Biological Bases of Behavior. 8: Control of Movement

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Biological Bases of Behavior. 8: Control of Movement"

Transcription

1 Biological Bases of Behavior 8: Control of Movement m d

2 Skeletal Muscle Movements of our body are accomplished by contraction of the skeletal muscles Flexion: contraction of a flexor muscle draws in a limb Extension: contraction of extensor muscle Skeletal muscle fibers have a striated appearance Skeletal muscle is composed of two fiber types: Extrafusal: innervated by alpha-motoneurons from the spinal cord: exert force Intrafusal: sensory fibers that detect stretch of the muscle Afferent fibers: report length of intrafusal: when stretched, the fibers stimulate the alpha-neuron that innervates the muscle fiber: maintains muscle tone Efferent fibers: contraction adjusts sensitivity of afferent fibers. 8.2

3 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy Each muscle fiber consists of a bundle of myofibrils Each myofibril is made up of overlapping strands of actin and myosin During a muscle twitch, the myosin filaments move relative to the actin filaments, thereby shortening the muscle fiber 8.3

4 Neuromuscular Junction The neuromuscular junction is the synapse formed between an alpha motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber Each axon can form synapses with several muscle fibers (forming a motor unit) The precision of muscle control is related to motor unit size Small: precise movements of the hand Large: movements of the leg ACh is the neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter Release of ACh produces a large endplate potential Always cause muscle fiber to fire Voltage changes open CA ++ channels CA ++ entry triggers myosin-actin interaction (rowing action) CA ++ as a cofactor that permits the myofibrils to extract energy from ATP Movement of myosin bridges shortens muscle fiber 8.4

5 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system Multiunit smooth muscle is normally inactive Located in large arteries, around hair and in the eye Responds to neural or hormonal stimulation Single-unit smooth muscle exhibits rhythmic contraction Muscle fibers produce spontaneous pacemaker potentials that elicit action potentials in adjacent smooth muscle fibers Single-unit muscle is found in gastrointestinal tract, uterus, small blood vessels Cardiac muscle fibers resemble striated muscle in appearance, but exhibit rhythmic contractions like that of single-unit smooth muscle 8.5

6 Muscle Sensory Feedback Striated muscle contraction is governed by sensory feedback Intrafusal fibers are in parallel with extrafusal fibers Intrafusal receptors fire when the extrafusal muscle fibers lengthen (load on muscle) Actually detect the length of muscle Intrafusal fibers activate agonist muscle fibers and inhibit antagonist muscle fibers Extrafusal contraction eliminates intrafusal firing Golgi tendon organ (GTO) receptors are located within tendons Sense degree of stretch on muscle GTO activation inhibits the agonist muscle (via release of glycine onto alpha-motoneuron GTO receptors function to prevent over-contraction of striated muscle 8.6

7 Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal cord is organized into dorsal and ventral aspects Dorsal horn receives incoming sensory information Ventral horn issues efferent fibers (alphamotoneurons) that innervate extrafusal fibers 8.7

8 Spinal Cord Reflexes Monosynaptic reflexes involve a single synapse between a sensory fiber from a muscle and an alpha-motor neuron Sensory fiber activation quickly activates the alpha motor neuron which contracts muscle fibers Patellar reflex Monosynaptic stretch reflex in posture control Polysynaptic reflexes involve multiple synapses between sensory axons, interneurons, and motor neurons Axons from the afferent muscle spindles can synapse onto Alpha motoneuron connected to the agonist muscle An inhibitory interneuron connected to the antagonist muscle Signals from the muscle spindle activate the agonist and inhibit the antagonist muscle 8.8

9 Polysynaptic Reflex 8.9

10 Motor Cortex Multiple motor systems control body movements Walking, talking, postural, arm and finger movements Primary motor cortex is located on the precentral gyrus Motor cortex is somatotopically organized (motor homunculus) Motor cortex receives input from Premotor cortex Supplemental motor area Frontal association cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Planning of movements involves the premotor cortex and the supplemental motor area which influence the primary motor cortex 8.10

11 Motor Homunculus 8.11

12 Cortical Control of Movement 8.12

13 Cortical Control of Movement 8.13

14 Cortical Control of Movement 8.14

15 Cortical Control of Movement 8.15

16 Cortical Control of Movement 8.16

17 Descending Motor Pathways Axons from primary motor cortex descend to the spinal cord via two groups Lateral group: controls independent limb movements Corticospinal tract: hand/finger movements Corticobulbar tract: movements of face, neck, tongue, eye Rubrospinal tract: fore- and hind-limb muscles Ventromedial group control gross limb movements Vestibulospinal tract: control of posture Tectospinal tract: coordinate eye and head/trunk movements Reticulospinal tract: walking, sneezing, muscle tone Ventral corticospinal tract: muscles of upper leg/trunk 8.17

