Nervous System and Senses Objectives

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1 LEARNING TARGETS The nervous system maintains body homeostasis through sensation, interpretation, response and activity. Nerve cells send electrical signals for communication. Reflexes help protect our bodies from harm and can be tested. Nerves interpret incoming impulses and act with outgoing impulses. The eye is a complicated organ that sends visual impulses to the brain for interpretation. I can list the organs and divisions of the nervous system and describe the generalized functions of the system as a whole. I can differentiate between CNS and PNS. List the three major functions of the nervous system. a. b. c. CNS PNS 1

2 Choose the key responses that best correspond to the descriptions provided in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks. I can identify the major types of cells in the nervous system and discuss the function of each. I can name the three types of neurons. Define each of them. I can name and give the function of the three types of glia cells. NEURONS NEUROGLIA TYPE FUNCTION TYPE FUNCTION 2

3 This exercise emphasizes the difference between neurons and neuroglia. Indicate which cell type is identified by the following descriptions. Insert the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks. KEY CHOICES: A. Neurons B. Neuroglia 1. Supports, insulates, and protects cells. 2. Demonstrates irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area. 3. Release neurotransmitters. 4. Are amitotic. 5. Able to divide; therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms. I can draw and label the three parts of a neuron and explain the function of the dendrite and axon. Figure 7-1 is a diagram of a neuron. First, label the parts indicated on the illustration by leader lines. Then choose different colors for each of the structures listed below and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the illustration. Finally, draw arrows on the figure to indicate the direction of impulse transmission along the neuron s membrane. 3

4 I can identify the anatomical and functional components of a three-neuron reflex arc. Explain how a reflex arc works. What are the two types of reflex arc? Refer to Figure 7-2, showing a reflex arc, as you complete this exercise. First, briefly answer the following questions by inserting your responses in the spaces provided. 1. What is the stimulus? 2. What tissue is the effector? 3. How many synapses occur in this reflex arc? Next, select different colors for each of the following structures and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram. Finally, draw arrows on the figure indicating the direction of the impulse transmission through this reflex pathway. 4

5 I can compare and contrast the propagation of a nerve impulse along a nerve fiber and across a synaptic cleft. I can explain what a synapse is and what happens there. I can define neurotransmitter and give examples. I can explain what occurs during a nerve impulse. Explain how an impulse is transmitted to invoke a response. Match the anatomic terms given in Column B with the appropriate descriptions of the function provided in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks. I can identify the major anatomical components of the brain and spinal cord and briefly comment on the function of each. Describe the structure of the spinal cord. What are the two main functions of the spinal cord? 5

6 Name and describe the three membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain. Explain the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid. - - Where does it come from? Where does it go? Using the following KEY choices, identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described below. 6

7 I can list the divisions of the brain and their functions. Brainstem Function Diencephalon Function Cerebellum Cerebrum Lobe Function 7

8 Using the key choices, complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. Figure 7-3 is a diagram of the right lateral view of the human brain. First, match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks. Then, select different colors for each of the areas of the brain provided with a color- coding circle and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram. If an identified area is a part of a lobe, use the color you selected for the lobe but use stripes for that area. 8

9 I can compare and contrast spinal and cranial nerves. Explain the structure of a nerve. Explain the difference between white matter and gray matter. Using the Key Choices, complete the following statements. I can discuss the anatomical and functional characteristics of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and explain how they are different? 9

10 Analyze the accessory and internal structures of the eye, ears, nose, tongue and dermis including specialized receptors. I can classify sense organs as special or general and explain the basic differences between the two groups. Describe general sense organs and their functions. What are the basic differences between general sense organs and special sense organs? 10

11 I can discuss the anatomy of the ear and its sensory function in hearing and equilibrium. Differentiate between the outer ear and inner ear. Type of receptor: Vestibule: Semicircular canals: Cochlea: I can discuss the chemical receptors and their functions. What two special sense organs use chemical receptors? What are those chemical receptors called? How do they actual work together to allow you to taste food? 11

12 I can describe the structure of the eye and the functions of its components. Label the diagram below. Type of receptor: Rods: Cones: Structure of the Eye Function 12

13 Using key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate letter or term in the spaces provided. STUDY GUIDE ANSWERS 13

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