Biopsychology. Neurons
|
|
- Tamsin Scott
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biopsychology What is Biopsychology? The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience (Kalat) Primarily focused on brain activity especially as it relates to behavior Alternate Terms: biological psychology, psychobiology, physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience Associated Fields of Specialization Neurons Neurons billion throughout the CNS (Approximately 20 billion in neocortex alone Most all are present at birth Can move and grow No replication of cells Cells receive 100,000 and more contacts We naturally lose 10,000/day (although some experts suggest up to 100,000/day) Utilize and electrochemical process for transmission of signals Expend energy and electrical/magnetic fields (glucose, oxygen, blood flow) forms the basis of CT, MRI, and PET technology Neuron Structure Cell Body Cell Nucleus Dendrites Axon Myelin Sheath Nodes of Ranvier Schwann Cell Axon terminals Neuron Organization Nerve bundle of neurons outside of CNS Tract bundle of neurons inside the CNS Ganglion group of cell bodies outside of CNS Nucleus group of cell bodies inside the CNS Neuron Classes Type 1 o Long, myelinated o Fast o Bipolar, unipolar
2 Type 2 o Short, unmyelinated o Slow o Multipolar Neuron Types Motor o Type 2 (multipolar throughout nervous system) o Projects messages from brain/spinal cord to muscles and organs Sensory o Type 1 (unipolar outside brain or bipolar outside of brain/snail cord) o Carries sensory information from body to brain Interneuron o Type 2 (multipolar throughout the brain and spinal cord) o Conducts information among neurons in same area Neuron Shape Glial Cells Likely >100 billion in neocortex (2-3 times more than the number of neurons there) Provide support to neurons Do not transmit information They play a role in synaptic functioning and neural signaling (astrocytes) Provide o Structural support o Nutritional and scavenger functions o Release of growth factors Three types o Astrocytes in brain and spinal cord maintain the appropriate chemical environment and support the endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier o Oligodendrocytes in the CNS (develop myelin)/schwann cells in PNS (same job) o Microglial cells scavengers that remove cellular debris after cell turnover or damage Blood-Brain Barrier Formed by capillary endothelial cells that are linked by tight junctions Protects the brain from being invaded by large-molecule organisms including many common bacterial infections (and also by many antibodies/antibiotics The BBB becomes more permeable during inflammation Cells in the Nervous System Myelination Clinical Applications Multiple Sclerosis
3 Degeneration of Myelin Sheath Individual experience loss of muscle function Primary Symptoms of MS Numbness/Weakness/Tingling in limbs/trunk Visual loss (occasionally accompanied by eye movement pain) Double or blurred vision Electric shock sensations with neck movement Tremor, lack of coordination, unsteady gait Fatigue Slurred speech Dizziness Neural Communication The Neural Membrane Most critical factors in the neuron s ability to communicate Comprised of lipid (with head and tail) and fat Membrane control entry to the cell Protein Channels open and close under specific circumstances (selective permeability) Polarization Electrical Gradient The most fundamental characteristic of neruons Definition (Kalat, page 26) difference of electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell Resting Potential The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the neural membrane at rest Range -40 to -80 mv (approximately -70 average) Due to the unequal distribution of electrical charges on the two sides of the membrane This charge comes from ions External NaCl Internal KA (where A conjugate bas of an acid, or anion) Force of Diffusion Molecules tent to move from high concentration to low concentration Electrostatic Pressure Ions are repelled from the side similarly charged and attracted to oppositely charged side The Key Player ions are K and Na o K outward o Na Inward
4 Sodium-Potassium Pump Helps maintain established equilibrium by moving straying ions back home via large protein molecules Exchange rate approximately 3 Na for 2 K This helps keep the interior more negative than the outside A metabolic process accounts for approximately 40% of neural energy use Resting Potential Reviewed Concentration forces Selective Permeability Electrical Forces o Na + o K +, Cl -, A - = Anion Active transport: Sodium-Potassium Pump Action Potential (AP) Neural Impulse A brief electrical change that travel down an axon Generated by the movement of charge atoms through the neural membrane An abrupt depolarization of the membrane that allows the neuron to communicate over long distances (Garrett, Page 31) How AP Works An excitatory signal causes a partial depolarization (polarity in a small area of membrane is shifted toward zero) This disturbs the ion balance in adjacent membrane, causing disturbance down the dendrites and cross the membrane This partial depolarization is called Ion potential If the Local Potential is greater that the activation threshold (10mV or more), action potential occurs The accumulation of LP s occurs at the Axon Hillock once the threshold is reached, the neuron fires At AP peak, the neuron begins recovery toward resting potential by closing Na channels and opening K channels (K moves out) Synapses Synapses Specialized gaps (junctions) between neurons o Promote neural communication o Signals transmitted chemically Ramon y Cajal o Demonstrated separation of neurons Charles S. Sherrington (1906) o Identified synaptic communication via reflex arc studies
