Title: Biopsychology Specification: The divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral (somatic and autonomic). SAMPLE

Transcription

1 Title: Biopsychology Specification: The divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral (somatic and autonomic). Q1 MCQ: Which of the following responses is caused by an activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system? A Increased heart rate B Pupil dilation C Increased salivation D Increased blood pressure Q2 Complete the diagram Complete the diagram of the nervous system, using the key terms listed below. Key terms: Sympathetic Nervous System, Brain, Somatic Nervous System, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System (PSN), Central Nervous System (CNS), Autonomic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System. Q3 Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Decide whether each of the responses listed below is caused by an activation of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system and complete the table below. Responses: Contracts (stimulates bladder); Dilates pupils; Stimulates saliva production; Increases heartbeat; Stimulates digestion; Decreases saliva production; Slows heartbeat; Inhibits digestion; Constricts pupils; Inhibits bladder contraction SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Dilates pupils Constricts pupils Decreases saliva production Stimulates saliva production Increases heartbeat Slows heartbeat Inhibits digestion Stimulates digestion Inhibits bladder contraction Contracts (stimulates) bladder

2 Q4 Match them up Match up the components of the nervous system on the left, with the correct description on the right. The first one has been done for you. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Central nervous system Spain cord Brain Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Provides conscious awareness; involved in all psychological processes. Relays messages from the CNS to the rest of the body. Play an important role in homeostasis. Returns the body to is normal restating state. Transfers messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body. Prepares the body for fight or flight. Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Maintains communication between the CNS and outside word. Q5 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following exam-style question: Explain two differences in the organisation and/or function of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. (4 marks). One difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is that one of the systems has two sub-components.* Another difference is that one system has sensory and motor pathways whereas the other one does not.* This answer is likely to achieve 1/2 marks, because it has not elaborated either point. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *. One difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is that one of the systems has two sub-components. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, whereas the somatic nervous system is a standalone system. Another difference is that one system has sensory and motor pathways whereas the other one does not. The somatic nervous system consists of sensory receptors which carry information to the spinal cord and brain and motor pathways which control movement, whereas the autonomic nervous system only consists of motor pathways, controlling internal organs and glands.

3 Title: Biopsychology Specification: The divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral (somatic and autonomic). Q1 A B C D MCQ: Which of the following responses is caused by an activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system? Increased heart rate Pupil dilation Increased salivation Increased blood pressure Q2 Complete the diagram Complete the diagram of the nervous system, using the key terms listed below. Key terms: Sympathetic Nervous System, Brain, Somatic Nervous System, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System (PSN), Central Nervous System (CNS), Autonomic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System. Q3 Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Decide whether each of the responses listed below is caused by an activation of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system and complete the table below. Responses: Contracts (stimulates bladder); Dilates pupils; Stimulates saliva production; Increases heartbeat; Stimulates digestion; Decreases saliva production; Slows heartbeat; Inhibits digestion; Constricts pupils; Inhibits bladder contraction SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

4 Q4 Match them up Match up the components of the nervous system on the left, with the correct description on the right. The first one has been done for you. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Central nervous system Spain cord Brain Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Provides conscious awareness; involved in all psychological processes. Relays messages from the CNS to the rest of the body. Play an important role in homeostasis. Returns the body to is normal restating state. Transfers messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body. Prepares the body for fight or flight. Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Maintains communication between the CNS and outside word. Q5 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following exam-style question: Explain two differences in the organisation and/or function of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. (4 marks). One difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is that one of the systems has two sub-components.* Another difference is that one system has sensory and motor pathways whereas the other one does not.* This answer is likely to achieve 1/2 marks, because it has not elaborated either point. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *.