18 Corticospinal Tract Neurons of the corticospinal tract terminate on motor neurons within the gray matter of the spinal cord Corticospinal tract starts in layer 5 of primary motor cortex Passes through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain Corticospinal neurons decussate (crossover ) in the medulla 80% become the lat. corticospinal tract 20% become the ventral corticospinal tract Terminate onto internuncial neurons or alpha-motoneurons of ventral horn Corticospinal tracts control fine movements Destruction: loss of muscle strength, reduced dexterity of hands and fingers No effect of corticospinal lesions on posture or use of limbs for reaching 8.18

19 The Apraxias Apraxia refers to an inability to properly execute a learned skilled movement following brain damage Limb apraxia involves movement of the wrong portion of a limb, incorrect movement of the correct limb part, or an incorrect sequence of movements Callosal apraxia: person cannot perform movement of left hand to a verbal request (anterior callosum interruption prevents information from reaching right hemisphere) Sympathetic apraxia: damage to anterior left hemisphere causes apraxia of the left arm (as well as paralysis of right arm and hand) Left parietal apraxia: difficulty in initiating movements to verbal request Constructional apraxia is caused by right parietal lobe damage Person has difficulty with drawing pictures or assembling objects 8.19

20 The Basal Ganglia Basal ganglia consist of the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus Input to the basal ganglia is from the primary motor cortex and the substantia nigra Output of the basal ganglia is to Primary motor cortex, supplemental motor area, premotor cortex Brainstem motor nuclei (ventromedial pathways) Cortical-basal ganglia loop Frontal, parietal, temporal cortex send axons to caudate/putamen Caudate/putamen projects to the globus pallidus Globus pallidus projects back to motor cortex via thalamic nuclei 8.20

21 Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 8.21

22 Parkinson s Disease Parkinson s disease (PD) involves muscle rigidity, resting tremor, slow movements Parkinson s results from damage to dopamine neurons within the nigrostriatal bundle (projects to caudate and putamen) Slow movements and postural problems result from Loss of excitatory input to the direct circuit (caudate-gpi-va/vl thalamus-motor cortex) Loss of output from the indirect circuit (which is overall an excitatory circuit for motor behavior) Neurological treatments for PD: Transplants of dopamine-secreting neurons (fetal subtantia nigra cells or cells from the carotid body) Stereotaxic lesions of the globus pallidus (internal division) alleviates some symptoms of Parkinson s disease Electrode implants 8.22

23 Parkinson s Disease 8.23

24 Parkinson s Disease 8.24

25 Huntington s Disease Huntington s disease (HD) involves uncontrollable, jerky movements of the limbs HD is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen Cell loss involves GABA-secreting axons that innervate the external division of the globus pallidus (GPe) The GPe cells increase their activity, which inhibits the activity of the subthalamic nucleus, which reduces the activity level of the GPi, resulting in excessive movements HD is a hereditary disorder caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4 This gene produces a faulty version of the protein huntingtin 8.25

26 The Cerebellum Cerebellum consists of two hemispheres with associated deep nuclei Flocculonodular lobe is located at the caudal aspect of the cerebellum This lobe has inputs and outputs to the vestibular system Involved in control of posture Vermis is located on the midline of the cerebellum Receives auditory and visual information from the tectum and cutaneous information from the spinal cord Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus which in turn projects to the vestibular nucleus and to brainstem motor nuclei Damage to the cerebellum generally results in jerky, erratic and uncoordinated movements 8.26

Chapter 8. Control of movement

Chapter 8. Control of movement Chapter 8 Control of movement 1st Type: Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle: Ones that moves us Muscles contract, limb flex Flexion: a movement of a limb that tends to bend its joints, contraction of a flexor

More information

MOVEMENT OUTLINE. The Control of Movement: Muscles! Motor Reflexes Brain Mechanisms of Movement Mirror Neurons Disorders of Movement

MOVEMENT OUTLINE. The Control of Movement: Muscles! Motor Reflexes Brain Mechanisms of Movement Mirror Neurons Disorders of Movement MOVEMENT 2 Dr. Steinmetz 3 OUTLINE The Control of Movement: Muscles! Motor Reflexes Brain Mechanisms of Movement Mirror Neurons Disorders of Movement Parkinson s Disease Huntington s Disease 1 4 TYPES

More information

Voluntary Movement. Ch. 14: Supplemental Images

Voluntary Movement. Ch. 14: Supplemental Images Voluntary Movement Ch. 14: Supplemental Images Skeletal Motor Unit: The basics Upper motor neuron: Neurons that supply input to lower motor neurons. Lower motor neuron: neuron that innervates muscles,

More information

The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord

The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord 15 The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska Introduction Millions of sensory

More information

Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 3

Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 3 Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 3 1. One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is a. stereotaxic surgery. b. autoradiography. c. experimental ablation. d. immunocytochemistry.