5 Reflex Arc for Leg Flexion (Figure 2.1) Synaptic Delay Speed of conduction along an axon is about 40m/s Conduction through a reflex arc is slower and more variable, sometimes 15 m/s or less Temporal Summation Sherrington observed that several weak stimuli present at slightly different times or slightly different locations produce a stronger reflex than a single stimulus Temporal Summation o Repeated stimuli can have a cumulative effect and can produce a nerve impulse when a single stimuli is too weak Spatial Summation Sherrington also noticed that several small stimuli in a similar location produces a reflex when a single stimuli did not Spatial Summation o Synaptic input from several locations can have a cumulative effect and trigger a nerve impulse Directional Effects of Summation Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) Presynaptic Neuron Neuron that delivers the synaptic transmission Postsynaptic Neuron Neuron that receives the message Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Graded potential that decays over time and space The cumulative effect of EPSPs form the basis for temporal and spatial summation Summation Summary Spatial Summation is critical to brain functioning Each neuron receives signals from many incoming axons that frequently produce synchronized responses The order of a series of axons influences the results Temporal Summation and Spatial Summation ordinarily occur together Inhibitory Synapse Sherrington noticed that the leg of a dog that was pinched retracted while the other three legs were extended And interneuron in the spinal cord sent an excitatory message to the flexor muscles of one leg and an inhibitory message was sent to the other three legs Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) ISPS Defined the temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane
6 o Occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for a positively charged potassium ions to leave the cell, or negatively charged chloride ions to enter the cells Serves as an active brake that suppresses excitation Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials Sherrington assumed that synapses produce on/off responses Synapses vary enormously in their duration of effects o The effect of two synapses at the same time can have greater than 2 times the effect of either one, or less than double Spontaneous Firing Rate Defined The periodic production of action potentials despite synaptic input o EPSPs increase the number of action potentials above the spontaneous firing rate o IPSPs decrease the number of action potentials below the spontaneous firing rate
7 Neurotransmitters Three Major Classes Cholinergic Monoamine Cholinergic Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh) Location Peripheral Nervous System and Ganglion o Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system Functions o Parasympathetic (uses ACh almost exclusively) o Sympathetic o Stimulates receptors at neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles (enabling muscle contraction) o Involved in learning ACh is broken down by an enzyme called Acetylcholinesterase (Acetate and Choline) o This enzyme plays a key role in the development of Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia) due to Alzheimer s Disease Two Types of Cholinergic Receptors Muscarinic (metabotropic) o Mediate hyperpolarization (IPSP) and slow depolarization (Slow EPSP); these represent recovery of the postganglionic neuron Nicotinic (ionotropic) o Responsible for initial fast depolarization (Fast EPSP) of postganglionic neuron Myasthenia Gravis Related to ACh An autoimmune neuromuscular disorder associated with decreased synaptic ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction Key Symptoms o Drooping eyelids o Double vision o Impaired speech and swallowing o Fatigue (extreme) Treatment o Long-term administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept), to increase neuromuscular transmission o Thymectomy (resection of thymus; uncertain reason)
Outline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
Outline Week 4 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Neurons Neuron structures Types of neurons Electrical activity of neurons Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Synapses Release of
More informationChapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue I. Functions of the Nervous System A. List and describe the five major nervous system functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Divisions of the Nervous System
More information10.1: Introduction. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial cells) Dendrites.
