25 Things To Know. Pre- frontal

Transcription

1 25 Things To Know Pre- frontal

2 Frontal lobes Cognition Touch Sound

3 Phineas Gage First indication can survive major brain trauma Lost 1+ frontal lobe

4 Gage Working on a railroad Gage (then 25) Foreman on work gang Blasted a path through rock R&B Railroad, Vermont

5 Gage Process Bore a hole, add blasting powder Put in a fuse, add sand Pack it in with tamping iron 3 7 long and 1¼ inch diam. 13 pounds Tapered

6 Gage September 13, :30pm No sand added Rod entered on left side of face Tapered part first

7 Gage Passed thru back of left eye Out the top of his head Landed 80 feet away

8 Gage Don t know much about his life Before or after accident Can t gauge the Gage

9 Phineas Gage Retained Normal memory Speech & motor skills

10 Phineas Gage Changed? Mood, irritability, impatient Personality Exaggerated after his death No longer Gage

11 Phineas Gage American Crowbar Case Localization of functions Both sides

12 Phineas Gage Damage to frontal lobe Describe best course of action But seek immediate gratification

13 Prefrontal Cortex

14 Frontal lobes 3. Prefrontal cortex Most anterior Not short term storage But if damaged, poor executive processes

15 Frontal lobes 3. Prefrontal cortex 10+ microscopically different cells working memory for objects working memory for spatial locations

16 Frontal lobe 3. Prefrontal cortex 3 regions dorsolateral orbitofrontal ventralmedial

17 Dorsolateral

18 Dorsolateral last part of brain for myelination still developing at 30 years old interacts with other parts of brain

19 Dorsolateral Connected to Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex Thalamus & Basal Ganglia Hippocampus Plus more

20 Dorsolateral Functions location of stimuli spatial info for sequence learning

21 Dorsolateral Function High-level planning & regulation Organizes movements Regulates thoughts & actions Integrates sensory & mnemonic info

22 Dorsolateral Executive Processes Not sole responsible Collaborative effort

23 Dorsolateral Damage causes problems with Social judgment Executive memory Abstract thinking Intentionality

24 Dorsolateral Damage Tumors produce symptoms similar to schizophrenia Sleep deprivation inhibits activity here

25 Dorsolateral Truth Telling Involved in lying? Inhibit of normal process People usually tell the truth

26 Dorsolateral Lucid dream states? Hallucinations?

27 Orbitofrontal

28 Orbitofrontal Orbit Immediately above eye sockets least explored least understood

29 Orbitofrontal Orbit Sometimes considered part of limbic system

30 Orbitofrontal Controls social adjustment responsibility mood drive

31 Orbitofrontal Function Cognitive processing Decision making

32 Orbitofrontal Function Sensory integration Affective value of reinforcers Expectation of rewards-punish Compare expected with actual intuitive judgments

33 Orbitofrontal Extensive connections Reciprocal connections Ventral & dorsal visual streams Auditory-spatial processing Phonetic processing All sense modalities

34 Orbitofrontal Damage Alzheimer's disease neurofibrer tangles in this area Lesions feel no regret

35 Orbitofrontal Damage causes problems with decision-making emotion regulation reward expectation

36 Orbitofrontal ADHD dysfunction of reward circuitry controlling motivation Reward impulsivity

37 Orbitofrontal Obsessive-Compulsive Executive functioning Impulse control

38 Orbitofrontal Addictions Dopaminergic activation of reward circuits Compulsive behavior Increased motivation take drug

39 Orbitofrontal Drug addiction Decision making Reward system

40 Orbitofrontal During cocaine withdrawal Increased metabolism in OFC Proportional to drug craving

41 Orbitofrontal During protracted withdrawal (up to 3-4 months) cocaine reduced activity compared to healthy

42 Orbitofrontal Alcoholics Less benzodiazepine receptors During withdrawal Decreased activity (compared to normals)

43 Damage Visual discrimination test reversal learning presented pictures A and B Learn rewarded for picking A When rule set, switch Damage to OFC, stay with A

44 Damage Visual discrimination test Extinction rules don t reversing Punished for either A or B DON T PRESS BUTTON OFC damage: gotta press!