More information

Motor System Hierarchy

Motor System Hierarchy Motor Pathways Lectures Objectives Define the terms upper and lower motor neurons with examples. Describe the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract and the direct motor pathways from the cortex to the trunk

More information

I: To describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. II: To discuss the functions of the descending tracts.

I: To describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. II: To discuss the functions of the descending tracts. Descending Tracts I: To describe the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. II: To discuss the functions of the descending tracts. III: To define the upper and the lower motor neurons. 1. The corticonuclear

More information

Role of brainstem in somatomotor (postural) functions

Role of brainstem in somatomotor (postural) functions Role of brainstem in somatomotor (postural) functions (vestibular apparatus) The muscle tone and its regulation VESTIBULAR SYSTEM (Equilibrium) Receptors: Otolith organs Semicircular canals Sensation (information):

More information

CNS consists of brain and spinal cord PNS consists of nerves

CNS consists of brain and spinal cord PNS consists of nerves CNS consists of brain and spinal cord PNS consists of nerves 1 As with sensory input, motor output is organized in central nervous system Peripheral Nervous system divides efferent signals somatotopically

More information

Biology 218 Human Anatomy

Biology 218 Human Anatomy Chapter 21 Adapted form Tortora 10 th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Overview of Sensations (p. 652) 1. Sensation is the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli. 2. For a sensation

More information

Movement Disorders. Psychology 372 Physiological Psychology. Background. Myasthenia Gravis. Many Types

Movement Disorders. Psychology 372 Physiological Psychology. Background. Myasthenia Gravis. Many Types Background Movement Disorders Psychology 372 Physiological Psychology Steven E. Meier, Ph.D. Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides Early Studies Found some patients with progressive weakness

More information

Motor systems.... the only thing mankind can do is to move things... whether whispering or felling a forest. C. Sherrington

Motor systems.... the only thing mankind can do is to move things... whether whispering or felling a forest. C. Sherrington Motor systems... the only thing mankind can do is to move things... whether whispering or felling a forest. C. Sherrington 1 Descending pathways: CS corticospinal; TS tectospinal; RS reticulospinal; VS

More information

PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER

PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY

More information

Brain Stem and cortical control of motor function. Dr Z Akbari

Brain Stem and cortical control of motor function. Dr Z Akbari Brain Stem and cortical control of motor function Dr Z Akbari Brain stem control of movement BS nuclear groups give rise to descending motor tracts that influence motor neurons and their associated interneurons

More information

VL VA BASAL GANGLIA. FUNCTIONAl COMPONENTS. Function Component Deficits Start/initiation Basal Ganglia Spontan movements

VL VA BASAL GANGLIA. FUNCTIONAl COMPONENTS. Function Component Deficits Start/initiation Basal Ganglia Spontan movements BASAL GANGLIA Chris Cohan, Ph.D. Dept. of Pathology/Anat Sci University at Buffalo I) Overview How do Basal Ganglia affect movement Basal ganglia enhance cortical motor activity and facilitate movement.

More information

Department of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences

Department of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences Spinal Cord I Lecture Outline and Objectives CNS/Head and Neck Sequence TOPIC: FACULTY: THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES, Part I Department of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences LECTURE: Monday,

More information

Basal nuclei, cerebellum and movement

Basal nuclei, cerebellum and movement Basal nuclei, cerebellum and movement MSTN121 - Neurophysiology Session 9 Department of Myotherapy Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Role: Predict the effects of various actions, then make

More information

skilled pathways: distal somatic muscles (fingers, hands) (brainstem, cortex) are giving excitatory signals to the descending pathway

skilled pathways: distal somatic muscles (fingers, hands) (brainstem, cortex) are giving excitatory signals to the descending pathway L15 - Motor Cortex General - descending pathways: how we control our body - motor = somatic muscles and movement (it is a descending motor output pathway) - two types of movement: goal-driven/voluntary

More information

PSY 315 Lecture 11 (2/23/2011) (Motor Control) Dr. Achtman PSY 215. Lecture 11 Topic: Motor System Chapter 8, pages

PSY 315 Lecture 11 (2/23/2011) (Motor Control) Dr. Achtman PSY 215. Lecture 11 Topic: Motor System Chapter 8, pages Corrections: No Corrections Announcements: Exam #2 next Wednesday, March 2, 2011 Monday February 28, 2011 we will be going over the somatosensory system, and there will be time left in class to review

More information

A. General features of the basal ganglia, one of our 3 major motor control centers:

A. General features of the basal ganglia, one of our 3 major motor control centers: Reading: Waxman pp. 141-146 are not very helpful! Computer Resources: HyperBrain, Chapter 12 Dental Neuroanatomy Suzanne S. Stensaas, Ph.D. April 22, 2010 THE BASAL GANGLIA Objectives: 1. What are the

More information

CN V! touch! pain! Touch! P/T!