5 Title: Biopsychology Topic: The structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurons. The process of synaptic transmission, including reference to neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition. Q1 True or false? A Motor neurons carry messages to the peripheral nervous system. False B Excitation makes a presynaptic neuron more likely to fire. False D Sensory neurons carry messages to the spinal cord and brain. True E Inhibition makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire. True Q2 Label the neuron Label the neuron using the key terms below and answer the additional questions. A = Dendrite B = Cell body C = Myelin sheath D = Axon Key terms: Cell body, Myelin sheath, Axon, Dendrite. Which type of neuron is shown in this picture? A) Sensory neuron B) Relay neuron C) Motor neuron Outline one difference between the type of neuron shown in this picture and one other type of neuron (2 marks). Motor neurons are found in the central nervous system whereas relay sensory neurons are found in receptor cells (e.g. the eyes). Q3 Sensory, Relay or Motor Neuron? Which of the following descriptions bests describes a: sensory, relay or motor neuron. are found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain. These nerve Sensory neuron impulses are translated into sensations. are found in the central nervous system (CNS) and control muscle movements. Motor neuron are found in between sensory input and motor output/response. These neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. Relay neuron

6 Q4 Match them up Match up the key neuron/neurotransmitter terms on the left, with the correct description on the right. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Dendrite Insulates the axon so that the electrical impulses travel faster along the axon. Axon Myelin sheath Axon terminal Action potential Q5 Apply your knowledge Answer the following application question. Receives a signal from other neurons or sensory receptor cells. This part of the neuron is typically connected to the cell body. Connects the neuron to other neurons (or directly to organs), using a process called synaptic transmission. a long slender fibre that carries nerve impulses, in the form of an electrical signal known as action potential. Information which is passed down the axon of the neuron as an electrical impulse Rhiannon is comparing the effects of smoking and drinking. She discovers that nicotine is a stimulant which produces an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, causing the release of dopamine, whereas alcohol interacts with GABA receptors which produces an inhibitory effect. With reference to smoking and drinking, outline what is meant by the term excitation and inhibition. (4 marks). As smoking is excitatory it makes the post-synaptic cell more likely to fire. This means that when nicotine binds to the post-synaptic receptors is causes an electrical charge in the cell membrane which results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP), which makes the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire and in this case release dopamine. Drinking alcohol on the other hand causes inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), as it interacts with GABA postsynaptic cell making them less likely to fire.

7 Title: Biopsychology Topic: The structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurons. The process of synaptic transmission, including reference to neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition. Q1 A B C D True or false? Motor neurons carry messages to the peripheral nervous system. Excitation makes a presynaptic neuron more likely to fire. Sensory neurons carry messages to the spinal cord and brain. Inhibition makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire. Q2 Label the neuron Label the neuron using the key terms below and answer the additional questions. A = B = C = D = Key terms: Cell body, Myelin sheath, Axon, Dendrite. Which type of neuron is shown in this picture? A) Sensory neuron B) Relay neuron C) Motor neuron Outline one difference between the type of neuron shown in this picture and one other type of neuron (2 marks). Q3 Sensory, Relay or Motor Neuron? Which of the following descriptions bests describes a: sensory, relay or motor neuron. are found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain. These nerve impulses are translated into sensations. are found in the central nervous system (CNS) and control muscle movements. are found in between sensory input and motor output/response. These neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord.

8 Q4 Match them up Match up the key neuron/neurotransmitter terms on the left, with the correct description on the right. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Dendrite Axon Myelin sheath Axon terminal Action potential Insulates the axon so that the electrical impulses travel faster along the axon. Receives a signal from other neurons or sensory receptor cells. This part of the neuron is typically connected to the cell body. Connects the neuron to other neurons (or directly to organs), using a process called synaptic transmission. a long slender fibre that carries nerve impulses, in the form of an electrical signal known as action potential. Information which is passed down the axon of the neuron as an electrical impulse Q5 Apply your knowledge Answer the following application question. Rhiannon is comparing the effects of smoking and drinking. She discovers that nicotine is a stimulant which produces an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, causing the release of dopamine, whereas alcohol interacts with GABA receptors which produces an inhibitory effect. With reference to smoking and drinking, outline what is meant by the term excitation and inhibition. (4 marks).