10.1: Introduction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial
More informationIntroduction to Neurobiology
Biology 240 General Zoology Introduction to Neurobiology Nervous System functions: communication of information via nerve signals integration and processing of information control of physiological and
More informationThe Nervous System. Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output
The Nervous System Nervous System Functions 1. gather sensory input 2. integration- process and interpret sensory input 3. cause motor output The Nervous System 2 Parts of the Nervous System 1. central
More informationChapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11: Nervous System and Nervous Tissue I. Functions and divisions of the nervous system A. Sensory input: monitor changes in internal and external environment B. Integrations: make decisions about
More informationNeurons Chapter 7 2/19/2016. Learning Objectives. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System. Cells of the Nervous System
Learning Objectives Neurons Chapter 7 Identify and describe the functions of the two main divisions of the nervous system. Differentiate between a neuron and neuroglial cells in terms of structure and
More informationPortions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells
CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Chapter 7 Outline Neurons and Supporting Cells Activity in Axons The Synapse Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Other
More informationNervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Nervous System Master controlling and communicating system of the body Interacts with the endocrine system to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in its environment, as well as growth,
More informationFunctions of Nervous System Neuron Structure
Chapter 10 Nervous System I Divisions of the Nervous System Cell Types of Neural Tissue neurons neuroglial cells Central Nervous System brain spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System nerves cranial nerves
More informationEndocrine System Nervous System
Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast
More informationWarm-Up. Label the parts of the neuron below.
Warm-Up Label the parts of the neuron below. A B C D E F G Warm-Up 1. One neuron transmits a nerve impulse at 40 m/s. Another conducts at the rate of 1 m/s. Which neuron has a myelinated axon? 2. List
More information9/28/2016. Neuron. Multipolar Neuron. Astrocytes Exchange Materials With Neurons. Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system)
Neuron Multipolar Neuron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-psbnu5xago to :38 Glia or Glial Cells ( supporting cells of the nervous system) 10X more numerous than neurons but one-tenth the size make up
More informationBIOLOGY 2050 LECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I (A. IMHOLTZ) FUNDAMENTALS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS TISSUE P1 OF 5
P1 OF 5 The nervous system controls/coordinates the activities of cells, tissues, & organs. The endocrine system also plays a role in control/coordination. The nervous system is more dominant. Its mechanisms
More informationChapter 7. Objectives
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationWhat is Anatomy and Physiology?
Introduction BI 212 BI 213 BI 211 Ecosystems Organs / organ systems Cells Organelles Communities Tissues Molecules Populations Organisms Campbell et al. Figure 1.4 Introduction What is Anatomy and Physiology?
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationAxon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body
Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition. Chapter 10
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Chapter 10
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationEndocrine System Nervous System
Cells Endocrine System Nervous System Tissues Controls Organs Nervous System vs Endocrine System Electrical signals (graded potentials and action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) Fast
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline
Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling The Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons are composed of a cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles; Dendrites which are extensions
More informationNerve Cell Flashcards
1. What does the word innervates mean? Refers to a nerve supplying a muscle or organ. For example, The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm muscle. 2. 3 parts of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous
More informationOutline. Animals: Nervous system. Neuron and connection of neurons. Key Concepts:
Animals: Nervous system Neuron and connection of neurons Outline 1. Key concepts 2. An Overview and Evolution 3. Human Nervous System 4. The Neurons 5. The Electrical Signals 6. Communication between Neurons
More information3) Most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the A) dendritic region. B) axon hillock. C) axon. D) cell body. E) axon terminals.
