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1 Nervous System (cont)

2 Dopamine Deals with motor movement and alertness. Lack of dopamine has been linked to Parkinson s disease. Too much has been linked to schizophrenia.

3 Endorphins Involved in pain control. Many of our most addictive drugs deal with endorphins.

4 Select Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (Ach) Involved in muscle movement and memory (undersupply - ALZ) Serotonin Involved in mood and sleep (Undersupply - Depression) Dopamine Involved in movement and reward systems (Excess -Schizophrenia, undersupply - Parkinson s ) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) Inhibitory NT (undersupply seizures, tremors, insomnia) Norepinephrine Involved in arousal, mood, and sympathetic nervous system activation (Bipolar) Endorphins elevate pleasure/mood and reduce pain, act by either increasing or decreasing specific NT activity, mimic effects of opium based drugs like morphine

5 Neural Communication Serotonin Pathways Dopamine Pathways

6 Drugs can be.. Agonists- make neuron fire Antagonists- stop neural firing Reuptake Inhibitors- block reuptake

7 Some Drugs work on receptors Some drugs are shaped like neurotransmitters Antagonists : fit the receptor but poorly and block the NT e.g. beta blockers(beta blockers block the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline) part of the sympathetic nervous systemwhich mediates the "fight or flight" response.) Agonists : fit receptor well and act like the NT e.g. nicotine

8 Neural Communication Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Receptor site on receiving neuron Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter

9 Neural Communication: The Neural Chain

10 Neurons and Synapses Types of Neurons Sensory Motor Interneurons

11 Motor Neurons Nerves that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body Sensory Neuron Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neuron

12 Sensory Neurons Nerves that carry incoming information to the central nervous system Connect the sense organs to the brain Sensory Neuron Brain Spinal Cord and spinal cord

13 Interneurons Connect the other 2 neurons. Only found in the brain and spinal cord. Sensory Neuron Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neuron

14 A Neural Chain

15 The Structure of the Nervous System

16 A Simplified Neural Network Neurons that learn to work together as a team.

17 The Nervous System Nervous System the body s speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems Nerves neural cables containing many axons part of the peripheral nervous system connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

18 The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) All nerves that are not encased in bone Everything but the brain and spinal cord the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and organs (Peripheral = outer region) Divided into two parts Somatic Autonomic

19 The Nervous System

20 Subparts of the nervous system

21 Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary muscle movement Uses motor neurons

22 Autonomic Nervous System Controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

23 Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion Fight or flight response

24 Parasympathetic Nervous System Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event Calms the body Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up

25 Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain. Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord. Survival adaptation. Reflexes

26 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

27 The Endocrine System

28 Endocrine System A second type of communication system in the body made up of a network of glands that produce hormones--chemical messengers that circulate in the blood Examples of hormones: Estrogen/testosterone Thyroid growth hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

29 Hormone Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects Hormones Neurotransmitters

30 Endocrine System/ Endocrine Glands

31 The Brain

32 Lower-Level Brain Structures: The Brainstem The Thalamus The Cerebellum The Limbic System

33 The Brain Pons

34 Brainstem Is responsible for automatic survival functions Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins Includes the medulla and reticular formation

35 Medulla The base of the brainstem Breathing Heart rate Digestion Other vital reflexes swallowing coughing vomiting sneezing

36 Reticular Formation A nerve network extending up and down the spinal cord into the brain (through the spinal cord and thalamus) Controls an organism s level of alertness, sleep, and arousal.

37 Pons Helps coordinates movements on right and left side of body Sleep and wakefulness Maintain balance while standing or moving

38 Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem The brain s sensory switchboard -- directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex

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