9 Title: Biopsychology Topic: The function of the endocrine system: glands and hormones. Q1 MCQ: Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is false? The hypothalamus A regulates the endocrine system. B is physically connected to the pituitary gland. D stimulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. E is sometimes known as the master gland. Q2 Label the endocrine system Label the endocrine system using the key terms below and answer the additional question. A = Hypothalamus B = Pituitary gland C = Thyroid gland D = Adrenal glands E = Ovaries F = Testes Key terms: Adrenal glands, Ovaries, Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Testes, Hypothalamus. Select two of the glands above and outline the main hormones released. (2 marks) Pituitary gland = ACTH/Oxytocin Thyroid gland = Thyroxine Adrenal gland = Adrenaline/Cortisol Ovaries = Oestrogen Testes = Testosterone Q3 Fill in the blanks Below is an explanation of how the endocrine system triggers the fight or flight response. Using the key terms below, fill in the blanks. The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which prepares the body for fight or flight. When these hormones circulate through the body, it causes a number of physiological changes, including: increased heart rate which pushes blood to the muscles, heart and other vital organs. Breathing becomes more rapid to increase our intake of oxygen. These hormones also trigger the release of glucose to support energy to the body for the fight-or-fight response. Key term: Glucose, Adrenaline, Blood, Oxygen, Noradrenaline, Heart.

10 Q4 Match them up Match the hormones on the left, with their effect on the right. HORMONE EFFECT Testosterone Oestrogen Adrenaline Cortisol Thyroxine Adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH) Responsible for regulating metabolism. Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics during puberty while also promoting muscle growth. The key hormone in the fight or flight response. Stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol during the stress response. Controls the regulation of the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Stimulates the release of glucose to provide the body with energy, while supressing the immune system. Q5 Spot the mistakes Below is an answer to the following question: Describe the functions of the endocrine system. (6 marks) The answer contains 6 mistakes. Can you highlight all 6 mistakes and say why they re wrong? The function of the endocrine system is to regulate the activity of organs within the body. For example, the job of the hypothalamus pituitary gland is to influence the release of hormones from other glands within the body. The pituitary gland has two lobes and the posterior anterior lobe which releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal medulla cortex to release cortisol when we are stressed. In turn, cortisol stimulates the release glucose to provide the body with energy while enhancing suppressing the immune system. Another gland, the thyroid gland, is responsible for the release of melatonin thyroxine, which plays an important role in biological rhythms, including the sleepwake cycle and metabolism.

11 Title: Biopsychology Topic: The function of the endocrine system: glands and hormones. Q1 A B C D MCQ: Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is false? The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system. is physically connected to the pituitary gland. stimulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. is sometimes known as the master gland. Q2 Label the endocrine system Label the endocrine system using the key terms below and answer the additional question. A = B = C = D = E = F = Key terms: Adrenal glands, Ovaries, Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Testes, Hypothalamus. Select two of the glands above and outline the main hormones released. (2 marks) Q3 Fill in the blanks Below is an explanation of how the endocrine system triggers the fight or flight response. Using the key terms below, fill in the blanks. The adrenal medulla releases and which prepares the body for fight or flight. When these hormones circulate through the body, it causes a number of physiological changes, including: increased rate which pushes to the muscles, heart and other vital organs. Breathing becomes more rapid to increase our intake of. These hormones also trigger the release of to support energy to the body for the fight-or-fight response. Key term: Glucose, Adrenaline, Blood, Oxygen, Noradrenaline, Heart.

12 Q4 Match them up Match the hormones on the left, with their effect on the right. HORMONE EFFECT Testosterone Responsible for regulating metabolism. Oestrogen Adrenaline Cortisol Thyroxine Adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH) Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics during puberty while also promoting muscle growth. The key hormone in the fight or flight response. Stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol during the stress response. Controls the regulation of the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Stimulates the release of glucose to provide the body with energy, while supressing the immune system. Q5 Spot the mistakes Below is an answer to the following question: Describe the functions of the endocrine system. (6 marks) The answer contains 6 mistakes. Can you highlight all 6 mistakes and say why they re wrong? The function of the endocrine system is to regulate the activity of organs within the body. For example, the job of the hypothalamus is to influence the release of hormones from other glands within the body. The pituitary gland has two lobes and the posterior lobe which releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release cortisol when we are stressed. In turn, cortisol stimulates the release glucose to provide the body with energy while enhancing the immune system. metabolism. Another gland, the thyroid gland, is responsible for the release of melatonin, which plays an important role in biological rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle and

13 Title: Biopsychology Topic: The fight or flight response including the role of adrenaline. Q1 True or false? During the fight or flight response A the process of salvation is inhibited True B blood is diverted away from the surface of the skin True C the process of digestion is stimulated False D respiration increases True E the adrenal cortex secretes adrenaline into the blood stream False F there is a decrease in the release of noradrenaline False G pupils dilate True Q2 Fill in the blanks Complete the diagram outlining the Fight or Flight response, using the key terms listed below. A person enters a stressful/dangerous situation. The amygdala (part of the limbic system) is activated which send a distress signal to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus activates the sympathomedullary pathway the pathway running to the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) The SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla, part of the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream. Adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare the body for fight or flight. Key terms: Hypothalamus, Sympathomedullary Pathway, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Fight or Flight, Noradrenalin, Limbic System.