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A simple nervous system A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision. B) includes a minimum of 12 ganglia. C) has
More informationSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND MAINTENANCE OF NEURONS (a) (b) Dendrites Cell body Initial segment collateral terminals (a) Diagrammatic representation of a neuron. The break in
More informationNEURAL TISSUE (NEUROPHYSIOLOGY) PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA Neural Tissue Contains 2 kinds of cells: neurons: cells that send and receive signals neuroglia (glial cells): cells that support and protect neurons Neuron Types Sensory
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS. AP Biology Chapter 48
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURONS AP Biology Chapter 48 Objectives Describe the different types of neurons Describe the structure and function of dendrites, axons, a synapse, types of ion channels, and
More information2/27/2019. Functions of the Nervous System. Nervous Tissue and Neuron Function. Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Function Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue Learn and Understand 1. Like muscle cells, neurons use membrane polarity upset (AP) as a signal therefore keeping
More informationCommunication within a Neuron
Neuronal Communication, Ph.D. Communication within a Neuron Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons The Membrane Potential The Action Potential Conduction of the Action Potential 1 The withdrawal reflex
More informationTHE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE
THE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR: THE NEURON & NEURAL COMMUNICATION NERVOUS SYSTEM Combined activity of the brain, spinal cord & other nerve fibers Acts as an information processing
More informationMajor Structures of the Nervous System. Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors
Major Structures of the Nervous System Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors Nervous System Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) consists
More informationNeurophysiology scripts. Slide 2
Neurophysiology scripts Slide 2 Nervous system and Endocrine system both maintain homeostasis in the body. Nervous system by nerve impulse and Endocrine system by hormones. Since the nerve impulse is an
More informationMOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE BMP-218 November 4, 2014 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is composed of two primary divisions: 1. CNS - Central Nervous System (Brain + Spinal Cord)
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Neurons & Impulses
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurons & Impulses Organization of the Nervous System: Two Major Portions: The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS = Brain/Spinal Cord PNS = Nerves-provide
More informationNervous System. 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands. 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data
Nervous System 1. Relays messages, processes info, analyzes data 2. Receives information from the environment from CNS to organs and glands 3. Transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands 4. Transmits
More informationChapter 12 Nervous Tissue. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1
Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Terms to Know CNS PNS Afferent division Efferent division Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic
More informationStudy Guide Answer Key Nervous System
Biology 12 Human Biology Textbook: BC Biology 12 Study Guide Answer Key Nervous System 1. Draw a neuron, label 3 parts and give the function of those parts. Dendrite: carry signals to the cell body Cell
More informationDO NOW: ANSWER ON PG 73
DO NOW: ANSWER ON PG 73 1. Name 1 neurotransmitter that we have learned about. 2. Draw a basic graph of a neuron action potential. Label resting potential, threshold, depolarization, and repolarization
More informationChapter 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
Chapter 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling 7.1. Overview of the Nervous System (Figure 7.1) 7.2. Cells of the Nervous System o Neurons are excitable cells which can generate action potentials o 90%
More informationNervous Tissue and Neurophysiology
Nervous Tissue and Neurophysiology Objectives Describe the two major divisions of the nervous system and their characteristics. Identify the structures/functions of a typical neuron. Describe the location
More informationPeriod: Date: Module 28: Nervous System, Student Learning Guide
Name: Period: Date: Module 28: Nervous System, Student Learning Guide Instructions: Work in pairs (share a computer). Make sure that you log in for the first quiz so that you get credit. Go to www.sciencemusicvideos.com.