CN V! touch! pain! Touch! P/T! CN V! touch! pain! Touch! P/T! Visual Pathways! L! R! B! A! C! D! LT! E! F! RT! G! hypothalamospinal! and! ALS! Vestibular Pathways! 1. Posture/Balance!!falling! 2. Head Position! 3. Eye-Head Movements

More information

A. General features of the basal ganglia, one of our 3 major motor control centers:

A. General features of the basal ganglia, one of our 3 major motor control centers: Reading: Waxman pp. 141-146 are not very helpful! Computer Resources: HyperBrain, Chapter 12 Dental Neuroanatomy Suzanne S. Stensaas, Ph.D. March 1, 2012 THE BASAL GANGLIA Objectives: 1. What are the main

More information

The Nervous System S P I N A L R E F L E X E S

The Nervous System S P I N A L R E F L E X E S The Nervous System S P I N A L R E F L E X E S Reflexes Rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus Spinal Reflexes Spinal somatic reflexes Integration center is in the spinal cord Effectors

More information

Arterial Blood Supply

Arterial Blood Supply Arterial Blood Supply Brain is supplied by pairs of internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. The four arteries lie within the subarachnoid space Their branches anastomose on the inferior surface of

More information

Motor Functions of Cerebral Cortex

Motor Functions of Cerebral Cortex Motor Functions of Cerebral Cortex I: To list the functions of different cortical laminae II: To describe the four motor areas of the cerebral cortex. III: To discuss the functions and dysfunctions of

More information

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A. Motor Systems: Basal Ganglia. Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A. Motor Systems: Basal Ganglia. Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A Motor Systems: Basal Ganglia Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Two major descending s Pyramidal vs. extrapyramidal Motor cortex Pyramidal system Pathway for voluntary movement Most fibers originate

More information

Unit VIII Problem 5 Physiology: Cerebellum

Unit VIII Problem 5 Physiology: Cerebellum Unit VIII Problem 5 Physiology: Cerebellum - The word cerebellum means: the small brain. Note that the cerebellum is not completely separated into 2 hemispheres (they are not clearly demarcated) the vermis

More information

Motor tracts Both pyramidal tracts and extrapyramidal both starts from cortex: Area 4 Area 6 Area 312 Pyramidal: mainly from area 4 Extrapyramidal:

Motor tracts Both pyramidal tracts and extrapyramidal both starts from cortex: Area 4 Area 6 Area 312 Pyramidal: mainly from area 4 Extrapyramidal: Motor tracts Both pyramidal tracts and extrapyramidal both starts from cortex: Area 4 Area 6 Area 312 Pyramidal: mainly from area 4 Extrapyramidal: mainly from area 6 area 6 Premotorarea: uses external

More information

Spinal Interneurons. Control of Movement

Spinal Interneurons. Control of Movement Control of Movement Spinal Interneurons Proprioceptive afferents have a variety of termination patterns in the spinal cord. This can be seen by filling physiologically-identified fibers with HRP, so their

More information

The Cerebellum. Outline. Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley. Overview Structure Micro-circuitry of the cerebellum The cerebellum and motor learning

The Cerebellum. Outline. Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley. Overview Structure Micro-circuitry of the cerebellum The cerebellum and motor learning The Cerebellum Lu Chen, Ph.D. MCB, UC Berkeley 1 Outline Overview Structure Micro-circuitry of the cerebellum The cerebellum and motor learning 2 Overview Little brain 10% of the total volume of the brain,

More information

Dr. Farah Nabil Abbas. MBChB, MSc, PhD

Dr. Farah Nabil Abbas. MBChB, MSc, PhD Dr. Farah Nabil Abbas MBChB, MSc, PhD The Basal Ganglia *Functions in association with motor cortex and corticospinal pathways. *Regarded as accessory motor system besides cerebellum. *Receive most of

More information

KINE 4500 Neural Control of Movement. Lecture #1:Introduction to the Neural Control of Movement. Neural control of movement

KINE 4500 Neural Control of Movement. Lecture #1:Introduction to the Neural Control of Movement. Neural control of movement KINE 4500 Neural Control of Movement Lecture #1:Introduction to the Neural Control of Movement Neural control of movement Kinesiology: study of movement Here we re looking at the control system, and what

More information

Spinal Cord Organization. January 12, 2011

Spinal Cord Organization. January 12, 2011 Spinal Cord Organization January 12, 2011 Spinal Cord 31 segments terminates at L1-L2 special components - conus medullaris - cauda equina no input from the face Spinal Cord, Roots & Nerves Dorsal root

More information

14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology

14 - Central Nervous System. The Brain Taft College Human Physiology 14 - Central Nervous System The Brain Taft College Human Physiology Development of the Brain The brain begins as a simple tube, a neural tube. The tube or chamber (ventricle) is filled with cerebrospinal

More information

Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions I. Sensation.

Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions I. Sensation. Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions I. Sensation A. General Organization 1. General senses have receptors a. The somatic senses provide information about & 1. Somatic senses include: a.

More information

1. Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements?

1. Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements? Section: Chapter 10: Multiple Choice 1. Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements? p.358 frontal lobe hippocampus basal ganglia cerebellum 2. The prefrontal cortex is

More information

OVERVIEW. Today. Sensory and Motor Neurons. Thursday. Parkinsons Disease. Administra7on. Exam One Bonus Points Slides Online

OVERVIEW. Today. Sensory and Motor Neurons. Thursday. Parkinsons Disease. Administra7on. Exam One Bonus Points Slides Online OVERVIEW Today Sensory and Motor Neurons Thursday Parkinsons Disease Administra7on Exam One Bonus Points Slides Online 7 major descending motor control pathways from Cerebral Cortex or Brainstem

More information

Degree of freedom problem

Degree of freedom problem KINE 4500 Neural Control of Movement Lecture #1:Introduction to the Neural Control of Movement Neural control of movement Kinesiology: study of movement Here we re looking at the control system, and what

More information

Basal ganglia Sujata Sofat, class of 2009

Basal ganglia Sujata Sofat, class of 2009 Basal ganglia Sujata Sofat, class of 2009 Basal ganglia Objectives Describe the function of the Basal Ganglia in movement Define the BG components and their locations Describe the motor loop of the BG

More information

Making Things Happen: Simple Motor Control

Making Things Happen: Simple Motor Control Making Things Happen: Simple Motor Control How Your Brain Works - Week 10 Prof. Jan Schnupp wschnupp@cityu.edu.hk HowYourBrainWorks.net The Story So Far In the first few lectures we introduced you to some

More information

Chapter 3. Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Copyright (c) Allyn and Bacon 2004

Chapter 3. Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Copyright (c) Allyn and Bacon 2004 Chapter 3 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 1 Basic Features of the Nervous System Neuraxis: An imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the

More information

1/2/2019. Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum a quick overview. Outcomes you want to accomplish. MHD-Neuroanatomy Neuroscience Block. Basal ganglia review

1/2/2019. Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum a quick overview. Outcomes you want to accomplish. MHD-Neuroanatomy Neuroscience Block. Basal ganglia review This power point is made available as an educational resource or study aid for your use only. This presentation may not be duplicated for others and should not be redistributed or posted anywhere on the

More information

Cortical Control of Movement

Cortical Control of Movement Strick Lecture 2 March 24, 2006 Page 1 Cortical Control of Movement Four parts of this lecture: I) Anatomical Framework, II) Physiological Framework, III) Primary Motor Cortex Function and IV) Premotor

More information

HEAD AND NECK PART 2

HEAD AND NECK PART 2 HEAD AND NECK PART 2 INTEGRATED CURRICULUM = Integrate Basic Science and Clinical Training 1- ENT PATIENT EXAM IN ICS COURSE - Today and next week - Review/Preview Anatomy underlying ENT exam 2- NEUROANATOMY/NEUROLOGY

More information

Located below tentorium cerebelli within posterior cranial fossa. Formed of 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis in midline.

Located below tentorium cerebelli within posterior cranial fossa. Formed of 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis in midline. The Cerebellum Cerebellum Located below tentorium cerebelli within posterior cranial fossa. Formed of 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis in midline. Gray matter is external. White matter is internal,

More information

Stretch reflex and Golgi Tendon Reflex. Prof. Faten zakareia Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University 2016

Stretch reflex and Golgi Tendon Reflex. Prof. Faten zakareia Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University 2016 Stretch reflex and Golgi Tendon Reflex Prof. Faten zakareia Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University 2016 Objectives: Upon completion of this lecture, students should be able to

More information

Damage on one side.. (Notes) Just remember: Unilateral damage to basal ganglia causes contralateral symptoms.

