nervous system. 1) 2) 3)

UNIT 5 REVIEW GUIDE - NERVOUS SYSTEM 1) State the 3 functions of the nervous system. 1) 2) 3) UNIT 5 REVIEW GUIDE - NERVOUS SYSTEM State the 3 functions of the nervous system. Briefly describe the general function(s) of each of the following neuron types: a) SENSORY NEURONS: b) INTERNEURONS: c)

More information

Structure of the Cortex

Structure of the Cortex Structure of the Cortex Introduction Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Structure of the Cortex Glial cells ( glue cells ) Lobes Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Structure of the Cortex

More information

Body control systems. Let s start at the top: the human brain. The Cerebrum. The human brain. What parts of your brain are you using right now?

Body control systems. Let s start at the top: the human brain. The Cerebrum. The human brain. What parts of your brain are you using right now? What parts of your brain are you using right now? Body control systems Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Movement and conscious thought; Frontal speech

More information

IV. The Divisions of the Brain. Slide # 1

IV. The Divisions of the Brain. Slide # 1 IV. The Divisions of the Brain Slide # 1 The Hindbrain Hindbrain, located at the rear base of the skull, controlling automatic functions Contains: Cerebellum (balance & coordination) Medulla (heartbeat,

More information

Somatic Nervous Systems. III. Autonomic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System. Sympathetic Nervous Systems

Somatic Nervous Systems. III. Autonomic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System. Sympathetic Nervous Systems 7/21/2014 Outline Nervous System - PNS and CNS I. II. Two Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System A. B. Brain and Spinal Cord III. Autonomic

More information

Neurons. Biological Basis of Behavior. Three Types of Neurons. Three Types of Neurons. The Withdrawal Reflex. Transmission of message 10/2/2017

Neurons. Biological Basis of Behavior. Three Types of Neurons. Three Types of Neurons. The Withdrawal Reflex. Transmission of message 10/2/2017 Neurons Basic units of the nervous system Receive, integrate, and transmit information Biological Basis of Behavior Chapter 2 The adult human brain has ~180 BILLION cells ~ 80 billion neurons Three Types

More information

Nervous System (cont)

Nervous System (cont) Nervous System (cont) Dopamine Deals with motor movement and alertness. Lack of dopamine has been linked to Parkinson s disease. Too much has been linked to schizophrenia. Endorphins Involved in pain control.

More information

Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology

Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology 1 2 3 1 Glial Cells Surround neurons and hold them in place Make Myelin (covering for neurons) Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need Absorb toxins and waste

More information

Week 2 Psychology. The Brain and Behavior

Week 2 Psychology. The Brain and Behavior Week 2 Psychology The Brain and Behavior In this lesson, we will focus on the nervous system. We will learn about the Nervous System and its Command Center the Brain Characteristics and Divisions of the

More information

BRAIN: CONTROL CENTER

BRAIN: CONTROL CENTER BRAIN: CONTROL CENTER ORCHESTRA Scientists now believe the brain functions much like an orchestra, where different instruments each play a different part. Scans show that the brain divides different aspects

More information

49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System

49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System 49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System 49a A&P: Nervous System -! Synaptic Transmission and Central Nervous System! Class Outline" 5 minutes" "Attendance, Breath of

More information

The human brain. of cognition need to make sense gives the structure of the brain (duh). ! What is the basic physiology of this organ?

The human brain. of cognition need to make sense gives the structure of the brain (duh). ! What is the basic physiology of this organ? The human brain The human brain! What is the basic physiology of this organ?! Understanding the parts of this organ provides a hypothesis space for its function perhaps different parts perform different

More information

Biological Basis of Behavior. Chapter 2

Biological Basis of Behavior. Chapter 2 Biological Basis of Behavior Chapter 2 Neurons Basic units of the nervous system Receive, integrate, and transmit information The adult human brain has ~180 BILLION cells ~ 80 billion neurons Three Types

More information

Neurotransmitter: dopamine. Physiology of additive drugs. Dopamine and reward. Neurotransmitter: dopamine

