Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7)
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1 Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7) What is a neuron? What is the cell body? What is the axon? The basic building block of the nervous system, the individual nerve cell that receives, processes and transmits info. Determines whether the neuron will activate and transmit the msg, determines the activity of the cell Carries impulses away from the cell body, single tubule What is the myelin sheath? White fatty covering. 1) Insulates 2) Protects 3) Increases speed What are the nodes of Ranvier? What are dendrites? What is a synapse? What are the 3 types of neurons? 2 main purposes of the neuron? Describe the process of neural transmission along a neuron Where the myelin sheath is thin or absent, allows for saltatory conduction (electrical impulses jump node to node). Receives neural impulses and carries them towards cell body. Small gap between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another Sensory/afferent = carries impulses towards CNS Motor/efferent = carries impulses to PNS Interneurons/association = transmit info between neurons within the CNS 1. Generate electricity to create nerve impulses 2. Release chemicals to allow them to communicate with each other 1. At rest, neuron has electrical resting potential => outside has high conc Na+ and negatively Cl-. Inside has large negatively charged proteins and K+. SO outside is positive and inside is negative -70mV. 2. Depolarisation: at sufficient stimulation Na+ channels open so Na+ rushes in. So electrical potential changes to +40mV. At this point. K+ channels remain closed. 3. Repolarisation: Na+ channels close and K+ channels open so that K+ rushes out, restoring resting potential (if not kind of overkill so it's 'too' negative) Page 1
2 4. K+ and Na+ return to natural resting positions (Na+ outside and K+ inside) by the sodium-potassium pump (every Na+ it pumps out, only 2 K+ are brought in so inside -70mV is restored). What is the refractory period? What is the 'all or none' law of action potential? What are neurotransmitters? What are the 5 steps of chemical communication (SSRBD)? What are the 2 effects of neurotransmitters at binding? What are the 2 ways of deactivating a neurotransmitter? What are the 2 roles of synapses? What is the nervous Whilst the K+ ions are flowing out, a period where the membrane is not excitable so cannot create an impulse. The strength of the neuron's response is not dependent on the stimulus' strength; if the stimulus is above the threshold (change from -70 to at least -55), then there will be a response; a 'greater' stimulus does not mean a greater response. Substances that carry messages across the synaptic spaces to other neurons, muscles or glands. 1) Synthesis: transmitter molecules are formed inside neuron 2) Storage: stored in synaptic vesicles in axon terminal 3) Release: when AP travels down axon, vesicles move to surface of axon terminal where molecules are released into synaptic spaces. 4) Bind: molecules bind to receptor sites on post-synaptic membrane 5) Deactivation: after binding, the neurotransmitter E or I until deactivated. 1) Excitation : post-synaptic neuron's sodium channels open and depolarisation occurs. 2) Inhibition: opposite. Potassium flows out or negative Cl flows in increasing the negative potential of the axon (hyperpolarisation). This makes it harder to elicit an AP. 1) The presence of certain chemicals in the synaptic space chemically breaks down the neurotransmitter 2) Reuptake: transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic terminals. 1. Prevents impulses from travelling in the wrong direction (bc knobs with synaptic vesicles are only located at one end of the neuron). 2. Increased synaptic connections allow for greater flexibility: impulses can 'switch' routes A system of networks of neurons which connect different parts of the Page 2
3 system? of the nervous systems? Describe the brain. Describe the spinal cord. What are the protection mechanisms of the spinal cord? Ascending tracts v. descending tracts? of the PNS? of the autonomic system? What is electrical recording? What is brain imaging? What are the 4 types of brain imaging? body and brain to each other via electrochemical signals. CNS: all nerves in the brain and spinal cord. PNS: all nerves outside of the CNS. Organ of soft nervous tissue (protected by the cranium). Control center. Sends motor messages to the SC and receives sensory info form SC. Cable of nerve fibres from base of brain to lower back. Connects CNS to PNS (sensory info to CNS and motor info to PNS). Bones, discs, ligaments, muscles and CSF. Ascending: sensory info from PNS to brain via sensory neurons. Descending: motor info from brain to PNS via motor neurons. Somatic NS: transmits sensory info from sensory receptors to CNS and transmits motor messages from CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles. Autonomic: transmits motor msg from brain to internal organs and glands and msg back to brain about these organ/gland activity. Sympathetic: prepares body for high emotion/arousal (dilates pupil, decreases digestion, increases HR and BP) => flight or fight. Parasympathetic: maintain energy level for normal body activity or physically calm body after high arousal/domination of the sympathetic (opposite). Electrodes are used to measure neural activity in brain. EEG. Taking pictures. 1) CAT - xray tech to tak pics of slices of brain from dif angles. 2) MRI - creates images based on how atoms in tissue respond to magnetic impulse. 3) PET - insert radioactive glucose, so when glucose is used by neurons we can see its circulation in the bloodstream of brain. 4) fmri - produces pics of blood flow in brain - scans oxygen conc in Page 3
4 bloodstream (active brain tissue uses more oxygen). What is the cerebral cortex? What are the 4 cortices of the cerebral cortex? Thick grey sheet of unmyelinated cells that forms the outer brain. Has 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum. 1. Frontal 2. Temporal 3. Parietal 4. Occipital Describe the frontal cortex. Control higher mental functioning and complex movement i.e. speaking. Consists of... - Broca's area: controls motor component of speech (Broca's Aphasia: loss of ability to produce language). - Motor cortex: direct muscular control for fine coordinated, voluntary movement. Describe the temporal lobe. Describe the parietal lobe. Where auditory info is projected, understanding of language, memory, learning and recognition. Consists of... - Wernicke's area: helps person understand speech, use correct words for expression (Wernicke's Aphasia: person things their baking sense but they don't, can't understand or speak). - Primary auditory cortex: processes auditory info. Attention, spatial perception and bodily sensations like touch, pressure, pain and movement. Consists of... - Primary somatosensory cortex: bodily sensations like touch, pressure, pain and movement. Describe the occipital lobe. allows for perception. - Primary visual cortex: processes info from sense of sight to produce perception. What is the thalamus? What is the hypothalamus? What is the limbic system? What are the 2 key Organizes input from sensory organs to appropriate areas of the brain (like a switchboard). Everything => motivation, emotion, sexual behaviour, temp regulation, sleeping, eating, drinking and aggression. A set of structures deep within the cerebral hemispheres which are involves in processing emotion, motivation, learning and memory. Page 4
5 structures of the limbic system? What is the brain stem? (made of 2 structures) What is the cerebellum? What is the corpus callosum? 1. Hippocampus: forming and retrieving memories. 2. Amygdala: organizes emotional and motivational responses (esp. aggression and fear). Contains the pons and medulla. 1. Pons: sleep and respiration 2. Medulla: HR and respiration Made of grey cell bodies => muscular movement, balance and posture, learning and memory. White myelinated nerve fibers which connect L and R hemispheres, allowing for their communication. Page 5
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