Damage on one side.. (Notes) Just remember: Unilateral damage to basal ganglia causes contralateral symptoms. Lecture 20 - Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia (Nolte 5 th Ed pp 464) Damage to the basal ganglia produces involuntary movements. Although the basal ganglia do not influence LMN directly (to cause this involuntary

More information

Spinal Cord Tracts DESCENDING SPINAL TRACTS: Are concerned with somatic motor function, modification of ms. tone, visceral innervation, segmental reflexes. Main tracts arise form cerebral cortex and others

More information

Chapter 13. The Nature of Muscle Spindles, Somatic Reflexes, and Posture

Chapter 13. The Nature of Muscle Spindles, Somatic Reflexes, and Posture Chapter 13 The Nature of Muscle Spindles, Somatic Reflexes, and Posture Nature of Reflexes A reflex is an involuntary responses initiated by a sensory input resulting in a change in the effecter tissue

More information

A3.1.7 Motor Control. 10 November 2016 Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience Marinela Vavla

A3.1.7 Motor Control. 10 November 2016 Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience Marinela Vavla A3.1.7 Motor Control 10 November 2016 Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience Marinela Vavla marinela.vavla@kcl.ac.uk Learning objectives Motor systems: components & organization Spinal cord

More information

Gross Anatomy of Lower Spinal Cord

Gross Anatomy of Lower Spinal Cord Chapter 13 Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Somatic Reflexes Spinal cord Spinal nerves Somatic reflexes Gross Anatomy of Lower Spinal Cord Meninges of Vertebra & Spinal Cord Spina Bifida Congenital defect

More information

Teach-SHEET Basal Ganglia

Teach-SHEET Basal Ganglia Teach-SHEET Basal Ganglia Purves D, et al. Neuroscience, 5 th Ed., Sinauer Associates, 2012 Common organizational principles Basic Circuits or Loops: Motor loop concerned with learned movements (scaling

More information

Neural Basis of Motor Control. Chapter 4

Neural Basis of Motor Control. Chapter 4 Neural Basis of Motor Control Chapter 4 Neurological Perspective A basic understanding of the physiology underlying the control of voluntary movement establishes a more comprehensive appreciation and awareness

More information

Cerebellum. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota

Cerebellum. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota Cerebellum Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Anatomy of the Cerebellum The cerebellum has approximately half of all the neurons in the central nervous system. The cerebellum

More information

The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:

The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons

More information

Biological Psych Frontal Lobes

Biological Psych Frontal Lobes Biological Psych Frontal Lobes Frontal lobe What is it? Home to personality? Lesions: wide variety symptoms More than any part of brain Involved in: motor function problem solving spontaneity memory language

More information

Medial View of Cerebellum

Medial View of Cerebellum Meds 5371 System Neuroscience D. L. Oliver CEREBELLUM Anterior lobe (spinal) Posterior lobe (cerebral) Flocculonodular lobe (vestibular) Medial View of Cerebellum 1 Ventral View of Cerebellum Flocculus

More information

The Cerebellum. The Little Brain. Neuroscience Lecture. PhD Candidate Dr. Laura Georgescu

The Cerebellum. The Little Brain. Neuroscience Lecture. PhD Candidate Dr. Laura Georgescu The Cerebellum The Little Brain Neuroscience Lecture PhD Candidate Dr. Laura Georgescu Learning Objectives 1. Describe functional anatomy of the cerebellum - its lobes, their input and output connections

More information

The Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12

The Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System I Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System The Brain and Spinal Cord Contained within the Axial Skeleton Brain Regions and Organization Medical Scheme (4 regions) 1. Cerebral Hemispheres

More information

Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System

Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System 15 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College North Harris An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and

More information

Fig Cervical spinal nerves. Cervical enlargement C7. Dural sheath. Subarachnoid space. Thoracic. Spinal cord Vertebra (cut) spinal nerves

Fig Cervical spinal nerves. Cervical enlargement C7. Dural sheath. Subarachnoid space. Thoracic. Spinal cord Vertebra (cut) spinal nerves Fig. 13.1 C1 Cervical enlargement C7 Cervical spinal nerves Dural sheath Subarachnoid space Thoracic spinal nerves Spinal cord Vertebra (cut) Lumbar enlargement Medullary cone T12 Spinal nerve Spinal nerve

More information

Other Kinds of Vertebrate Muscle

Other Kinds of Vertebrate Muscle Other Kinds of Vertebrate Muscle -Lacks sarcomeres, isn t striated -Walls of hollow organs visceral functions (GI tract, urinary bladder, uterus, blood vessels) -Heterogeneous -Innervated by autonomic

More information

Brainstem. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota

Brainstem. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota Brainstem Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Change in Lab Sequence Week of Oct 2 Lab 5 Week of Oct 9 Lab 4 2 Goal Today Know the regions of the brainstem. Know

More information

The Physiology of the Senses Chapter 8 - Muscle Sense

The Physiology of the Senses Chapter 8 - Muscle Sense The Physiology of the Senses Chapter 8 - Muscle Sense www.tutis.ca/senses/ Contents Objectives... 1 Introduction... 2 Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs... 3 Gamma Drive... 5 Three Spinal Reflexes...