45 Damage Iowa Gambling Task 4 virtual decks of cards Each time choose a card win $$ Every so often, will lose $$ Win as much money as possible Choose by gut reaction

46 Damage Iowa Gambling Task Two decks are bad decks net loss in long run Two decks are good decks net gain over time

47 Damage Healthy Ss Sample each deck Stick to good after cards OFC damage Stick with bad deck Even if know it s a bad deck

48 Damage Healthy Ss Galvanic Skin R of stress react Hover over bad deck Only 10 trials OFC dysfunctio Never develop GSR reaction

49 Damage Faux pas Test Series of vignettes Social occasion Said but should not have said Awkward occurrence

50 Damage Faux pas Test Identify what was said Why it was awkward How people would have felt

51 Damage Faux pas Test OFC dysfunction Understand the story Can t judge social awkward

52 Damage Disinhibited behavior Excessive swearing Hypersexuality Poor social interaction Compulsive gambling

53 Damage Disinhibited behavior Drug, alcohol & tobacco use Little empathy

54 Frontal lobes Prefrontal cortex dorsolateral orbitofrontal ventral-medial

55 Ventralmedial

56 Ventralmedial

57 Ventralmedial Includes Anterior cingulate cortex Hippocampus

58 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Collar around corpus collosum

59 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Autonomic functions heart rate & blood pressure Reward anticipation Decision making Empathy

60 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dorsal part connects with Prefrontal cortex Parietal cortex M1

61 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dorsal part as Central Station Processing top-down $ Processing bottom-up $ Assigning control to other areas

62 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Ventral part connects with Nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus Amygdala

63 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Ventral part involved in Assessing salience of emotion Assessing motivational info Problem solving When effort needed for task

64 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activated by conflict Potential of an error Eriksen Flanker Task

65 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Eriksen Flanker Task Arrow pointing to left or right flanked by two distractor arrows compatible (<<<<<) incompatible (<<<>>)

66 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Stroop Task Don t read word, name color

67 Top-Down Processing Stroop Effect Say the color you see: RED ORANGE GREEN BLUE

68 RED

69 ORANGE

70 GREEN

71 BLUE

72 Right answer is = orange ORANGE BLUE GREEN

73 RED

74 ORANGE

75 GREEN

76 BLUE

77 RED

78 RED

79 GREEN

80 RED

81 RED

82 ORANGE

83 ORANGE

84 GREEN

85 ORANGE

86 GREEN

87 GREEN

88 ORANGE

89 ORANGE

90 GREEN

91 BLUE

92 BLUE

93 BLUE

94 BLUE

95 BLUE

96 BLUE

97

98 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Counting-Stroop Count neutral stimuli dog presented four times Count interfering stimuli three presented four times

99 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Functions Error detection Anticipation of tasks Attention, motivation Regulation of emotional R

100 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Error detection Respond to letter X after an A Ignore all other letter combos

101 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Monitoring conflict Incompatible trials produce the most conflict Conflict control system

102 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Reinforcement learning ERN Error-related negativity Electrophysiological marker Making errors may cause changes in dopamine?

103 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Reinforcement learning ERN More avoid errors, larger ERNs Learn from errors, less ERNs

104 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Reinforcement learning ERN Receives conflicting input Assigns it to another area

105 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Reward-based learning theory detects and monitors errors evaluates degree of error suggests appropriate action

106 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Largest activation in loss

107 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Conscious experience corr more emotionally-aware recognition of emotional cues

108 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Active even when Ss not aware of their error

109 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Role in registering pain Physical pain activates ACC More intense pain, more active

110 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Damage causes Unclear

111 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Damage inability to detect errors severe difficulty in Stroop task emotional instability inattention

112 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Damage Maybe be seen in schizophrenia Social anxiety ADHD OCD

113 Right Hemisphere Better at spatial relationships Better at perceiving patterns Better at perceiving emotions in gestures In tone of voice

114 Right Hemisphere Damage Speak with less inflection Less expression in voice

115 Left Hemisphere Better at details than patterns

116 Lateralization of Function Best Practice Use same hemisphere for repeat measurements More accurate if smell two substances with same nostril

117

118 Biological Psych.com