More informationThe Nervous System 7PART A. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7PART A Functions of the Nervous System Sensory input gathering information To monitor
More informationUnit Three. I. General Functions of the Nervous System. I. General Functions of the Nervous System
10 Refer to the following URLs. It is a good idea to print them and bring them to class. Be sure to study these along with your book. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/nervous.html http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ap.html
More informationsensory input receptors integration Human Anatomy motor output Ch. 7 effectors Structural classification
Human Anatomy Ch. 7 I. The Nervous System A. General characteristics 1. body s control & communication center a. 3 overlapping functions 1) sensory input: receptors monitor stimuli 2) integration: processes,
More informationAmeen Alsaras. Ameen Alsaras. Mohd.Khatatbeh
9 Ameen Alsaras Ameen Alsaras Mohd.Khatatbeh Nerve Cells (Neurons) *Remember: The neural cell consists of: 1-Cell body 2-Dendrites 3-Axon which ends as axon terminals. The conduction of impulse through
More informationThe Brain & Homeostasis. The Brain & Technology. CAT, PET, and MRI Scans
The Brain & Homeostasis Today, scientists have a lot of information about what happens in the different parts of the brain; however they are still trying to understand how the brain functions. We know
More informationEE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015
EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 Action Potential Conduction And Neural Organization EE 791-Lecture 2 1 Core-conductor model: In the core-conductor model we approximate an axon or a segment of a dendrite
More informationNeurons. Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons.
Neurons Pyramidal neurons in mouse cerebral cortex expressing green fluorescent protein. The red staining indicates GABAergic interneurons. MBL, Woods Hole R Cheung MSc Bioelectronics: PGEE11106 1 Neuron
More informationD) around, bypassing B) toward
Nervous System Practice Questions 1. Which of the following are the parts of neurons? A) brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column B) dendrite, axon, and cell body C) sensory and motor D) cortex, medulla
More informationNa + K + pump. The beauty of the Na + K + pump. Cotransport. The setup Cotransport the result. Found along the plasma membrane of all cells.
The beauty of the Na + K + pump Na + K + pump Found along the plasma membrane of all cells. Establishes gradients, controls osmotic effects, allows for cotransport Nerve cells have a Na + K + pump and
More informationFunctions of the Nervous System
Chapter 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 11-1 Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input. Monitor internal and external stimuli 2. Integration. Brain and spinal cord process sensory input
More informationNervous System Dr. Naim Kittana Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences An-Najah National University
Nervous System Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences An-Najah National University Declaration The content and the figures of this seminar were directly adopted from the
More informationNeurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48
Neurons, Synapses and Signaling Chapter 48 Warm Up Exercise What types of cells can receive a nerve signal? Nervous Organization Neurons- nerve cells. Brain- organized into clusters of neurons, called
More informationThe Nervous System : communication
The Nervous System : communication A. Neurons = masses of nerve cells that transmit information 1. Cell Body - contains the nucleus and two extensions 2. Dendrites shorter, more numerous, receive information
More informationChapter 17 Nervous System
Chapter 17 Nervous System 1 The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Two Types of Cells Neurons Transmit nerve impulses
More informationThursday, January 22, Nerve impulse
Nerve impulse Transmembrane Potential caused by ions moving through cell membrane at different rates Two main ions of concern Na + - Sodium K + - potassium Cell membrane not freely permeable therefore
More informationChapter 12 Nervous Tissue
9/12/11 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue Overview of the nervous system Cells of the nervous system Electrophysiology of neurons Synapses Neural integration Subdivisions of the Nervous System 1 Subdivisions of
More information6.5 Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis
6.5 Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis IB Biology SL Part 1 - Nerves Outcomes Part 1 6.5.1State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed
More informationMeyers' A&P February 15, Unit 7. The Nervous System. I. Functions of the Nervous System. Monitors body's internal and external enviornments
Unit 7 The Nervous System I. Functions of the Nervous System Monitors body's internal and external enviornments Integrates sensory information Coordinates voluntary & involuntary responses of many other
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM CELLS. a. afferent division CHAPTER 12 ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Student Name
Student Name CHAPTER 12 NERVOUS SYSTEM CELLS T he nervous system organizes and coordinates the millions of impulses received each day to make communication with and enjoyment of our environment possible.