More information

Functional Distinctions

Functional Distinctions Functional Distinctions FUNCTION COMPONENT DEFICITS Start Basal Ganglia Spontaneous Movements Move UMN/LMN Cerebral Cortex Brainstem, Spinal cord Roots/peripheral nerves Plan Cerebellum Ataxia Adjust Cerebellum

More information

Making Things Happen 2: Motor Disorders

Making Things Happen 2: Motor Disorders Making Things Happen 2: Motor Disorders How Your Brain Works Prof. Jan Schnupp wschnupp@cityu.edu.hk HowYourBrainWorks.net On the Menu in This Lecture In the previous lecture we saw how motor cortex and

More information

Ch 13: Central Nervous System Part 1: The Brain p 374

Ch 13: Central Nervous System Part 1: The Brain p 374 Ch 13: Central Nervous System Part 1: The Brain p 374 Discuss the organization of the brain, including the major structures and how they relate to one another! Review the meninges of the spinal cord and

More information

Reflexes. Dr. Baizer

Reflexes. Dr. Baizer Reflexes Dr. Baizer 1 Learning objectives: reflexes Students will be able to describe: 1. The clinical importance of testing reflexes. 2. The essential components of spinal reflexes. 3.The stretch reflex.

More information

Brainstem. By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan

Brainstem. By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan Brainstem By Dr. Bhushan R. Kavimandan Development Ventricles in brainstem Mesencephalon cerebral aqueduct Metencephalon 4 th ventricle Mylencephalon 4 th ventricle Corpus callosum Posterior commissure

More information

Somatic Nervous System: Motor Output *

Somatic Nervous System: Motor Output * OpenStax-CNX module: m63208 1 Somatic Nervous System: Motor Output * Steven Telleen Based on Motor Responses by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

More information

NeuroPsychiatry Block

NeuroPsychiatry Block NeuroPsychiatry Block Stretch reflex and Golgi Tendon Reflex By Prof. Faten zakareia Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University 2017 Email: Faten@ksu.edu.sa Ext:52736 NeuroPsychiatryBlock

More information

Neural Basis of Motor Control

Neural Basis of Motor Control Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what

More information

Cerebellum John T. Povlishock, Ph.D.

Cerebellum John T. Povlishock, Ph.D. Cerebellum John T. Povlishock, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES 1. To identify the major sources of afferent inputs to the cerebellum 2. To define the pre-cerebellar nuclei from which the mossy and climbing fiber systems

More information

Anatomy of the basal ganglia. Dana Cohen Gonda Brain Research Center, room 410

Anatomy of the basal ganglia. Dana Cohen Gonda Brain Research Center, room 410 Anatomy of the basal ganglia Dana Cohen Gonda Brain Research Center, room 410 danacoh@gmail.com The basal ganglia The nuclei form a small minority of the brain s neuronal population. Little is known about

More information

b. The groove between the two crests is called 2. The neural folds move toward each other & the fuse to create a

b. The groove between the two crests is called 2. The neural folds move toward each other & the fuse to create a Chapter 13: Brain and Cranial Nerves I. Development of the CNS A. The CNS begins as a flat plate called the B. The process proceeds as: 1. The lateral sides of the become elevated as waves called a. The

More information

Biological Bases of Behavior. 3: Structure of the Nervous System

Biological Bases of Behavior. 3: Structure of the Nervous System Biological Bases of Behavior 3: Structure of the Nervous System Neuroanatomy Terms The neuraxis is an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain Anatomical directions are

More information

The Cerebellum. Little Brain. Neuroscience Lecture. Dr. Laura Georgescu

The Cerebellum. Little Brain. Neuroscience Lecture. Dr. Laura Georgescu The Cerebellum Little Brain Neuroscience Lecture Dr. Laura Georgescu Learning Objectives 1. Describe functional anatomy of the cerebellum- its lobes, their input and output connections and their functions.

More information

1. The cerebellum coordinates fine movement through interactions with the following motor-associated areas:

1. The cerebellum coordinates fine movement through interactions with the following motor-associated areas: DENT/OBHS 131 2009 Take-home test 4 Week 6: Take-home test (2/11/09 close 2/18/09) 1. The cerebellum coordinates fine movement through interactions with the following motor-associated areas: Hypothalamus

More information

Name: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012 sec 002) MIDTERM EXAM 3 (Practice exam)

Name: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012 sec 002) MIDTERM EXAM 3 (Practice exam) Name: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012 sec 002) MIDTERM EXAM 3 (Practice exam) Mark the ONE BEST letter choice (either A, B, C, D, or E) on the computer-graded sheet in NUMBER TWO PENCIL. If you need to erase,

More information

Motor systems. Motor systems

Motor systems. Motor systems 515 The control of voluntary movements is extremely complex. Many different systems across numerous brain areas need to work together to ensure proper motor control. We will start a journey through these

More information

Dendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon

Dendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon Dendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon Page 22 of 237 Conduct impulses away from cell body Impulses arise from

More information

NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems

NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy peter.ohara@ucsf.edu The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes

More information

Basal Ganglia. Introduction. Basal Ganglia at a Glance. Role of the BG

Basal Ganglia. Introduction. Basal Ganglia at a Glance. Role of the BG Basal Ganglia Shepherd (2004) Chapter 9 Charles J. Wilson Instructor: Yoonsuck Choe; CPSC 644 Cortical Networks Introduction A set of nuclei in the forebrain and midbrain area in mammals, birds, and reptiles.