Neurotransmitter: dopamine. Physiology of additive drugs. Dopamine and reward. Neurotransmitter: dopamine Physiology of additive drugs Cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and opiates influence the neurotransmitter dopamine. Neurotransmitter: dopamine Dopamine - a neurotransmitter associated with several functions,

More information

CNS Tour (Lecture 12)

CNS Tour (Lecture 12) A. Introduction CNS Tour (Lecture 12) There are to a chemical pathways in the nervous system. These pathways also form different neurological structures B. Spinal Cord Receives sensory neurons from skin

More information

Biological Psychology. Phrenology (Franz Gall) branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

Biological Psychology. Phrenology (Franz Gall) branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior Neural Communication Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists,

More information

The Nervous System. Anatomy of a Neuron

The Nervous System. Anatomy of a Neuron The Nervous System Chapter 38.1-38.5 Anatomy of a Neuron I. Dendrites II. Cell Body III. Axon Synaptic terminal 1 Neuron Connections dendrites cell body terminal cell body cell body terminals dendrites

More information

The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli

The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli The basic function of nervous system are: Receive sensory input internal

More information

Biological Psychology. Key Point for this Unit: Everything psychological is simultaneously biological!!

Biological Psychology. Key Point for this Unit: Everything psychological is simultaneously biological!! Biological Psychology Key Point for this Unit: Everything psychological is simultaneously biological!! NEURON Dendrites Dendrites receive messages from other cells and conduct impulses toward the cell

More information

14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology

14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology 14 - Central Nervous System The Brain Taft College Human Physiology Development of the Brain The brain begins as a simple tube, a neural tube. The tube or chamber (ventricle) is filled with cerebrospinal

More information

Brain-Behavior Network. Central Nervous System. Cerebral Cortex Gyrus and Sulcus. Nervous System

Brain-Behavior Network. Central Nervous System. Cerebral Cortex Gyrus and Sulcus. Nervous System Brain-Behavior Network Nervous System Sensory information comes into and decisions come out of the central nervous system (CNS) Central Nervous System The nerves outside the CNS are called the peripheral

More information

Biology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy. Components of a Nervous System

Biology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy. Components of a Nervous System Biology 3201 Nervous System #2- Anatomy Components of a Nervous System In any nervous system, there are 4 main components: (1) sensors: gather information from the external environment (sense organs) (2)

More information

The Nervous System. The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.

The Nervous System. The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind. The Nervous System The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind. Central Nervous System Made up of brain and spinal cord

More information

UNIT 3 - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. - DIVISIONs - THE NEURON

UNIT 3 - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. - DIVISIONs - THE NEURON UNIT 3 - THE NERVOUS SYSTEM - DIVISIONs - THE NEURON CHARACTERISTICS COMPLEXITY: nerve cells connecting allow you to do EVERYTHING you will ever do INTEGRATION: brain pulls all information you get together

More information

:: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 2 :: :: Slide 3 :: :: Slide 4 :: :: Slide 5 :: :: Slide 6 ::

:: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 2 :: :: Slide 3 :: :: Slide 4 :: :: Slide 5 :: :: Slide 6 :: :: Slide 1 :: :: Slide 2 :: Left blank Your nervous system is a complex communication network in which signals are constantly being received, integrated, and transmitted. The nervous system handles information,

More information

The Nervous System. Neuron 01/12/2011. The Synapse: The Processor

The Nervous System. Neuron 01/12/2011. The Synapse: The Processor The Nervous System Neuron Nucleus Cell body Dendrites they are part of the cell body of a neuron that collect chemical and electrical signals from other neurons at synapses and convert them into electrical

More information

Five Levels of Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Five Levels of Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism 28.1 35.1 Levels Human of Body Organization Systems Five Levels of Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM 28.1 35.1 Levels Human of Body Organization Systems

More information

The Nervous System. B. The Components: 1) Nerve Cells Neurons are the cells of the body and are specialized to carry messages through an process.

The Nervous System. B. The Components: 1) Nerve Cells Neurons are the cells of the body and are specialized to carry messages through an process. The Nervous System A. The Divisions: 1) The Central Nervous System includes the and. The brain contains billions of nerve cells called, and trillions of support cells called. 2) The Peripheral Nervous

More information