More information35-2 The Nervous System Slide 1 of 38
1 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. 2 of 38 Neurons Neurons The messages carried by
More information浙江大学医学院基础医学整合课程 各论 III. The Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine
The Nervous System Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine xiongzhang@zju.edu.cn http://10.202.77.12/ 1 Part 1. Summary of the nervous system 2 The Nervous System Central Nervous System
More informationPSY 215 Lecture 3 (1/19/2011) (Synapses & Neurotransmitters) Dr. Achtman PSY 215
Corrections: None needed. PSY 215 Lecture 3 Topic: Synapses & Neurotransmitters Chapters 2 & 3, pages 40-57 Lecture Notes: SYNAPSES & NEUROTRANSMITTERS, CHAPTER 3 Action Potential (above diagram found
More informationTHE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE
1. Historically, how have neuroscientists determined the function of various brain regions? 2. Describe the impact of the Phineas Gage case on the field of neuroscience. 3. Explain neuron theory. THE HISTORY
More informationBIOL Week 6. Nervous System. Transmission at Synapses
Collin County Community College BIOL 2401 Week 6 Nervous System 1 Transmission at Synapses Synapses are the site of communication between 2 or more neurons. It mediates the transfer of information and
More informationLecture 3 (Oct 5 th ): NEURONS AND NERVE IMPULSES Lecture Outline
Lecture 3 (Oct 5 th ): NEURONS AND NERVE IMPULSES Lecture Outline 1) CNS vs. PNS 2) Structure of Neurons parts of a neuron: soma, dendrites, axons 3) Glial Cells 4) Mitosis and Regeneration in Neurons
More informationThe Nervous System 12/11/2015
The Nervous System Biology 12 Unit 3: Homeostasis December 11, 2015 The nervous system is an elaborate communication system that contains more than 100 billion nerve cells in the brain alone There are
More information5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons
5-Nervous system II: Physiology of Neurons AXON ION GRADIENTS ACTION POTENTIAL (axon conduction) GRADED POTENTIAL (cell-cell communication at synapse) SYNAPSE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION NEURAL INTEGRATION CNS
More informationChapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology
Chapter 2 The Brain or Bio Psychology 1 2 3 1 Glial Cells Surround neurons and hold them in place Make Myelin (covering for neurons) Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need Absorb toxins and waste
More informationBI 232: Human Anatomy & Physiology
BI 232: Human Anatomy & Physiology Roster Business Course Introduction and Syllabus Notecard Name E-mail Why you are taking the course Something interesting you did over break Lecture Tips Use the Study
More informationFLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 2 Alphabetical
FLASH CARDS www.biologicalpsych.com Kalat s Book Chapter 2 Alphabetical absolute refractory period absolute refractory period Time when neuron will not re-fire no matter how much stimulus it gets. action
More informationChapter Nervous Systems
The Nervous System Chapter Nervous Systems Which animals have nervous systems? (Which do not) What are the basic components of a NS? What kind of fish performs brain operations? What differentiates one
More informationThe Nervous System -The master controlling and communicating system of the body
The Nervous System -The master controlling and communicating system of the body Functions: -Sensory input -Integration -Motor output Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) -Brain
More informationThe Nervous System & Nervous tissue. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
The Nervous System & Nervous tissue Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of the Nervous System 1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis. 2. Nervous
More informationNervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells
Nervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue The Nervous System Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Responsible for Sensory perceptions,
More informationFunctional Organization of Nervous Tissue. Nervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells. The Nervous System. The Nervous System 21/12/2010
Nervous tissue, charachteristics, neurons, glial cells Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue The Nervous System Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Responsible for Sensory perceptions,
More informationThe Nervous System. Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine.