More information

Overview of Brain Structures

Overview of Brain Structures First Overview of Brain Structures Psychology 470 Introduction to Chemical Additions Steven E. Meier, Ph.D. All parts are interrelated. You need all parts to function normally. Neurons = Nerve cells Listen

More information

The Nervous System 7PART B. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

The Nervous System 7PART B. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART B What is a reflex? What is a reflex? What is meant by the statement that

More information

Connections of basal ganglia

Connections of basal ganglia Connections of basal ganglia Introduction The basal ganglia, or basal nuclei, are areas of subcortical grey matter that play a prominent role in modulating movement, as well as cognitive and emotional

More information

By Dr. Saeed Vohra & Dr. Sanaa Alshaarawy

By Dr. Saeed Vohra & Dr. Sanaa Alshaarawy By Dr. Saeed Vohra & Dr. Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 By the end of the lecture, students will be able to : Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific

More information

For more information about how to cite these materials visit

For more information about how to cite these materials visit Author(s): Peter Hitchcock, PH.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

More information

Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Sensation n Conscious and subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment. n Components of sensation: Stimulation of the sensory

More information

Neurophysiology of systems

Neurophysiology of systems Neurophysiology of systems Motor cortex (voluntary movements) Dana Cohen, Room 410, tel: 7138 danacoh@gmail.com Voluntary movements vs. reflexes Same stimulus yields a different movement depending on context

More information

Unit Three. The brain includes: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, & cerebellum. The brain lies within the cranial cavity of the skull.

Unit Three. The brain includes: cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, & cerebellum. The brain lies within the cranial cavity of the skull. Human Anatomy & Physiology 11 Divisions of the Nervous System Karen W. Smith, Instructor Unit Three BRAIN & SPINAL CORD Refer to the following URLs. Be sure to study these along with your book. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/nervous.html

More information

Parkinsonism or Parkinson s Disease I. Symptoms: Main disorder of movement. Named after, an English physician who described the then known, in 1817.

Parkinsonism or Parkinson s Disease I. Symptoms: Main disorder of movement. Named after, an English physician who described the then known, in 1817. Parkinsonism or Parkinson s Disease I. Symptoms: Main disorder of movement. Named after, an English physician who described the then known, in 1817. Four (4) hallmark clinical signs: 1) Tremor: (Note -

More information

Neurology. Hollie Wilson

Neurology. Hollie Wilson Neurology Hollie Wilson Objectives Anatomy Physiology: Functional centres of brain UMN lesion vs. LMN lesion Spinal cord Main tracts ascending and descending Nerve roots and peripheral nerves action potentials

More information

Basal Ganglia. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota

Basal Ganglia. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota Basal Ganglia Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Graduate School Discussion Wednesday, Nov 1, 11:00am MoosT 2-690 with Paul Mermelstein (invite your friends)

More information

DISORDERS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM. Jeanette J. Norden, Ph.D. Professor Emerita Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

DISORDERS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM. Jeanette J. Norden, Ph.D. Professor Emerita Vanderbilt University School of Medicine DISORDERS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM Jeanette J. Norden, Ph.D. Professor Emerita Vanderbilt University School of Medicine THE MOTOR SYSTEM To understand disorders of the motor system, we need to review how a

More information

Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System

Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System C h a p t e r 15 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,

More information

The Wonders of the Basal Ganglia

The Wonders of the Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia The Wonders of the Basal Ganglia by Mackenzie Breton and Laura Strong /// https://kin450- neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/basal+ganglia Introduction The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei

More information

The Motor Systems. What s the motor system? Plan

The Motor Systems. What s the motor system? Plan The Motor Systems What s the motor system? Parts of CNS and PNS specialized for control of limb, trunk, and eye movements Also holds us together From simple reflexes (knee jerk) to voluntary movements

More information

Nsci 2100: Human Neuroanatomy 2017 Examination 3

Nsci 2100: Human Neuroanatomy 2017 Examination 3 Name KEY Lab Section Nsci 2100: Human Neuroanatomy 2017 Examination 3 On this page, write your name and lab section. On your bubble answer sheet, enter your name (last name, space, first name), internet

More information

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, receives input from sensory neurons and directs

More information