14 Q3 Evaluating Fight or Flight For each of the evaluation points described below, explain why they are an issue for the fight or flight response. Gray (1988) suggests that the first response to danger is not to fight or flight but to avoid confrontation altogether, which is known as freeze. This suggests that the fight or flight explanation of behaviour is limited and doesn t fully explain the complex cognitive and biological factors that underpin the human response to stress/danger. Therefore, while the original fight or flight According to Taylor et al. (2000), women explanation may have been limited in its are more likely to protect their offspring application to females, this has prompted (tending) and form alliances with other more recent research which has provided women (befriend), rather than fight an an alternate explanation which is adversary or flee. applicable to females. This matters because the activation of the Modern day life rarely requires such an fight or flight response can increase blood intense biological response and repeated pressure and cause damage to blood activation of the fight or flight response vessels and contribute to heart disease. can have a negative consequence on our This suggests that the fight or flight health, e.g. raised blood pressure and heart disease. response is a maladaptive response in modern-day life. Q4 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following question: Outline the function of adrenaline in the fight-or-flight response. (4 marks) Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, leading to a number of physiological changes. Firstly, our heart rate increases*, secondly, our pupils dilates* and thirdly, there is a reduction in the functioning of non-essential functions, for example the digestive system.* This answer is likely to achieve 2 marks, because it has not explained why these changes occur. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *. Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, leading to a number of physiological changes. Firstly, our heart rate increases* to increase blood flow to organs and the movement of adrenaline around the body, secondly, our pupils dilates* to increase light entry into the eye and enhance vision and thirdly, there is a reduction in the functioning of non-essential functions, for example the digestive system, to increase the energy supply to other essential functions.

15 Title: Biopsychology Topic: The fight or flight response including the role of adrenaline. Q1 A B C D E F G True or false? During the fight or flight response the process of salvation is inhibited blood is diverted away from the surface of the skin the process of digestion is stimulated respiration increases the adrenal cortex secretes adrenaline into the blood stream there is a decrease in the release of noradrenaline pupils dilate Q2 Fill in the blanks Complete the diagram outlining the Fight or Flight response, using the key terms listed below. A person enters a stressful/dangerous situation. The (part of the ) is activated which send a distress signal to the. The hypothalamus activates the the pathway running to the adrenal medulla and the. The SNS stimulates the, part of the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones and into the bloodstream. Adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare the body for. Key terms: Hypothalamus, Sympathomedullary Pathway, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Fight or Flight, Noradrenalin, Limbic System.

16 Q3 Evaluating Fight or Flight For each of the evaluation points described below, explain why they are an issue for the fight or flight response. Gray (1988) suggests that the first response to danger is not to fight or flight but to avoid confrontation altogether, which is known as freeze. According to Taylor et al. (2000), women are more likely to protect their offspring (tending) and form alliances with other women (befriend), rather than fight an adversary or flee. Modern day life rarely requires such an intense biological response and repeated activation of the fight or flight response can have a negative consequence on our health, e.g. raised blood pressure and heart disease. Q4 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following question: Outline the function of adrenaline in the fight-or-flight response. (4 marks) Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, leading to a number of physiological changes. Firstly, our heart rate increases*, secondly, our pupils dilates* and thirdly, there is a reduction in the functioning of non-essential functions, for example the digestive system.* This answer is likely to achieve 2 marks, because it has not explained why these changes occur. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *.

17 A person enters a stressful/dangerous situation. The amygdala (part of the limbic system) is activated which send a distress signal to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus activates the sympathomedullary pathway (SAM pathway) the pathway running to the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) The SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla, part of the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream. Adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare the body for fight or flight.