The Nervous System Dr. ZHANG Xiong Dept. of Physiology ZJU School of Medicine Http://10.10.10.151 Part 1. Summary of the nervous system The Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain + Spinal Cord Peripheral
More informationLearning expectations for BIOL 131. Chapters 11, Nervous System Overview Read Chapter 11. You should be able to:
NOTE The quiz will have question ONLY from the material we get through on Tuesday. The first midterm will cover all material from day one until the lecture before the second midterm. Learning expectations
More informationChapter 9. Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) vs. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Peripheral nerves connecting CNS to the body Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Neurons transmit
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Station 9 : THE SPINAL CORD
Station 9 : THE SPINAL CORD The spinal cord is a long thin bundle of nerve cells that extends from the medulla of the brainstem all the way down the vertebral column. The spinal cord is made up of gray
More informationTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Homeostasis Strand
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Homeostasis Strand Introduction In general, a nervous system has three overlapping functions : 1. Sensory input conduction of signals from sensory receptors to integration centres 2.
More informationNEURONS Chapter Neurons: specialized cells of the nervous system 2. Nerves: bundles of neuron axons 3. Nervous systems
NEURONS Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 Neuronal and hormonal signaling both convey information over long distances 1. Nervous system A. nervous tissue B. conducts electrical impulses C. rapid communication 2.
More informationChapter 4 Neuronal Physiology
Chapter 4 Neuronal Physiology V edit. Pg. 99-131 VI edit. Pg. 85-113 VII edit. Pg. 87-113 Input Zone Dendrites and Cell body Nucleus Trigger Zone Axon hillock Conducting Zone Axon (may be from 1mm to more
More informationThe Nervous System : communication
The Nervous System : communication A. Neurons = masses of nerve cells that transmit information 1. Cell Body - contains the nucleus and two extensions 2. Dendrites shorter, more numerous, receive information
More informationBIOLOGY 12 NERVOUS SYSTEM PRACTICE
1 Name: BIOLOGY 12 NERVOUS SYSTEM PRACTICE Date: 1) Identify structures X, Y and Z and give one function of each. 2) Which processes are involved in the movement of molecule Y from point X to point Z?
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System
Chapter 7 The Nervous System General overview of the nervous system functions Sensory input (info travels in along afferent pathways) Integration (information is processed) Sensory neurons Spinal cord
More informationNotes are online at The Neuron
Notes are online at http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~clovett/neuronotescogs17.pdf A. What is a neuron? The Neuron 1. A neuron is a type of cell that receives and transmits information in the Central Nervous System
More informationThe Nervous System: Neural Tissue Pearson Education, Inc.
13 The Nervous System: Neural Tissue Introduction Nervous System Characteristics Controls and adjust the activity of the body Provides swift but brief responses The nervous system includes: Central Nervous
More informationBio11: The Nervous System. Body control systems. The human brain. The human brain. The Cerebrum. What parts of your brain are you using right now?
Bio11: The Nervous System Body control systems Nervous system Quick Sends message directly to target organ Endocrine system Sends a hormone as a messenger to the target organ Can target several organs
More informationCHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems
CHAPTER 44: Neurons and Nervous Systems 1. What are the three different types of neurons and what are their functions? a. b. c. 2. Label and list the function of each part of the neuron. 3. How does the
More informationChapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed.,
Chapter 2. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by B.-W. Ku,
More informationHuman Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 11: Neural Tissue & The Nervous System
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 11: Neural Tissue & The Nervous System Question No. 1 of 10 The human body contains different types of tissue. The tissue is formed into organs and organ systems.
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 8 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Eighth Edition Overview: Lines of Communication The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons Neurons are nerve
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. [See Fig. 48.1]
Nervous System [Note: This is the text version of this lecture file. To make the lecture notes downloadable over a slow connection (e.g. modem) the figures have been replaced with figure numbers as found
More informationFunction of the Nervous System
Nervous System Function of the Nervous System Receive sensory information, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands to form a response Composed of neurons (functional unit of the nervous system)
More informationConcept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
Name Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Period Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer 1. What is
More informationThe Nervous System PART A
7 The Nervous System PART A PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Structural Classification
More information